基于断裂力学和有限元的碾压混凝土坝劈头裂缝扩展的应力计算研究

混凝土坝的劈头裂缝属于断裂力学中描述的张开型（I型）裂缝。劈头裂缝应力计算中,强度因子KI和材料开裂韧度KIC是判断劈头裂缝扩展的关键参数。采用断裂力学的基本理论推导裂缝应力计算的基本公式,并借助有限元来确定强度因子和材料开裂韧度,对寒冷地区实际工程坝体裂缝进行计算,得出运行期4日型寒潮期和不同运行时段的温度裂缝长度和强度因子。通过对比发现,计算结果与大坝运行期不同工况裂缝的实际情况相符合,验证了方法的正确性。     

微破裂弹性回跳模型和一次地震的三种波

经典弹性回跳模型是历史上最有影响的地震模型之一．热力学弹性回跳模型对经典弹性回跳模型进行了合理的补充。根据存在着震前超低频应力一密度波和临震微破裂波的设想．进一步补充了热力学弹性回跳模型．新模型或可称为“微破裂弹性回跳模型”。这个模型与很多实测结果符合得很好。因为大多数地震都要经历应变累积、微破裂和主破裂三个阶段．所以,一次地震一般都会先后出现三种不同类型的波,即：超低频应力一密度波（应变波）、微破裂波以及普通地震波。这一认识对深入理解地震现象以及对地震的监测和预警都是有意义的．     

强震区岩体地震动力破坏特征

岩体的地震动力破坏是岩体动力学的重要组成部分,但研究较少.本文分析了缺乏研究的原因;将岩体地震动力破坏划分为6种形式即:滑坡、崩塌、剥落、塌陷、地裂缝和岩体松动,其中岩体松动是震后产生次生地质灾害的重要原因;按照动力作用方式、岩体地震动力破坏的应力状态和破坏机制对岩体地震动力破坏进行分类,并探讨了地震滑坡和非地震滑坡的区别;讨论了岩体地震动力破坏的5个特点:不均匀性、重复性、丛集性、结构控制性和广泛性.     

岩石三轴压缩实验的强度特性及应用

结合实例对岩石三轴实验数据的一些主要特点和适合应用的领域进行了探讨。结果为:①岩石的三轴抗压、抗剪强度随围压(或深度)的增大而增大。低围压时,呈线性增大;当围压超过某一值后,变为增长率逐渐下降的非线性增大;至更高围压后,抗压强度与围压的应力差、抗剪强度将趋于某一常数。②岩石的单轴强度是强度中的极小值。工程应用中应采用三轴强度,以降低造价、避免浪费。③在现有的各种岩石力学实验方法中,三轴实验得出的凝聚力C和内摩擦角Φ相对最准确。④岩石三轴实验数据在与地学相关的领域内有着广泛的用途。     

圆形巷道围岩的环向应力及发生岩爆单元分布的数值模拟

利用FLAC模拟了不同水平方向压力（小于竖直方向压力）及岩石峰后不同脆性条件下的圆形巷道破坏过程。岩石服从莫尔-库仑剪破坏与拉破坏复合的破坏准则,破坏之后呈现应变软化-理想塑性行为。监测了模型中第1象限对角线上的单元环向应力分布及演化规律。根据徐林生和王兰生提出的环向应力岩爆判据,判断模型中各单元是否发生岩爆。模拟结果表明：当竖直方向压力一定时,随着水平方向压力的增加,V形坑的顶点和巷道中心的连线与模型水平轴的夹角,由小于45°向接近45°发展;同时,巷道围岩中发生破坏的单元数及发生岩爆的单元数均增加,环向应力的峰值增大。随着岩石峰后脆性的增强,剪切带趋于明显,容易汇合形成V形坑;同时,巷道围岩中发生破坏的单元数及发生岩爆的单元数均增加,环向应力的峰值向围岩内部移动。     

Fracture Toughness Measurements and Acoustic Emission Activity in Brittle Rocks

Fracture toughness measurements under static loading conditions have been carried out in Barre and Lac du Bonnet granites. An advanced AE technique has been adopted to monitor real-time crack initiation and propagation around the principal crack in these tests to understand the processes of brittle failure under tension and related characteristics of the resulting fracture process zone. The anisotropy of Mode I fracture toughness has been investigated along specific directions. Microcrack density and orientation analysis from thin section studies have shown these characteristics to be the primary cause of the observed variation in fracture toughness, which is seen to vary between 1.14 MPa.(m)^1/2 and 1.89 MPa.(m)^1/2 in Barre granite. The latter value represents the case in which the crack is propagated at right angles to the main set of microcracks. The creation of a significant fracture process zone surrounding the propagating main crack has been confirmed. Real-time imaging of the fracture process and formation of fracture process zone by AE techniques yielded results in very good agreement with those obtained by direct optical analysis.     

Fracture surface energy of olivine

A relatively simple indentation technique for the rapid measurement of fracture surface energy, , of small samples is described. The reliability of this technique is assessed by testing soda-lime glass for which there are good independent fracture mechanics determinations of fracture surface energy. The indentation technique gives a value for of 4.33 J m^–2 which compares favourably with the accepted value of 3.8 J m^–2. Fracture surface energies of the {010} and {001} cleavage planes of single crystal olivine (modal composition Fo₈₈Fa₁₂) are then determined and compared with theoretical estimates of the thermodynamic surface energy, , calculated from atomistic parameters ( is equal to in the absence of dissipative processes during crack extension). The experimental values for _{010} and _{001} are respectively 0.98 J m^–2 and 1.26 J m^–2. The calculated values of _{010} and _{001} are respectively in the range from 0.37 J m^–2 to 8.63 J m^–2 and 12.06 J m^–2. The particular advantages of the indentation technique for the study of the fracture surface energies of geological materials are outlined.     

岩石变形破坏过程中试件尺度对断裂参数的影响

采用三轴压缩实验方法,以不同尺寸的大理岩作样品,测定并研究了试件尺度对岩石剪切断裂参数的影响。样品的D(直径)×L(长度)从20mm×44mm到90mm×198mm。围压从20MPa至50MPa,以30MPa为主。结果表明:断裂能G、特征位移δ~*及其平均值δ、弱化带宽ω均随样品尺度的增加而增加,一般关系式为 G=G_0 K_gD~π δ=δ_0 k_δD~M ω=ω_0 K_ωD~P式中D为表征断裂尺度的量,其余均为常数。认为尺度因素可能是目前实验测定的断裂能与依据地震资料估算的断裂能之间有较大差异的主要原因。     

两河口水电站混合料流变模型研究

对两河口水电站混合料进行了三轴流变试验研究,对其流变机理和模型进行了探讨。两河口水电站混合料的轴向和体积流变特性可以用幂函数来描述,模型参数可根据试验得到的流变特性确定,并对流变模型参数的影响因素及取值进行了分析。     

三维脆性破裂的拉应力判据

用线弹性断裂力学对连续介质中三维裂纹(K_Ⅲ≠0)破裂的拉应力断裂准则提出了补充性假说和相应的计算方法（第一主微分面定点法）。对于给定应力强度因子K_i（i=Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ）的裂纹问题,从理论上给出了初始破裂面完整形式的解析表示或数值计算结果。推导结果是,三维拉张破裂的初始破裂面是以破裂点为顶点的广角锥面,跨在原始裂纹面的前缘,它的外缘为螺旋线,锥面的每一条母线都与过该线的第一主微分面重合。大量的这样的初始破裂面叠错密接,互不相交。推算的结果与已有的三锥破裂实验结果基本符合。把补充后的拉应力判据和最大拉应力理论相比较,发现在应力分量只保留奇异项的情况下,这两种判据是等价的;但如果对应力分量作零阶项修正,则两种判据只在三维(K_Ⅲ≠0)问题中等价,在二维(K_Ⅲ=0)问题中不完全等价。     

三维脆性破裂的拉应力判据

用线弹性断裂力学对连续介质中三维裂纹(KⅢ≠0)破裂的拉应力断裂准则提出了补充性假说和相应的计算方法（第一主微分面定点法）。对于给定应力强度因子Ki（i=Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ）的裂纹问题,从理论上给出了初始破裂面完整形式的解析表示或数值计算结果。推导结果是,三维拉张破裂的初始破裂面是以破裂点为顶点的广角锥面,跨在原始裂纹面的前缘,它的外缘为螺旋线,锥面的每一条母线都与过该线的第一主微分面重合。大量的这样的初始破裂面叠错密接,互不相交。推算的结果与已有的三锥破裂实验结果基本符合。把补充后的拉应力判据和最大拉应力理论相比较,发现在应力分量只保留奇异项的情况下,这两种判据是等价的;但如果对应力分量作零阶项修正,则两种判据只在三维(KⅢ≠0)问题中等价,在二维(KⅢ=0)问题中不完全等价。     

The damage mechanics of brittle solids in compression

The development of microcrack damage in brittle solids in compression is analyzed, using a simple model. The model is developed from recent detailed analysis of the initiation, propagation and linkage of microfractures from pre-existing cracks, voids, or other inhomogeneities. It describes the evolution of damage with strain and from it a criteria for failure can be established. The results are used to construct failure surfaces in stress space which combine information about brittle failure with data describing the onset of plastic yielding. Such failure surfaces are constructed for a number of rocks and are compared with previously published experimental data.     

垂直向地震作用对节理岩体失稳破坏的影响

基于线弹性断裂力学理论分析了垂直向地震作用对节理岩体地震动力破坏的影响。在仅考虑峰值时,最不利的单向地震动加速度方向是水平倾向坡外,双向则依据破裂机制是拉剪或压剪,加速度分别是水平倾向坡外与向下或向上的组合。地震动的幅值、作用方向及双向地震动的组合都可使岩体的破坏机制发生转化,并且是突变的、不可逆的。较低峰值的双向地震动产生的应力强度因子可能大于较高峰值的单向地震动所产生的应力强度应子。在岩体节理分布特征和静态应力场一定的初始条件下,第一个导致岩体中产生破裂的地震动加速度幅值及其方向的组合唯一地决定了岩体不可逆破坏发展的方向、机制及最终的破坏特征,其复杂性远大于静力作用时的情况。对岩体地震动力破坏问题的认识应充分考虑垂直向地震动的重要影响。     

岩体力学参数变异性及取值方法

受结构和赋存环境的制约,岩体力学性质及其力学参数具有显著的时间和空间变异性.岩体力学参数和岩体质量从不同的侧面反映了岩体力学性质,两者具有必然的关联性,故可用相对简单的岩体质量评价来选取岩体力学参数:按地质条件将岩体空间离散为若干连续微元体单元;采用Q、RMR和BQ等方法逐一对各单元开展岩体质量评价,并利用岩体质量与岩体力学参数间的关系(如Hoek-Brown经验准则)计算其力学参数;综合各单元的计算结果确定反映连续岩体空间内空间变异特征的力学参数.以某水电站地下洞室群为例,实现了工程区围岩力学参数的不连续取值.     

Theoretical and experimental study of 3-D initial fracture and its significance to faulting

The experimental results of 3-D fracture under compression are introduced in brief and the theory of stress criterion of 3-D fracture is studied.Methods to imitate initial fractures are developed.It is pointed that there are important defects in the extreme value(EV)method ever proposed by Palaniswamy and Knauss. The major defect lies in that only two Euler angles(2EA)are considered,but another one is neglected.If the variation of all the three Euler angles(3EA)are considered,one can get better result wh...     

Can Damage Mechanics Explain Temporal Scaling Laws in Brittle Fracture and Seismicity?

Time delays associated with processes leading to a failure or stress relaxation in materials and earthquakes are studied in terms of continuum damage mechanics. Damage mechanics is a quasi-empirical approach that describes inelastic irreversible phenomena in the deformation of solids. When a rock sample is loaded, there is generally a time delay before the rock fails. This period is characterized by the occurrence and coalescence of microcracks which radiate acoustic signals of broad amplitudes. These acoustic emission events have been shown to exhibit power-law scaling as they increase in intensity prior to a rupture. In case of seismogenic processes in the Earth's brittle crust, all earthquakes are followed by an aftershock sequence. A universal feature of aftershocks is that their rate decays in time according to the modified Omori's law, a power-law decay. In this paper a model of continuum damage mechanics in which damage (microcracking) starts to develop when the applied stress exceeds a prescribed yield stress (a material parameter) is introduced to explain both laboratory experiments and systematic temporal variations in seismicity.     

Triaxial testing of Lopez Fault gouge at 150 MPa mean effective stress

Triaxial compression experiments were performed on samples of natural granular fault gouge from the Lopez Fault in Southern California. This material consists primarily of quartz and has a self-similar grain size distribution thought to result from natural cataclasis. The experiments were performed at a constant mean effective stress of 150 MPa, to expose the volumetric strains associated with shear failure. The failure strength is parameterized by the coefficient of internal friction , based on the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion.Samples of remoulded Lopez gouge have internal friction =0.6±0.02. In experiments where the ends of the sample are constrained to remain axially aligned, suppressing strain localisation, the sample compacts before failure and dilates persistently after failure. In experiments where one end of the sample is free to move laterally, the strain localises to a single oblique fault at around the point of failure; some dilation occurs but does not persist. A comparison of these experiments suggests that dilation is confined to the region of shear localisation in a sample. Overconsolidated samples have slightly larger failure strengths than normally consolidated samples, and smaller axial strains are required to cause failure. A large amount of dilation occurs after failure in heavily overconsolidated samples, suggesting that dilation is occurring throughout the sample. Undisturbed samples of Lopez gouge, cored from the outcrop, have internal friction in the range =0.4–0.6; the upper end of this range corresponds to the value established for remoulded Lopez gouge. Some kind of natural heterogeneity within the undisturbed samples is probably responsible for their low, variable strength. In samples of simulated gouge, with a more uniform grain size, active cataclasis during axial loading leads to large amounts of compaction. Larger axial strains are required to cause failure in simulated gouge, but the failure strength is similar to that of natural Lopez gouge.Use of the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion to interpret the results from this study, and other recent studies on intact rock and granular gouge, leads to values of that depend on the loading configuration and the intact or granular state of the sample. Conceptual models are advanced to account for these descrepancies. The consequences for strain-weakening of natural faults are also discussed.     

基于岩石变形声发射实验结果讨论岩石失稳的可预测性

根据室内岩石变形声发射实验结果,计算了声发射序列的地震非均匀度GL值,并以此探讨了岩石破裂失稳的可预测性。在双轴压缩、等速率加载条件下,含障碍体断层、挤压雁列断层和Ⅲ型剪切断层等非连续岩石标本在临近滑动失稳前,声发射活动均出现了显著的均匀—非均匀的状态变化,表现为GL值出现持续大于1的异常变化,GL值异常的位置与破裂成核部位相重合,并与断层走向一致;改变统计窗长、窗内分割数及能级统计下限计算声发射序列的GL值,结果表明,GL值计算结果具有一定的稳定性。综合分析认为,地震非均匀度(GL值)可以较好地刻画岩石失稳前夕因破裂成核导致的声发射活动在时间分布上的状态变化,GL值持续异常是岩石失稳的显著性标志,对预测岩石失稳具有较好的指示意义。     

分形几何在岩土力学研究中的过去、现在与未来

首先简略地介绍了分形几何理论及其方法。从岩土材料结构的定量描述、流体在岩土体中的渗流问题、岩土材料强度的分形模型和分形空间的力学特征四个方面叙述了分形理论在岩土力学研究中取得的成果及应用。指出只有将岩土力学系统在欧氏空间的各种基本变量、原理和方法向分形空间推广和拓展,才能产生对岩土材料非线性力学行为的新认识,这也是分形理论在岩土力学研究中进一步深化的基础。     

Thermally induced brittle deformation in oceanic lithosphere and the spacing of fracture zones

Brittle deformation of oceanic lithosphere due to thermal stress is explored with a numerical model, with an emphasis on the spacing of fracture zones. Brittle deformation is represented by localized plastic strain within a material having an elasto-visco-plastic rheology with strain softening. We show that crustal thickness, creep strength, and the rule governing plastic flow control the formation of cracks. The spacing of primary crack decreases with crustal thickness as long as it is smaller than a threshold value. Creep strength shifts the threshold such that crust with strong creep strength develops primary cracks regardless of crustal thicknesses, while only a thin crust can have primary cracks if its creep strength is low. For a thin crust, the spacing of primary cracks is inversely proportional to the creep strength, suggesting that creep strength might independently contribute to the degree of brittle deformation. Through finite versus zero dilatation in plastic strain, associated and non-associated flow rule results in nearly vertical and V-shaped cracks, respectively. Changes in the tectonic environment of a ridge system can be reflected in variation in crustal thickness, and thus related to brittle deformation. The fracture zone-free Reykjanes ridge is known to have a uniformly thick crust. The Australian-Antarctic Discordance has multiple fracture zones and thin crust. These syntheses are consistent with enhanced brittle deformation of oceanic lithosphere when the crust is thin and vice versa.