Recent catastrophic debris flows in Chile: Geological hazard,climatic relationships and human response

Debris flows are an important type of geological hazard in Chile, affecting cities, towns and rural areas throughout the country despite the variation in climate regimes. In this summary paper, recent debris flows in the cities of Antofagasta and Santiago, in northern and central Chile, and in a rural area near Lake Ranco in central-southern Chile in 1991, 1993 and 2004, respectively, are reviewed. Triggering factors for flow occurrence are identified and different approaches to debris flow hazard assessment and the effects of debris flows on people and the environment are discussed. Furthermore, the relationships between debris flow occurrence and climatic anomalies such as El Niño episodes are analysed. A clear pattern of debris flow generation associated with El Niño events is found for Antofagasta and Santiago. The risk related to debris flows in Chile is of increasing importance because of the continuous expansion of cities to hazardous areas such as alluvial fans. The results show that hazard assessment based on several factors is essential for the implementation of proper prevention and mitigation measures for future debris flow events in the country.     

Catastrophic debris flows triggered by a 4 July 2013 rainfall in Shimian,SW China: formation mechanism,disaster characteristics and the lessons learned

On 4 July 2013, three catastrophic debris flows occurred in the Hougou, Majingzi, and Xiongjia gullies in Shimian county and produced debris dams and river blockages, resulting in serious casualties and huge economic loss. Though debris flows have been identified prior to the catastrophic events, their magnitudes and destructive power were far beyond early recognition and hazard assessment. Our primary objective for this study was to explore the formation mechanism and typical characteristics and to summarize the lessons learned from these disastrous events in order to avoid the repeat of such disasters in the future. Based on field investigation and imagery interpretation of remote sensing carried out following the catastrophic events, four conclusions were drawn: (1) The catastrophic debris flows were initiated from surface-water runoff, and the triggering factor was attributed to the local intensive rainfall with an hourly intensity of more than 46.7 mm. (2) Entrainment was the most important sediment-supplying method for the debris flow occurrence, and the source materials transported by debris flows from the three gullies were estimated to be about 97?×?10⁴ m³ in volume altogether. (3) As surface-water runoff eroded and entrained hillslope and channel materials persistently, debris flows were characterized by intensive incision at upper or middle reaches and significant magnification effect in flow discharge and volume downstream. Corresponding peak discharge surveyed at the outlets of the Hougou, Majingzi, and Xiongjia gullies was estimated up to 751.0 m³/s, 870.1 m³/s, and 758.7 m³/s, respectively. (4) Debris flows that occurred from the three gullies all belonged to viscous ones and the bulk densities were calculated more than 1.80 g/cm³, indicating a huge carrying capacity and destructive impacting power. In addition, the lessons learned from the catastrophic events were summarized, including recognition and assessment on debris flow hazard and utilization of deposition fan. In this paper, prevention suggestions on debris flow prone valleys with high-vegetation coverage and low occurrence frequency were also put forward. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding on the initiation mechanism, dynamic characteristics, and disaster mitigation of debris flows initiated from intense rainfall and surface-water runoff in mountainous areas.     

汶川震区暴雨泥石流激发雨量特征

利用搜集的汶川震区典型泥石流暴发前后的降雨过程资料,分析了泥石流的激发雨量过程,获得了汶川震区的泥石流激发雨量特征,以期为泥石流的预测预报提供依据。结果表明,汶川地震区的泥石流激发雨型可分为快速激发型、中速激发型和慢速激发型3类,其差异主要体现在降雨的持续时间和强度方面。不同激发雨型下的泥石流形成过程的差别主要体现在松散土体饱和过程。雨型的差异(降雨的持续时间和强度)使得土体饱和产生超渗产流的时间出现差异,进而使得泥石流暴发的时间存在差异。激发雨强跟激发雨型存在一定的关系,激发雨强最大者为中速激发雨型,其次是慢速激发雨型,最小者为快速激发雨型。与地震之前相比,地震后的泥石流暴发时的累积雨量和临界雨量都有所降低。     

中国地质灾害(以崩、滑、流为主)危险性分析与区划

论文提出了地质灾害（滑坡、崩塌、泥石流为主）危险性分析的步骤与方法。针对常规的地质灾害危险性分析评价模型，对致灾作用的各种影响因素采用主观赋予权重方法，将所有影响因子作为不变量看待而带来2个突出问题：由于权重确定的主观性，使危险性计算结果的可靠程度受到影响；危险性的过分确定性，与实际不相符。因此提出了利用层次分析方法确定权重，将主观判断工作由一个层次驱赶到下一个比较容易判断的层次上，一定程度上提高了权重取值的可靠性；另一方面，在详细分析了各种影响因素的基础上，突出了降雨的特殊作用。而且一改过去将降雨量作为参算因子的做法，采用临界降雨强度的超越概率参算，突出了其随机性，也提高了危险性计算的可靠程度。     

泸定县牧场沟泥石流动力特性预测

对牧场沟泥石流的动力特性进行了预测,认为该沟可形成中小规模泥石流,可提供的物源量约14×104m3。按周期50年一遇算,峰值流量为58.43m3/s,泥石流体冲击应力达6.52×104Pa,单块最大冲击力可达199.74×104N,发生一次泥石流总量为18510m3,一次泥石流冲出的固体物质总量为6571m3。     

中国矿山地质灾害分布特征

矿山地质灾害是人类矿业活动和自然地质作用作用于地质环境造成的灾害事件。近几年,随着矿产资源开发力度的不断加大,矿山地质灾害发生频率呈加剧趋势,对矿业正常生产和人居生态环境构成严重的威胁,甚至造成重大的群死群伤灾难。依据2002—2005年全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）矿山地质环境调查与评估的成果资料,利用数据统计、分析、总结的方法,按不同省区市、不同地质环境背景区、不同类型矿产、不同规模的矿山、不同开采方式,简述了中国矿业开发引发的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝5种地质灾害的时空分布特征和危害,为矿山地质灾害监测、防治提供基础信息。     

中国矿山地质灾害分布特征

矿山地质灾害是人类矿业活动和自然地质作用作用于地质环境造成的灾害事件。近几年,随着矿产资源开发力度的不断加大,矿山地质灾害发生频率呈加剧趋势,对矿业正常生产和人居生态环境构成严重的威胁,甚至造成重大的群死群伤灾难。依据2002—2005年全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）矿山地质环境调查与评估的成果资料,利用数据统计、分析、总结的方法,按不同省区市、不同地质环境背景区、不同类型矿产、不同规模的矿山、不同开采方式,简述了中国矿业开发引发的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝5种地质灾害的时空分布特征和危害,为矿山地质灾害监测、防治提供基础信息。     

中国矿山地质灾害分布特征

矿山地质灾害是人类矿业活动和自然地质作用作用于地质环境造成的灾害事件。近几年,随着矿产资源开发力度的不断加大,矿山地质灾害发生频率呈加剧趋势,对矿业正常生产和人居生态环境构成严重的威胁,甚至造成重大的群死群伤灾难。依据2002—2005年全国31个省（自治区、直辖市）矿山地质环境调查与评估的成果资料,利用数据统计、分析、总结的方法,按不同省区市、不同地质环境背景区、不同类型矿产、不同规模的矿山、不同开采方式,简述了中国矿业开发引发的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷、地裂缝5种地质灾害的时空分布特征和危害,为矿山地质灾害监测、防治提供基础信息。     

甘肃舟曲特大泥石流灾害形成机制及减灾对策

2010年8月7日晚23：00左右,甘肃省甘南藏族自治州舟曲县罗家峪、三眼峪流域突然降强暴雨,在三眼峪支流和罗家峪上游形成洪流,降雨持续40min后,在两泥石流沟谷中形成特大泥石流灾害。由于其特有的峰尖谷深地形、坡体表面丰富的松散物质本质条件,在多雨季节降强暴雨诱发了本次泥石流的产生。本文从泥石流形成的潜在性、泥石流降雨诱发因素、城建开发不合理三方面分析了此次泥石流灾难的形成原因。作为泥石流频发区,可采取监测预报,加强管理以遏制人类活动,实施工程治理的综合方法减少和避免灾情的发生。     

我国西南地区山地灾害灾情年际综合评估

本文以西南地区1994-2004年山地灾害灾情统计资料为研究对象,在灾情指标数据标准化的基础上建立了西南地区山地灾害灾情年际综合评估模型,并进行了综合评估。     

盐池县地质灾害遥感调查及空间分布特征分析

宁夏盐池县地处黄土高原区,地质灾害较为频繁。以SPOT6、RapidEye、无人机以及LandSat8 OLI等多源遥感数据为基础,通过研究遥感影像特征,建立地质灾害解译标志,共解译出滑坡125处、崩塌84处、泥石流19处、地面塌陷区3处。结合区域地理地质环境特征,总结了研究区地质灾害点的基本特征,并利用GIS技术对灾害点进行点密度分析,在此基础上划分了7个集中分布区,归纳了盐池县地质灾害点的空间分布特征及规律;同时,对研究区地层构造、植被、地形等因素与地质灾害点空间分布特征的相关性进行了讨论。研究结果表明:盐池县地质灾害点具有规模小,灾害轻;点密度整体南高北低,且南部聚集、北部分散;地层、植被、坡度、坡向等因素与地质灾害有着密切的联系。     

福建省强降水诱发地质灾害特征分析

福建省地质灾害调查结果表明省内地质灾害以土质类滑坡和崩塌为主,灾点多分布广规模小危害大。地质灾害点密集分布在戴云山脉周边地区。地质灾害的发生时段相对集中在5～8月,对应福建的霉雨季和台风季。群发性的地质灾害主要与单次暴雨强度或久旱后的强降雨影响关系密切。研究表明不同的地质环境背景对触发地质灾害的降雨有不同的敏感度。根据不同地质环境下降水与地质灾害发生概率之间的关系可以建立地质灾害潜势预报模型。引发地质灾害的降雨天气系统主要有热带气旋、东风波、热带云团、热带辐合带、低槽、切变等。     

兰州市寺儿沟泥石流物源特征及其危险性分析

寺儿沟流域位于甘肃省兰州市西固区, 历史上曾发生过大规模泥石流, 造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。文章基于野外调查和遥感解译, 结合已有文献成果和室内测试, 研究寺儿沟泥石流物源特征及影响因素, 采用FLO-2D软件模拟分析泥石流的危险性。研究结果表明: 寺儿沟以黏性泥石流为主, 表现为低频活动, 目前处于衰退期; 寺儿沟流域内物源丰富, 可分为坡面型物源、崩滑型物源、沟道型物源和人为型物源共4种, 其中崩滑型、沟道型物源控制了泥石流的暴发规模; 而一次性冲出量的大小主要取决于泥石流起动时崩滑体的发育程度, 崩滑体越发育, 一次性冲出量越大, 泥石流规模越大; 在临界降雨条件下, 寺儿沟将会暴发泥石流, 中—高危险区集中于流通区, 严重威胁冲沟内构筑物如兰西高铁、环城高速等安全运营。当遭遇极端强降雨时, 寺儿沟将暴发更大规模泥石流。因此, 有必要进一步研究极端天气条件下泥石流的危险性, 为区内泥石流的防灾减灾提供地质依据。     

鄂西远安县地质灾害发育特征与形成条件分析

在对远安县地质灾害进行详细调查的基础上,通过成果资料数据统计,梳理出研究区地质灾害数量、类型、规模等发育特征,同时对其时空分布特征和形成条件进行系统分析.研究表明,该县地质灾害具有爆发频率高、突发性强、危害大、隐蔽性强的特点.地灾灾害分布发育与地貌有密切的关系,滑坡灾害主要分布于县域东部的低山丘陵区,崩塌灾害主要分布于县域西部的中低山区,县域中部的冲积平原区地质灾害不发育;时间上,地质灾害多集中发生雨季.区内地质灾害形成的内在因素为地形地貌、地层岩性和地质构造,外在因素为降雨和人类工程活动.     

西南某水电站泥石流形成条件及运动特征研究

西南某水电站库区五里沟、咱里沟、浑水沟等多条泥石流冲沟发育,历史上曾经发生过大规模的泥石流。沟内第四纪松散堆积物及人工堆积物丰富,在暴雨,地震等自然因素的触发下,时有较大规模的泥石流发生的可能,将对该水电站运行安全带来不利影响。根据国内外有关研究成果,结合区内泥石流的具体特征,重点以五里沟为主,分析研究了五里沟泥石流的形成条件及其运动特征,包括泥石流的流速、流量、冲击力。这一研究为评价库区泥石流对水电站的建设和安全运行的影响具有现实意义。     

The Kathikas mélange, SW Cyprus: late Cretaceous submarine debris flows

The Maastrichtian Kathikas mélange is shown to be of sedimentary origin, being a succession of undeformed, submarine, matrix-supported debris-flow deposits up to 270 m thick. Internal sedimentological features include beds emphasized by colour or clast size variation, pelagic chalk interbeds, planar clast fabrics and channels. A trend of upwards-thinning beds in the mélange is interpreted as due to debris-flow initiation on gradually increasing slopes. Debris was shed locally from the deformed and fragmented Mamonia Complex, a series of disrupted gravity-slide sheets of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks and deformed igneous rocks. All Mamonia lithologies are represented in the mélange, and local facies variations permit identification of individual sources. The mélange probably pre-dates emplacement of serpentinite into the Mamonia Complex. There was also local inter-mixing of material from the adjacent and underlying Troodos sequences. The mélange rests unconformably on both Mamonia and Troodos sequences, and formed after the main deformation episode of the Mamonia Complex. The degree of resedimentation increases gradually away from the disrupted Mamonia source rocks. The thickness and volume of the Kathikas mélange are comparable with those of recent submarine debris flow deposits on unstable or seismically active continental margins.     

四川泸定县冷碛镇黑沟泥石流发育特征与危害初探

泸定冷碛镇黑沟流域内发育土层滑坡及土体蠕动变形体20处,为黑沟泥石流的主要松散物源;土层滑坡和土体蠕动变形体规模小,滑速慢,滑体结构松散,滑入溪沟易被洪流卷走,不会形成滑坡堰塞湖和溃决型泥石流。近60年来黑沟发生的最大一次泥石流,经计算泥石流流速为3.47m/s,峰值流量为122.79 m³/s,为大型泥石流,对沟谷两侧财产造成了巨大危害。     

广西龙胜县楼梯寨滑石矿矿山地质灾害发育特征及防治措施

通过对广西龙胜县楼梯寨滑石矿的实地调查,查明了矿山现状地质灾害发育状况,结合该矿山的地质环境条件、设计开采方式以及实际建设情况等,分析预测了矿山可能发生的地质灾害类型,并针对性的提出了防治措施。     

Variability in the characteristics of extreme rainfall events triggering debris flows: a case study in the Chenyulan watershed,Taiwan

Natural Hazards - This work examines the period affected by extreme rainfall that triggers debris flow and the modification of the critical rainfall threshold for debris flows after extreme events...     

四川康定城地质灾害危险性分区评价

以康定城为例,提出了城市地质灾害危险性分区评价的新方法,建立了地质灾害易发性和地质灾害社会经济易损性评价因子指标体系与评价方法,在地质灾害易发性和易损性评价基础上,进行地质灾害危险性分区评价。其危险性等级划分标准与国务院地质灾害防治条例和突发地质灾害应急预案函中的划分标准一致,评价结果可直接用于城市地质灾害防治规划编制工作,为城市防灾减灾和实施地质灾害避让搬迁、监测报警和防治工程的实施提供了科学依据。