The seismic energy of Yaoan earthquake sequence estimated by peak velocity

For a long time, a quantitative calculation of energy radiated by seismic waves has been an important problem in the basic study of seismology. Up to now the well-known relationship of lgE=l.5MS+11.8 created by Gutenberg and Richter (1956) has still been a better experiential statistical relation for estimating the energy of seismic waves. Since the creation of seismic dislocation model in the 1960s, seismologists have studied a quantitative calculation of energy radiated by seismic waves. F…     

Elastic reverse-time migration based on amplitude-preserving P- and S-wave separation

Imaging the PP- and PS-wave for the elastic vector wave reverse-time migration requires separating the P- and S-waves during the wave field extrapolation. The amplitude and phase of the P- and S-waves are distorted when divergence and curl operators are used to separate the P- and S-waves. We present a P- and S-wave amplitude-preserving separation algorithm for the elastic wavefield extrapolation. First, we add the P-wave pressure and P-wave vibration velocity equation to the conventional elastic wave equation to decompose the P- and S-wave vectors. Then, we synthesize the scalar P- and S-wave from the vector Pand S-wave to obtain the scalar P- and S-wave. The amplitude-preserved separated P- and S-waves are imaged based on the vector wave reverse-time migration (RTM). This method ensures that the amplitude and phase of the separated P- and S-wave remain unchanged compared with the divergence and curl operators. In addition, after decomposition, the P-wave pressure and vibration velocity can be used to suppress the interlayer reflection noise and to correct the S-wave polarity. This improves the image quality of P- and S-wave in multicomponent seismic data and the true-amplitude elastic reverse time migration used in prestack inversion.     

The Present Status and Prospect of Earthquake Focal Depth Locating

Locating an earthquakes focal depth is always a key project in seismology. Precise focal depth is of critical importance for evaluating seismic hazards, deciphering dynamic mechanisms of earthquake generating,estimating aftershock evolutions and risk,as well as monitoring nuclear tests. However,how we determine an accurate focal depth is always a challenge in seismological studies. Aiming to solve these problems, we analyzed and summarized the present status and the future development of earthquake focal depth locating. In this paper we first reviewed the present status of focal depth locating in the world,and summarized the frequently-used relocating methods and ideas at present,and introduced two types of focal depth relocating ideas: arrival time relocating and waveform modeling methods. For these ideas,we systematically described the S-P and the Pn-Pg methods that belong to arrival time method,and polarization focal depth locating and amplitude focal depth locating that belongs to waveform modeling,and further analyzed the advantages and limitations of these methods. Since the depth phase methods are highly sensitive to focal depth,and are relatively free from the uncertainties of crustal models,we mainly reviewed the depth phases of s Pm P,s PL,s Pn,and s Sn,and quantitatively evaluated their availabilities and characteristics. Second,we also discussed the effects of crustal velocity models on the reliability of focal depth locating,and reviewed the advancements of seismic tomography techniques over recent years. Finally,based on the present status of the progress on the focal depth locating,and studies of seismic velocity structures,we proposed an idea of combining multiple datasets and relocating methods,jointly utilizing seismologic and geodetic techniques to relocate focal depth,which should be the major research field in investigating focal depth and source parameters in the near future.     

角度域弹性波Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移速度分析方法

为提高地震成像结果的准确性并真实反映实际地震波场在介质中的传播特性,应该充分利用多分量地震数据的矢量特征进行弹性波成像,其中,最为棘手的问题是纵横波偏移速度场的确定,为此,本文提出了直接利用多分量地震数据进行弹性波角度域偏移速度分析的方法.基于空移成像条件的弹性波Kirchhoff偏移方程提取了弹性波局部偏移距域共成像...     

Seismic crust structure beneath the Aegean region in southwest Turkey from radial anisotropic inversion of Rayleigh and Love surface waves

The Turkish plate is covered by hundreds of accelerometer and broadband seismic stations with less than 50 km inter-station distance providing high-quality earthquake recordings within the last decade. We utilize part of these stations to extract the fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love surface wave phase and group velocity data in the period range 5–20 s to determine the crust structure beneath the Aegean region in southwest Turkey. The observed surface wave signals are interpreted using both single-station and two-station techniques. A tomographic inversion technique is employed to obtain the two-dimensional group velocity maps from the single-station group velocities. One-dimensional velocity–depth profiles under each two-dimensional mesh point, which are jointly interpreted to acquire the three-dimensional image of the shear-wave velocities underneath the study area, are attained by utilizing the least-squares inversion technique, which is repeated for both Rayleigh and Love surface waves. The isotropic crust structure cannot jointly invert the observed Rayleigh and Love surface waves where the radial anisotropic crust better describes the observed surface wave data. The intrusive magmatic activity related to the northward subducting African plate under the Turkish plate results the crust structure deformations, which we think, causing the observed radial anisotropy throughout complex pattern of dykes and sills. The magma flow resulting in the mineral alignment within dykes and sills contributes to the observed anisotropy. Due to the existence of dykes, the radial anisotropy in the upper crust is generally negative, i.e., vertically polarized S-waves (Vsv) are faster than horizontally polarized S-waves (Vsh). Due to the existence of sills, the radial anisotropy in the middle-to-lower crust is generally positive, i.e., horizontally polarized S-waves (Vsh) are faster than vertically polarized S-waves (Vsv). Similar radial anisotropic results to those of the single-station analyses are obtained by the two-station analyses utilizing the cross-correlograms. The widespread volcanic and plutonic rocks in the region are consistent with the current seismic interpretations of the crustal deformations.     

2019年甘肃张掖M5.0地震余震序列重定位

本文使用祁连山主动源台网和甘肃省数字测震台网记录到的地震资料,应用双差定位方法和遗传算法对2019年甘肃张掖M5.0地震及其余震进行重定位,获得了30个地震事件的重定位结果,双差定位显示主震位置为38.502°N,100.254°E,震源深度14.7 km。重定位结果显示余震分布在昌马—俄博断裂,较为集中,震源深度主要分布在5～15 km范围内,余震序列沿SW—NE向空间分布。     

Q value of anelastic S-wave attenuation in Yunnan region

The study of seismic attenuation property is a major subject in seismology. Seismic waves recorded by seismic stations （seismographs） contain source effect, seismic wave propagation effect, site response of seismic stations and instrumental response. The path effect of seismic wave propagation, site response of seismic stations and instrumental response must be taken out in the study of source property with seismic data. The path effect of seismic wave propagation （seismic attenuation） involves an important influential factor, the anelastic attenuation of medium, which is measured with quality factor Q, apart from geometric attenuation with the distance. As a basic physical parameter of the Earth medium, Q value is essential for quantitative study of earthquakes and source property （e.g. determination of source parameters）, which is widely used in earthquake source physics and engineering seismology.     

2008年汶川地震震源区东北端局部形变区与青川MS6.4强余震关系

2008年汶川地震之后,通过InSAR观测到青川县木鱼镇附近存在一个长约为15 km、宽约为10 km、地表位移数十厘米的局部形变区。前人分析认为,该形变区是由M_S6.4的青川强余震造成的,但拟合地表形变数据所采用的震源深度和震源机制解与地震学反演的结果具有较大差异。本文利用远震体波和瑞雷波振幅谱进一步测定了青川强余震的震源深度和震源机制解,计算了此次事件造成的地表位移场,认为青川强余震并非造成木鱼镇地区局部形变的直接原因,并讨论该局部形变区可能的成因。      

最小能量准则用于1995年河北沙城ML 4.1地震序列破裂性质的探讨

运用变分原理,我们得到了最小地震波辐射能量约束准则并用于研究震源的物理过程.通过研究1995年M_L4.1河北沙城地震序列主震和余震的动力学过程,可知主震和余震震源的动态破裂过程明显不同;M_L4.1主震的破裂速度与瑞利波速相近,约为剪切波速度的0.89倍;而28个余震的破裂速度远远小于剪切波速度,大约是剪切波速度的0.05到0.55倍.根据裂纹扩展模型,计算得到其余震的地震波辐射效率多在10％以下,这也说明了余震的地震效率较低.我们认为余震震源的动态破裂过程应与断层内部新生裂纹的扩展有关,而非简单的岩体间的相对滑动.余震震源的动态破裂传播与破裂能占主导地位的小地震有关.这些小震所带来的破裂能也导致了断层的进一步扩展.在对该地震序列的研究中,我们发现主震与余震的震源破裂过程在能量分配上有着本质的区别.因此当地震断层尺度相当小时,破裂能的贡献不能忽略,它的大小将显著地影响地震波辐射能的大小.     

地震的应变张量观测与应用前景

地震发生时的动态应变场,在研究地震触发、地震破裂、地面破坏、水文和岩浆变化等方面都具有重要应用意义.地震的应变张量观测和现有的惯性地震仪观测的物理量不同.前者可以直接记录到地震发生时震源辐射的应变(应力)波,而后者记录到的是位移、速度或加速度.地震频率的应变测量在地震学中的应用前景主要表现在:①测量震源机制解理论预言的辐射4象限分布;②测量库仑应力变化;③换算成动态应力以评估地震烈度;④测量地震波的能量密度;⑤测量地震断层形变加速和形变局部化过程.用惯性地震仪的记录虽然在理论上也可以解算出动态应变值,然而种种原因导致计算结果的误差很大,往往不可接受.应变张量地震仪若能与现有的惯性地震仪配套起来,形成大规模台阵,则有可能推动应变地震学的诞生,在地震观测和地震学科领域引起重大革新.     

最小能量准则用于1995年河北沙城ML 4.1地震序列破裂性质的探讨

运用变分原理,我们得到了最小地震波辐射能量约束准则并用于研究震源的物理过程.通过研究1995年ML4.1河北沙城地震序列主震和余震的动力学过程,可知主震和余震震源的动态破裂过程明显不同;ML4.1主震的破裂速度与瑞利波速相近,约为剪切波速度的0.89倍;而28个余震的破裂速度远远小于剪切波速度,大约是剪切波速度的0.05到0.55倍.根据裂纹扩展模型,计算得到其余震的地震波辐射效率多在10%以下,这也说明了余震的地震效率较低.我们认为余震震源的动态破裂过程应与断层内部新生裂纹的扩展有关,而非简单的岩体间的相对滑动.余震震源的动态破裂传播与破裂能占主导地位的小地震有关.这些小震所带来的破裂能也导致了断层的进一步扩展.在对该地震序列的研究中,我们发现主震与余震的震源破裂过程在能量分配上有着本质的区别.因此当地震断层尺度相当小时,破裂能的贡献不能忽略,它的大小将显著地影响地震波辐射能的大小.     

The 1957 great Aleutian earthquake

The 9 March 1957 Aleutian earthquake has been estimated as the third largest earthquake this century and has the longest aftershock zone of any earthquake ever recorded—1200 km. However, due to a lack of high-quality seismic data, the actual source parameters for this earthquake have been poorly determined. We have examined all the available waveform data to determine the seismic moment, rupture area, and slip distribution. These data include body, surface and tsunami waves. Using body waves, we have estimated the duration of significant moment release as 4 min. From surface wave analysis, we have determined that significant moment release occurred only in the western half of the aftershock zone and that the best estimate for the seismic moment is 50–100×10²⁰ Nm. Using the tsunami waveforms, we estimated the source area of the 1957 tsunami by backward propagation. The tsunami source area is smaller than the aftershock zone and is about 850 km long. This does not include the Unalaska Island area in the eastern end of the aftershock zone, making this area a possible seismic gap and a possible site of a future large or great earthquake. We also inverted the tsunami waveforms for the slip distribution. Slip on the 1957 rupture zone was highest in the western half near the epicenter. Little slip occurred in the eastern half. The moment is estimated as 88×10²⁰ Nm, orM _w =8.6, making it the seventh largest earthquake during the period 1900 to 1993. We also compare the 1957 earthquake to the 1986 Andreanof Islands earthquake, which occurred within a segment of the 1957 rupture area. The 1986 earthquake represents a rerupturing of the major 1957 asperity.     

2017年九寨沟MS7.0地震震源区横波分裂变化特征

对2017年九寨沟M_S7.0地震序列的横波分裂的时空变化特征进行了分析.通过横波窗内S波质点运动图的分析,从九寨沟地震震源区各个地震台站的近震横波记录中提取了横波分裂的快波偏振方向和慢波延迟时间.观测结果显示,震源区各台站的上地壳各向异性在空间上存在分区特征,时间上有随时间的趋势性变化特征.空间上,位于震源区北部余震区内的3个台站中,发震断层东面的台站L5112和L5111只有一个突出的快波偏振优势方向（NNE向）,而西面的L6202台有两个快波偏振优势方向（除了NNE向,还有一个近EW向）,体现了余震区剧烈调整的地壳应力和构造复杂断裂的综合作用;余震区外的3个台站中,震源区东部靠近塔藏断裂（东）附近的JZG台的快波偏振优势方向为NW向,与塔藏断裂（东）的走向一致,南部的台站L5110和L5113的快波偏振优势方向为近EW向,与区域主压应力方向一致;余震区内各台站的平均慢波延迟时间大于余震区外各台站,反映了九寨沟地震孕育过程中余震区的应力积累强于其周边区域.时间上,快波偏振方向在主震后前期离散度较大,随着时间的推移,离散度在后期有逐渐变小的趋势;慢波延迟时间在主震后较大,但随着时间的推移,也表现出逐渐减小,趋于稳定.横波分裂随时间逐渐减小和趋于稳定的变化特征反映了九寨沟地震在孕震中积累的应力,随着主震和余震的发生而导致的应力释放和调整,应力大小和调整幅度逐渐减小,后期趋于稳定.     

2014年鲁甸MS6.5地震及其强余震序列重定位

本文采用云南测震台网的观测报告数据,利用双差定位方法对2014年鲁甸M_S6.5地震及其强余震序列进行了重定位,获得了3 658个地震事件的震源参数。重定位后地震序列的震中分布显示,余震分布存在两个优势方向,分别为近EW向和SES向,呈共轭型分布,近EW向条带展布长度为30 km,SES 向条带展布长度为20 km;震源深度的分布显示,地震序列总体表现为主震附近震源较深,沿近EW向和SES向逐渐变浅,地震序列的震源深度主要分布在4—20 km范围内。截至2017年2月28日,鲁甸M_S6.5地震震源区共发生（同一天发生的一组地震算一次）M_S≥4.5强余震4次。重定位后的鲁甸4次强余震序列震中分布存在差异:2014年9月10日和10月27日两次强余震序列的展布特征与主震相同,而2016年和2017年另外两次强余震的后续余震仅分布在强余震的周边,与主震序列明显不同。综合重定位后余震序列分布、震源区地质调查资料以及前人研究认为,鲁甸地震的4次强余震序列是区域应力场和主震引发的震源区应力场共同作用的结果,2014年9月10日和10月27日的两次强余震序列主要受主震引发的震源区应力场的影响;而2016年和2017年两次强余震序列则主要受区域应力场的影响。      

High-resolution seismic tomography of the upper crust in the source region of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake and its seismotectonic implications

Both P- and S-wave arrivals were collected for imaging upper crustal structures in the source region of the April 20, 2013 Lushan earthquake. High-resolution, three-dimensional P and S velocity models were constructed by travel-time tomography. Moreover, more than 3700 aftershocks of the Lushan earthquake were relocated via a grid search method. The P- and S-wave velocity images of the upper crust show largely similar characters, with high and low velocity anomalies, which mark the presence of significant lateral and vertical heterogeneity at the source region of the Lushan earthquake. The characteristics of the velocity anomalies also reflect the associated surface geological tectonics in this region. The distributions of high velocity anomalies of both P- and S-waves to 18 km depth are consistent with the distributions of relocated aftershocks, suggesting that most of the ruptures were localized inside the high velocity region. In contrast, low P and S velocities were found in the surrounding regions without aftershocks, especially in the region to the northeast of the Lushan earthquake. For the relocated aftershocks of the Lushan earthquake from this study, we found that most aftershocks were concentrated in a zone of about 40 km long and 20 km wide, and were located in the hanging wall of Dayi–Mingshan fault. The focal depths of aftershocks increase from the southeast to the northwest region in the direction perpendicular to the fault strike, suggesting that the fault ruptured at an approximate dip angle of 45°. The main depths of the aftershocks in the northwest of the main shock are significantly shallower than expected, revealing the different seismogenic conditions in the source region.     

云南地区地震序列早期地震波动力学特征

研究了云南地区各类型地震序列的早期地震波动力学特征——地震波垂直分量P波初动和P、S波最大振幅比,结果表明:前震序列振幅比为过原点的直线,比值稳定,P波初动一致;双震型地震序列在第一主震后P波初动出现一组时,仍有一类波形(“大头波”或“小头波”)的振幅比保持为过原点的直线,第一主震后P波初动出现两组时,仍有初动相同的一组地震振幅比保持为过原点的直线,或者两组初动的地震振幅比分别、共同成过原点的直线;主余震地震序列在非大震孕育期间,地震振幅比离散,与大震孕育有关的主余震地震序列振幅比仍可为过原点的直线。地震波动力学特征在上述三类地震序列的早期判断能力分别为75％、55％—73％、90％。     

Multiwave velocity analysis based on Gaussian beam prestack depth migration

Prestack depth migration of multicomponent seismic data improves the imaging accuracy of subsurface complex geological structures. An accurate velocity field is critical to accurate imaging. Gaussian beam migration was used to perform multicomponent migration velocity analysis of PP- and PS-waves. First, PP- and PS-wave Gaussian beam prestack depth migration algorithms that operate on common-offset gathers are presented to extract offset-domain common-image gathers of PP- and PS-waves. Second, based on the residual moveout equation, the migration velocity fields of P- and S-waves are updated. Depth matching is used to ensure that the depth of the target layers in the PP- and PS-wave migration profiles are consistent, and high-precision P- and S-wave velocities are obtained. Finally, synthetic and field seismic data suggest that the method can be used effectively in multiwave migration velocity analysis.     

应用地震干涉法定位四川九寨沟7.0级地震震源位置

利用地震干涉法对2017年8月8日九寨沟M7.0主震及部分余震进行定位.地震干涉法在可控源地震勘探领域有着广泛应用,但由于震源机制和震源辐射花样的复杂性,在天然地震研究中,地震干涉震源成像应用较少.本研究将地震干涉震源成像技术应用到了天然地震定位中,通过计算原始地震波形记录的特征函数,消除了由于震源辐射花样不同而引起的初动方向不一致性.通过对干涉波形进行偏移叠加,选择互相关型和卷积型两种偏移核函数,分别对震源水平位置和深度进行偏移成像,确定了九寨沟M7.0主震及11次M > 3.5余震的震源位置参数.结果显示,这次地震发生在一个之前未被关注的无名断裂（现已命名为树正断裂）上,研究分析推测,树正断裂与虎牙断裂存在连接的可能性.     

2007年宁洱6.4级地震序列精定位

Five mobile digital seismic stations were set up by the Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province near the epicenter of the main shock after the Ning’er M6.4 earthquake on June 3, 2007. In this paper, the aftershock sequence of the Ning’er M6.4 earthquake is relocated by using the double difference earthquake location method. The data is from the 5 mobile digital seismic stations and the permanent Simao seismic station. The results show that the length of the aftershock sequence is 40km and the width is 30km, concentrated obviously at the lateral displacement area between the Pu’er fault and the NNE-trending faults, with the majority occurring on the Pu’er fault around the main shock. The depths of aftershocks are from 2km to 12km, and the predominant distribution is in the depth of 8～10km. The mean depth is 7.9km. The seismic fault dips to the northwest revealed from the profile parallel to this aftershock sequence, which is identical to the dip of the secondary fault of the NE-trending Menglian-Mojiang fault in the earthquake area. There are more earthquakes concentrated in the northwest segment than in the southeast segment, which is perhaps related to the underground medium and faults. The depth profile of the earthquake sequence shows that the relocated earthquakes are mainly located near the Pu’er fault and the seismic faults dip to the southwest, consistent with the dip of the west branch of the Pu’er fault. In all, the fault strike revealed by earthquake relocations matches well with the strike in the focal mechanism solutions. The main shock is in the top of the aftershock sequence and the aftershocks are symmetrically distributed, showing that faulting was complete in both the NE and SW directions.     

DECOMPOSITION OF MULTICOMPONENT SEISMIC DATA INTO PRIMARY P- AND S-WAVE RESPONSES1

Inversion of multicomponent seismic data can be subdivided in three main processes: (1) Surface-related preprocessing (decomposition of the multicomponent data into ‘primary’ P-and S-wave responses). (2) Prestack migration of the primary P- and S-wave responses, yielding the (angle-dependent) P-P, P-S, S-P and S-S reflectivity of the subsurface. (3) Target-related post-processing (transformation of the reflectivity into the rock and pore parameters in the target). This paper deals with the theoretical aspects of surface-related preprocessing. In a multicomponent seismic data set the P- and S-wave responses of the subsurface are distorted by two main causes: (1) The seismic vibrators always radiate a mixture of P- and S-waves into the subsurface. Similarly, the geophones always measure a mixture of P- and S-waves. (2) The free surface reflects any upgoing wave fully back into the subsurface. This gives rise to strong multiple reflections, including conversions. Therefore, surface-related preprocessing consists of two steps: (1)Decomposition of the multicomponent data (pseudo P- and S-wave responses) into true P- and S-wave responses. In practice this procedure involves (a) decomposition per common shot record of the particle velocity vector into scalar upgoing P- and S-waves, followed by (b) decomposition per common receiver record of the traction vector into scalar downgoing P- and S-waves. (2) Elimination of the surface-related multiple reflections and conversions. In this procedure the free surface is replaced by a reflection-free surface. The effect is that we obtain ‘primary’ P-and S-wave responses, that contain internal multiples only. An interesting aspect of the procedure is that no knowledge of the subsurface is required. In fact, the subsurface may have any degree of complexity. Both the decomposition step and the multiple elimination step are fully determined by the medium parameters at the free surface only. After surface-related preprocessing, the scalar P- and S-wave responses can be further processed independently by existing scalar algorithms.