我国温度变化与冬季采暖气候条件的探讨

本文根据国家规范中关于采暖气候条件（即日平均温度≤5℃）的规定，计算了我国≤5℃日数、负积温等要素，发现1月平均温度与同月负积温，冬季平均温度与冬季负积温之间存在良好的线性关系，相关系数达0.99。根据采暖气候指标与国家规范将我国划分为两个主要采暖带。并研究了不同温度变化对我国采暖气候条件的影响。     

兰州城市化发展对局地气候的影响

研究了兰州气候变化特征及其城市化发展对局地气候的影响，发现８０年代之后，兰州平均温度相对于６０－７０年代平均气温的上升幅度是全省平均气温上升幅度的近４倍，其他要素的年、季变化均表出明显的特征。     

云南省建筑热工设计气象参数计算

根据云南省1981—2010年的历年气象数据,采用建筑行业标准与国家标准中规定的方法,得出了云南省125个城镇的气候区属、采暖度日数、空调度日数、最冷月平均温度、最热月平均温度5项建筑设计气象参数,模拟计算了围护结构热桥表面温度及线传热系数,以期为云南省建筑热工设计提供实用的参考。结果表明:为提高建筑气象参数的精度和实用性,应采用全省所有气象台站的30年气候整编资料,且最冷月、最热月平均温度的计算应采用实际最冷月、最热月温度;云南大部地区建筑热工设计都应满足冬季保温设计需求,热桥部位保温薄弱容易结露,应选用导热率小的建筑保温材料。     

气候变化背景下对巴彦浩特市实施弹性供暖的分析与建议

文章利用巴彦浩特1954—2013年逐日平均气温资料,采用数理统计等方法,参照采暖供热相关规范,对巴彦浩特地区采暖期间平均温度、初终日、采暖天数、采暖期度日值的年际、年代际变化规律进行分析。结果表明：1954—2013年巴彦浩特地区采暖期变化趋势为初日推后,终日提前;采暖期天数、采暖期度日值呈显著减小趋势;气候变暖背景下,巴彦浩特实施弹性供暖以采暖期天数变化估计可比目前实际供暖方式节约采暖能耗7%～20%。建议巴彦浩特地区可采取弹性供暖的方式,合理规划,以达到节能减排目的。     

内蒙古地区气候突变诊断分析

本文用Ｐｅｔｔｉｔｔ非参变量变点检验、Ｍａｎｎ－Ｋｅｎｄａｌｌ秩检验、Ｔ检验，对内蒙古地区近４０年年平均温度、年降水量序列计算分析得出，本世纪７０－８０年代以来，内蒙古干旱、半干旱、半湿润地区年平均温度升高０．６－０．８℃，冬季季平均温度升高２－３℃。半干旱地区自１９６３年以来发生降水突变减少，并且与西非Ｓａｈｅｌ地区同期降水突变有明显的相似性。这种不同区域同一时期所发生的气候突变和干旱化，在全球有着大范围的空间联系。增温和降水突变减少，使重要灾害性天气也发生了相应变化。     

天津局地气候的反演建模及其研究

利用天津月平均温度Ｔ、气压Ｐ和雨量Ｒ的时间序列反演出一组近似描写天津（Ｔ－Ｐ－Ｒ）局地气候的动力方程，并对其演化特性及内部相互作用机制进行了研究。     

南极气候变化的季节特征

利用１９６２－１９９３年南极１６站地面至３０ｈＰａ１０个标准层上月平均温度，南极臭氧总量以及２８００ＭＨＺ太阳通量资料，采用最大熵功率变方法，研究了各季中月南极诸高度气候的线性趋势变化，熵谱特征及其可能原因。     

西安采暖期气温变化对供暖的影响

利用1961—2011年气温资料分析了西安年平均气温及采暖期间平均气温变化特点与采暖指标的特征,结果表明:20世纪90年代前年平均气温较低,多在14℃以下,1984年最低,为12.7℃,1994年之后温度较高,多在14℃之上,近50a平均温度每10a上升0.44℃;50a间采暖季平均每10a上升0.51℃;各指标的年代际变化并不一致,其中80年代后供暖强度低于平均值,90年代后采暖结束较早,且供暖期度日数均低于近50a平均值(1 734.4℃·d),2000年后,采暖开始较迟,且采暖期较短,低于50a平均值(107d);年平均温度升高1℃,西安1年度日数减小206℃·d,采暖日减少9d。相对于1971—2000年的平均值,西安2001—2010年因气候变暖每年平均节能17.8%。     

广东9—10月冷暖变化时空分布特征和分型

用主分量分析方法对广东９－１０月期间平均温度进行统计分析，结果表明，约占总方差８６％属于全省偏暖或偏冷，以及南暖北冷或南冷北暖型的分布。划分出７个特暖年和８个特冷年，并由主分量和特征向量逐年划分了温度分布型，据此，分析了从５０年代至９０年代冷暖变化趋势，并预测１９９２－２０００年温度变化。这些结果可为寒露风研究和预报提供基本的气候背景。     

广东省1954—1990年的气候特征及异常

用１９５４－１９９０年的月平均温度和降水资料，计算了广东省冬，夏半年和全年３个时距５个不同区域的温度和降水分级指数，讨论了广东省近４０年来的一些基本气候特征和全省气候异常的变化规律。提出：广东各区的气候特别是降水方面有明显差异；全省平均冬装卸温度的分级指数，夏半年降水的分级指数分别有明显的７年和１１年的周期；全年的温度和降水的分级指数分别有７，１３，１１年的周期。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.