Recent glacier changes in the Kashmir Alpine Himalayas,India

Using Landsat data at decadal interval (1980–2013), the glacier fluctuations (glacier area, equilibrium line altitude and specific mass balance) of nine benchmark glaciers in Kashmir Himalaya were estimated. The observed changes were related to topographic and climatic variables in order to understand their influence. From the data analysis, it was observed that the glaciers have shrunk by 17%, ELA has shifted upwards (80–300 m) and SMB shows variation in glacier mass loss from ?0.77 to ?0.16 m.w.e. Annual air temperature showed a significant increasing trend, and a slight but insignificant decrease in precipitation was observed during the period. It is evident that in the same climatic regime, varying topography plays a key role in determining the glacier changes. It is believed that the observed changes in the glacier geometry and dynamics, if continued, shall have adverse effect on the streamflows, water supplies and other dependent sectors in the region.     

Deformation in the Guerrero seismic gap, Mexico, from leveling observations

 The Pacific coast of Guerrero state in Mexico is recognized as the `Guerrero seismic gap', with a high probability of producing a large subduction earthquake (M > 8). A study of the vertical surface deformation was undertaken to understand the interseismic process of elastic strain accumulation. Four leveling lines were installed in the states of Guerrero and Michoacán. Starting in 1995, several high-accuracy leveling surveys have been carried out on those profiles once every year. The vertical uplift rate across the Guerrero coastal region, as determined through the changes in repeated leveling surveys, suggests the accumulation of elastic strain at both ends of the gap. In contrast, the sense of tilting in the middle of the gap is opposite to that observed at the ends and suggests significant changes in the geometry of the locked zone and perhaps even slow strain release. Received: 24 February 2000 / Accepted: 23 August 2000     

浅谈高山地区等高线采集特点与经验

高山地区地貌具有多样性,制约着等高线成果的质量。本文介绍了高山地区的等高线采集特点,并结合工作实践,分析等高线采集的常见问题,总结了提升高山地区等高线质量的方法和经验,供读者参考。     

卫星重力与光学遥感组合的念青唐古拉山脉冰川变化分析

利用GRACE(gravity recovery and climate experiment)和GRACE-FO重力卫星数据,反演了2002年8月至2020年4月间念青唐古拉山脉冰川质量变化,并结合光学遥感技术对念青唐古拉山脉西段冰川面积和储量变化进行估计.结果表明:①研究时段内念青唐古拉山脉冰川整体呈退缩趋势,2013年之后消融速度有所增加.②通过与夏季温度变化和降水异常对比,能够发现温度变化与冰川消融曲线相关性较好,降水在研究时段内持续减少,说明温度升高和降水减少是念青唐古拉山脉冰川质量常年亏损的主要原因.③念青唐古拉山脉西段冰川面积2003—2017年间共减少了72.30 km2,年均减少速率为5.16 km2/a,海拔5600～5800 m区间内冰川面积退缩最为明显.④卫星重力和光学遥感技术协同应用可以优势互补,既能快速定位变化剧烈的区域,又能对冰川信息进行精准提取,从而实现从大范围到小区域的多尺度监测.目前,两种技术联合应用方面仍存在一些不足,有待进一步研究.     

Space orientation and geodetic azimuths of long lines from observations of the ANNA Satellite

The space orientation and geodetic azimuths of lines ranging from 300 km to 1400 km have been determined from simultaneous optical observations of the ANNA Flashing Satellite. The results of this test prove that the azimuth and the space direction between two stations can be achieved to an accuracy of 0.5″ and 0.8″ second respectively with only a limited amount of data. The reason for the high accuracy is attributed to two factors: [1] the metric quality of the PC-1000's stellar cameras, and [2] the “perfect” simultaneity in the observations provided by the ANNA flashing light. Much of this work was accomplished by the writer while employed by the Geodesy and Gravity Branch of Cambridge Research Laboratories.     

长江黄河源区高寒草甸退化研究进展

长江黄河源区内高寒草甸退化是当前研究的热点问题之一。但多数研究中涉及的源区范围、高寒草甸的分类、高寒草甸的退化原因及恢复治理措施等方面,各学者的看法并不相同,难以实现各项研究结果的比较研究。从源区范围、高寒草甸的分类、高寒草甸的退化原因及恢复治理措施等方面阐述了各学者研究的差异,指出:长江黄河源区高寒草甸的进一步深入研究有必要对源区的范围进行界定;高寒草甸的分类常常因研究目的不同而有所差异,以退化程度进行的分类能够反映高寒草甸的动态变化过程,但需要定量指标对退化的不同程度进行界定;遥感影像解译的结果由于遥感影像本身的不确定性和主观因素的影响而难以统一;退化的原因目前主要集中于自然因素和人为因素两方面的研究,针对这些因素采取的控制措施在局部区域取得了一定效果,但并没有抑制高寒草甸在总体上的进一步退化,寻找一种综合的有效的治理措施还是今后的研究目标。     

Estimation of glacier depth and moraine cover study using ground penetrating radar (GPR) in the Himalayan region

Himalayan region has one of the largest concentrations of mountain glaciers whose areal extent is changing due to global warming. In order to assess future changes in glacier extent due to global warming, information about glacier depth and debris cover is important. In this paper, application of ground penetrating radar (GPR) is discussed to assess glacier depth and debris cover. This investigation was carried out at Patseo and Samudratapu glaciers in Himachal Pradesh (West Himalaya). Antennas of frequency 50 and 100 MHz have been used for glacier depth and 500 MHz for moraine depth estimation. GPR signatures of glaciers were collected and further analyzed using velocities of electromagnetic waves in different media. The depth of Patseo glacier was estimated as 40 m. However, depth of the larger Samudra Tapu glacier could not be estimated using 50 and 100 MHz antennas. The depth of moraines was estimated using 500 MHz antenna and it varies from 0.35 cm to 0.85 cm for medial and around 1–2 m for lateral moraine at the experimental site.     

测绘无人机在2022冬奥会国家高山滑雪中心工程中的应用

2022年冬季奥运会延庆赛区,承担多项重大奥运赛事。其中,国家高山滑雪中心承担着最精彩、最惊险的雪上竞速和竞技比赛项目。这些项目要求雪道海拔高,路线长,拐弯急,落差大。最终选址位于燕山群峰之中的小海坨山,其南麓山坡地形符合雪上竞速的严苛标准,但其复杂多变的高山山地地形和落后的交通条件,给工程施工带来极大的困难。如何配合施工,高速高效地完成这些高标准雪道、索道和配套设施的施工任务,是摆在参施测量人员面前的技术难题。本文通过研究对比各种测量手段,采用了测绘无人机低空航摄技术及相关摄影测量软件,较好地完成了国家高山滑雪中心工程山地地形模型的快速获取和快速更新任务。     

1Hz GNSS电离层相位闪烁因子提取及在北极区域的验证

电离层闪烁作为北极区域频发的一种天文灾害,会影响全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)时空服务,需对其进行有效的监测.监测电离层闪烁通常需要高采样频率(50 Hz)的电离层闪烁接收机,但其分布有限,难以提供较大区域(如北极区域)的全面监测.为此本文以1 Hz GNSS观测数据为基础,详细研究了利用大地测量趋势分离、精密单点定位和...     

汾渭断陷带陆态网GPS站噪声剔除

针对汾渭断陷带及邻近地区2011—2013年陆态网络工程36个GPS连续站和227个流动观测区域站的GAMIT/GLBOK处理结果中存在的非构造噪声,借助QOCA软件剔除连续站位移序列中的周期性成分和共模误差等非构造形变的信息,使地壳监测中GPS连续站水平运动速度的精度提高约0.3mm/a,垂直运动速度的精度提高了约0.6mm/a。针对流动观测区域站中的噪声,提出了使用QOCA软件对GPS连续站的后处理参数信息构建Delaunay三角网,结合反距离内插算法,实现了GPS区域站中非构造噪声的剔除,使GPS区域站流动监测中水平运动速度的精度提高了约0.6mm/a,垂直运动速度的精度提高约1.7mm/a,为地震监测提供了精确的基础数据。     

Acquisition probability differences in cloud coverage of the available Landsat observations over mainland Southeast Asia from 1986 to 2015

Landsat data are the longest available records that consistently document global change. However, the extent and degree of cloud coverage typically determine its usability, especially in the tropics. In this study, scene-based metadata from the U.S. Geological Survey Landsat inventories, ten-day, monthly, seasonal, and annual acquisition probabilities (AP) of targeted images at various cloud coverage thresholds (10% to 100%) were statistically analyzed using available Landsat TM, ETM+, and OLI observations over mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) from 1986 to 2015. Four significant results were found. First, the cumulative average acquisition probability of available Landsat observations over MSEA at the 30% cloud cover (CC) threshold was approximately 41.05%. Second, monthly and ten-day level probability statistics for the 30% CC threshold coincide with the temporal distribution of the dry and rainy seasons. This demonstrates that Landsat images acquired during the dry season satisfy the requirements needed for land cover monitoring. Third, differences in acquisition probabilities at the 30% CC threshold are different between the western and eastern regions of MSEA. Finally, the ability of TM, ETM+, and OLI to acquire high-quality imagery has gradually enhanced over time, especially during the dry season, along with consequently larger probabilities at lower CC thresholds.     

Application of remote sensing in the study of geomorphic processes and lanforms in piedmont zone of Darjeeling Sub-Himalaya

The piedmont zone, located between the foothills of Darjeeling Sub-Himalaya and the flat plains of North Bengal is elongated from west to east and its average height varies from 150 m in the north to 50 m in the south. Morphologically, the region is divided into three distinct physiographic units. Many large and small rivers originated from the Darjeeling Sub-Himalayas intersect it. Most of these rivers have their large catchment area in the mountainous tract. The study area has about 350 cm of annual rainfall and peak discharge in the rivers is very high during monsoon period. Rivers carry large amount of sediments, gravels, and pebbles both in suspension and traction and these materials are deposited in the foothills of the Sub-Himalaya as fan deposits and on the riverbeds making braided channels. Landforms in the study area are mainly complex and their origins are influenced by neotectonic and fluvial activities. Many rivers terraces, palaeo-channels, out wash plains, valley-fills and channel bars are formed in the region due to both erosion and depositional processes. These processes and modifications of landforms are still going on in the region.     

CO2 concentration and its spatiotemporal variation in the troposphere using multi-sensor satellite data,carbon tracker,and aircraft observations

Satellite-based atmospheric CO₂ observations have provided a great opportunity to improve our understanding of the global carbon cycle. However, thermal infrared (TIR)-based satellite observations, which are useful for the investigation of vertical distribution and the transport of CO₂, have not yet been studied as much as the column amount products derived from shortwave infrared data. In this study, TIR-based satellite CO₂ products – from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), and Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation – and carbon tracker mole fraction data were compared with in situ Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by AIrLiner (CONTRAIL) data for different locations. The TES CO₂ product showed the best agreement with CONTRAIL CO₂ data resulting in R² ~ 0.87 and root-mean-square error ~0.9. The vertical distribution of CO₂ derived by TES strongly depends on the geophysical characteristics of an area. Two different climate regions (i.e., southeastern Japan and southeastern Australia) were examined in terms of the vertical distribution and transport of CO₂. Results show that while vertical distribution of CO₂ around southeastern Japan was mainly controlled by horizontal and vertical winds, horizontal wind might be a major factor to control the CO₂ transport around southeastern Australia. In addition, the vertical transport of CO₂ also varies by region, which is mainly controlled by anthropogenic CO₂, and horizontal and omega winds. This study improves our understanding of vertical distribution and the transport of CO₂, both of which vary by region, using TIR-based satellite CO₂ observations and meteorological variables.     

老挝省域农业可持续发展水平分异与提升路径

通过构建老挝农业可持续发展水平评价指标体系,运用熵值法和层析分析法计算得出17个省域(直辖市)的人口系统、经济系统、社会系统、资源与环境系统和农业可持续发展水平综合得分,并对老挝省域农业可持续发展水平进行排序和分析。整体而言,中寮各省(直辖市)的农业可持续发展水平最高,下寮次之,上寮较低;老挝省域农业可持续发展水平整体差异不大,高水平和中低水平省域分布较为集中,中高水平和低水平省域相对分散,各等级空间分布形成由3个核心区域向周围递减的态势。最后指出,着力于打造3个核心农业发展区域,发挥其带动作用,并针对不同省域的农业发展状况采取相应措施,是逐步实现老挝农业可持续发展的有效途径之一。     

引力不变量曲线坐标系及在定位导航上的应用

本文基于引力与引力梯度不变量引入了3个仅是点位的独立函数,从而构成了空间的曲线坐标系.在此基础上,讨论了引入的不变量坐标系在定位导航方面的潜在应用.事实上,利用观测所得的引力与引力梯度不变量,可直接构建关于观测点的方程组.由于该方程组是非线性的,所以求解过程中必须进行线性化处理以及迭代计算.为了展示如何使用该曲线坐标系...