北京潮白河冲洪积扇地下水水化学的分层分带特征

为探讨北京潮白河冲洪积扇第四系地下水系统水化学分布特征,依据地层结构及水文地质条件,于2008年枯水期采集浅、中、深层水样293组,用于水化学分析。利用数理统计法计算了总硬度、溶解性总固体、氨氮、铁、氟、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、氯化物、重碳酸根、硫酸根等10种组分上、中、下游不同含水层的算术均值和均方差。结果表明,浅层地下水除了NO3–外,其余9种组分的算术均值均呈现由上游到中下游增大的趋势,均方差则中游较上游和下游大;整个冲洪积扇地下水均属偏碱性水,水化学类型多样,由上游的HCO3-Ca·Mg型逐渐过渡到中下游的HCO3-Ca·Na·Mg型和HCO3·SO4-Na·Ca·Mg型;随着往下游径流,地下水的化学类型趋于复杂多样,Cl–、矿化度和硬度等组分浓度升高。TDS、硬度、Cl–、NO3–和电导率均与取样深度呈反相关关系,pH值则与深度成正相关。水化学结果显示冲洪积扇地下水具有良好的分层分带特征,上游地区水质均一性高,是单一含水层结构,上下贯通,水动力条件好的反映,而中下游水动力条件较差,含水层分层明显。从测试组分的浓度分布范围和数值来看,均表现出浅层水样中层水样深层水样。地下水质量表现为上游好于中游,中游好于下游,分带特征明显。组分含量较高的样点和超标点绝大多数为浅层水样,这一点反映了中下游地区较强的人为输入和多源补给的特征。     

新疆准噶尔盆地浅层地下水水化学类型特征及成因研究

利用舒卡列夫分类法对准噶尔盆地237组地下水样品进行了水化学分类,结合气候、地形、岩性及水位埋深等因素分析了水化学类型形成的原因。结果显示:各区域由于不同的气候、地形、岩性及水位埋深条件,分别形成了不同的地下水化学类型,气候湿润地区的地下水主要受溶滤作用影响,水化学类型以低矿化度的HCO3型和HCO3SO4型为主;气候干旱地区的地下水主要受浓缩作用影响,水化学类型以中高矿化度的Cl型和SO4Cl型为主。艾比湖水系、天山北麓诸河流域和古尔班通古特沙漠区域整体水化学类型特征符合干旱区盆地地下水化学演化规律。     

福建厦门市硝酸型地下水特征、成因及其治理措施建议

地下水硝酸盐污染是世界性水环境问题。地下水硝酸盐绝对含量的增加，引起水质恶化，而其相对含量的增加，改变了地下水的水化学特征。在某些地区NO₃^-成为地下水中的主要阴离子之一，用"硝酸型水"命名这种新的地下水化学类型，目前正在逐渐被学者所接受。本研究通过分析厦门市平原区地下水中硝酸型水分布特征和影响因素，探讨了硝酸型水的水化学指示意义。结果表明，厦门市地下水已受到硝酸盐氮污染。在全区采集的87组地下水样品中，硝酸型水占比36.8%，主要分布于风化残积平原区，东部翔安区和同安区已形成较大面状分布，西部集美区和海沧区分布较少，且呈点状或局部小面积分布。硝酸型水主要存在于氧化沉积环境，具有低pH、低TDS和低硬度特征。风化残坡积含水层的酸性土壤、地下水径流缓慢和浅层地下水埋深浅等特征为地下水NO₃^-富集提供了有利的环境条件。人类生活污水、垃圾渗滤液下渗、农业施肥等是地下水硝酸盐污染的主要来源。建议开展地下水硝酸盐污染源识别研究，针对不同污染来源采取完善污染管网建设、农村改厕、科学施肥等措施，从源头上防治污染。     

哈密盆地地下水系统水化学特征及形成演化

哈密盆地地下水系统形成受构造运动与水文地质条件共同控制,通过划分哈密盆地地下水系统,分区阐述哈密盆地地下水水文地球化学特征与水化学成因及控制因素,从水文地球化学的角度阐明盆地系统的地下水水化学演化规律。结果表明,哈密盆地地下水水化学特征呈明显分带性,沿地下水流动方向,水化学类型逐渐由HCO₃型演化为SO₄型、最终演化为Cl型;水体TDS含量不断升高,地下水由淡水逐渐演化为微咸水、咸水。地下水离子来源主要为硅酸盐岩与蒸发岩盐溶解,水化学过程受蒸发浓缩作用控制,岩石风化作用与季节变化共同影响。沿地下水径流方向,地下水经盐分溶滤、盐分迁移并在排泄区附近形成盐分聚集带;盐分迁移沿程溶滤作用逐渐减弱,蒸发浓缩作用逐渐增强。哈密盆地地下水化学空间演化主要受自然因素影响驱动,时间演化驱动因素主要为气候变化和工矿活动农业灌溉等人类活动。     

廊坊市地下水化学特征变化研究

为揭示廊坊市地下水水化学特征的形成机理,收集并检测了39个地下水样本。采用相关性分析法、水化学方法和离子比系数法研究了其水化学特性、影响因素和变化原理。研究结果表明:影响浅层地下水盐渍化的主要化学离子为SO42-、NO3-、Cl-和K+。SO42-、NO3-和Cl-的含量差异很大,其他指标相对稳定。γNa/γCl的比值表明在径流形成过程中Na+从土壤含水层中释放出来;水中的Ca2+与土壤中的Na+之间存在交换,导致γNaγCl;γNa/(γNa+γCl)的比值表明,随着地下水深度的增加,阳离子交换水平增强,导致主要阳离子从Na+转变为Ca2+;γHCO3+γSO4/γCa+γMg的比值表明浅层地下水主要来自大气降水,阳离子交换对深层地下水的影响更为明显。廊坊市浅层地下水类型主要为HCO3·SO4-Ca,其分类较复杂,而深层地下水主要为HCO3-Na,地下水的类别较简单。     

氮氧同位素和水化学解析昭通盆地地下水硝酸盐来源及对环境的影响

[研究目的]由于人类活动的影响,地下水硝酸盐(NO3-)污染越来越严重.[研究方法]利用水化学和硝酸盐氮氧同位素(δ15NNO3与δ18ONO3)研究云南昭通盆地地下水NO3-来源与转化过程,用SIAR模型定量计算泉水和民井中不同NO3?来源的比例.[研究结果]结果表明:(1)研究区钻孔水水质良好,但19％的泉水NO3...     

地下水NO3-氮与氧同位素研究进展

人为活动通常是地下水硝酸盐污染的主要原因.不同来源的NO3-具有不同的氮、氧同位素组成,利用地下水NO3-中的δ15N和δ18O值可有效识别地下水硝酸盐污染的来源.引起地下水中NO3-含量显著减少的不同物理、化学和生物过程,所产生的氮、氧同位素分馏效应有明显差别.地下水系统中反硝化作用发生时,NO3-中氮和氧同位素分馏系数呈一定比例.因此NO3-中δ15N和δ18O值也是示踪地下水硝酸盐循环,尤其是反硝化作用的有效手段.利用NO3-中氮和氧双同位素,并与其他环境同位素及化学分析技术相结合,示踪NO3-来源及其循环是地下水硝酸盐污染研究的重要方向之一.综述了利用地下水硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素识别NO3-污染源与循环的研究进展,简述了近年迅速发展的阴离子交换树脂取样法,概述了此方面研究存在的主要问题,并展望了今后的研究方向.     

卫宁北山山前地下水特征分析及水质评价

以卫宁北山石空段地下水为研究对象,结合中宁平原盆地已有的地质、水文地质资料,介绍了山前地下水水文地质、赋存、补给径流排泄特征、水化学特征和地下水变化动态。地下水受构造地貌控制由山前流向黄河,补给来源主要为大气降水,水岩相互作用从A1—A5点以溶滤、A6—A7混合作用为主,逐渐演变成A8—A10的以浓缩-蒸发为主。水质测试表明:地下水由山前至滨河由苦咸水转化为淡水(微咸水),水化学类型由Cl·SO4-Na(Cl·SO4-Na)型转为HCO3·SO4-Ca·Na型,平原区水质属于较差类别。受人类活动影响,主要污染物为氨氮等。     

地下水NO3^-氮与氧同位素研究进展

人为活动通常是地下水硝酸盐污染的主要原因。不同来源的NO3^-具有不同的氮、氧同位素组成,利用地下水NO3^-中的δ15N和δ18O值可有效识别地下水硝酸盐污染的来源。引起地下水中NO3^-含量显著减少的不同物理、化学和生物过程,所产生的氮、氧同位素分馏效应有明显差别。地下水系统中反硝化作用发生时,NO3^-中氮和氧同位素分馏系数呈一定比例。因此NO3^-中δ15N和δ18O值也是示踪地下水硝酸盐循环,尤其是反硝化作用的有效手段。利用NO3^-中氮和氧双同位素,并与其他环境同位素及化学分析技术相结合,示踪NO3^-来源及其循环是地下水硝酸盐污染研究的重要方向之一。综述了利用地下水硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素识别NO3^-污染源与循环的研究进展,简述了近年迅速发展的阴离子交换树脂取样法,概述了此方面研究存在的主要问题,并展望了今后的研究方向。     

鄂尔多斯盆地多级次地下水流系统中硝酸盐分布特征及其成因

水资源短缺的鄂尔多斯盆地内地下水遭受硝酸盐(NO3-)污染等问题日益突出,识别盆地不同地下水流系统的NO3-分布规律及其成因,对地下水资源的合理利用与保护具有重要意义.选取鄂尔多斯盆地北部湖泊集中区白垩系地下水系统为研究对象,基于水化学和聚类 主成分分析划分地下水流系统级次,在此基础上对比分析不同级次地下水流系统中NO3-分布特征,综合水化学和环境同位素分析识别多级次地下水流系统中NO3-来源及其潜在过程.研究表明:研究区ρ(NO3)超出地下水质量标准(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅲ类水标准的地下水样品集中在局部-中间地下水流系统,其超标率达到28％;区域地下水流系统中ρ(NO3)均值约为1 mg/L.研究区不同级次地下水流系统中ρ(NO3-)分布特征主要与人类活动影响程度有关,而地下水蒸发富集和反硝化衰减作用对ρ(NO3-)的影响可以忽略.其中,局部-中间地下水流系统受到人类活动产生的污染影响显著,其NO3-污染主要来源于无机铵肥和粪便污水等;区域地下水流系统可能尚未受到人类活动污染,其NO3-来源于天然有机氮矿化.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.