川南地区筇竹寺组页岩微观孔隙结构特征及其影响因素

页岩微观孔隙结构是影响页岩气储层储集能力的重要因素。为评价川南地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩性质,基于井下 岩心样品、钻井资料,运用普通扫描电镜和氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜观测、Image J2x软件分析、低温CO2和N2 吸附、 高压压汞实验方法,对川南地区筇竹寺组页岩气微观孔隙成因类型、孔隙结构特征及其影响因素进行了研究。研究结果表 明,川南地区下寒武统筇竹寺组页岩孔隙度为0.25%~5.80%,平均为2.49%;发育多种成因类型微观孔隙,以粒间孔为 主,粒内孔、有机质孔和微裂缝次之,页岩微观孔隙总面孔率为3.58%~5.92%;川南地区筇竹寺组页岩总孔容为（2.86~ 12.55）×10-3 mL/g,总比表面积为2.727~21.992 m2/g,孔径主要分布于0.30~1.00 nm、2.5~4.7 nm和55~70 nm这三个区间,微 孔（<2 nm）和介孔（2~50 nm）是筇竹寺组页岩气储集空间的主体,孔隙结构形态主要为圆孔、楔形孔、平板狭缝型孔和混合 型孔结构。页岩孔隙度及总比表面积与TOC、脆性矿物含量呈正相关关系,页岩微孔孔容及比表面积与TOC呈正相关关 系,页岩孔隙度、总孔容及总比表面积与R0、粘土矿物含量呈负相关关系。     

四川盆地上三叠统须五段页岩微观孔隙结构及其控制因素

为了深入研究四川盆地上三叠统须五段陆相页岩储层微观孔隙结构,运用氩离子抛光扫描电镜(SEM)、低温氮气吸脱附以及相关地球化学分析实验等技术对该地区页岩储层的微观孔隙结构进行了研究,并对控制其纳米孔隙发育的主要因素进行了探讨。结果表明：四川盆地须五段页岩微观孔隙可分为有机孔和无机孔(粒间孔、粒内孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔),微裂缝可分为构造微裂缝、有机质生排烃缝和成岩收缩缝等;孔隙结构类型以两端连通的圆柱孔、平行平面间的缝状孔和呈锥形的管孔为主;微观孔隙孔径分布区间大(1~80 nm),峰值主要集中于2~8 nm之间;以中孔(2~50 nm)为主,所占比例为6021%(或以黏土矿物孔为主,所占比例为4462%);页岩的有机质丰度和黏土矿物含量是控制纳米孔隙发育的主要因素。     

页岩气储层孔隙发育特征及主控因素分析:以上扬子地区龙马溪组为例

运用扫描电镜、氩离子抛光场发射电子扫描显微成像与核磁共振测试技术,对渝东南地区Y1井龙马溪组页岩的微米级孔隙、纳米级孔隙和微裂缝发育特征3个层面分别进行定量表征。结合总有机碳含量、有机质显微组分及成熟度、黏土矿物及全岩X射线衍射分析等测试数据,对孔隙发育特征主控因素进行分析。对页岩微米级孔隙发育有促进作用的因素有石英含量和伊利石含量,具有抑制作用的因素有碳酸盐含量和埋藏深度;对有机质纳米级孔隙发育有促进作用的因素有有机质成熟度和伊蒙混层含量,具有抑制作用的因素为方解石含量;对微裂缝发育有促进作用的因素有石英含量、有机质成熟度和总有机碳含量,具有抑制作用的因素是碳酸盐含量。     

云南曲靖地区筇竹寺组泥页岩储层发育特征与影响因素

以云南曲靖地区筇竹寺组泥页岩为例,利用氩离子抛光-场发射扫描电镜、高压压汞、常规扫描电镜等实验技术手段,探究泥页岩储层微观储集空间的发育类型与特征。结果表明：筇竹寺组泥页岩储层孔隙成因复杂,类型多样,主要发育的微观储集空间类型包括有机质孔隙、粘土矿物孔隙、颗粒矿物孔隙、微裂隙等,以有机质孔隙最为发育,提供了主要的储集空间;孔隙度介于1.59%~11.33%之间,平均值达到了5.0%,小孔、微孔所占储集空间比例约56.5%,中孔和超大孔所占比例为34.0%,大孔相对较少。控制筇竹寺组页岩孔隙发育的因素主要有TOC、矿物组分和成岩作用,TOC是影响筇竹寺组页岩储层孔隙发育的主控因素,也是提供页岩气主要储存空间的重要物质。     

川西南井研地区筇竹寺组页岩气特征

综合川西南井研地区JS1井钻井、测井等资料,对比邻区筇竹寺组、龙马溪组页岩储层岩性特征、厚度、有机质类型及含量、成熟度、裂缝、孔隙度、渗透率、矿物组成、压力、含气性等,分析认为JS1井地区筇竹寺组页岩有机碳大于2%、厚度大于100m、Ro在3%左右、石英含量大于40%、含气量平均1.8m3/t、裂缝发育,其余各项指标也较好,仅埋深较大。因此,川西南地区筇竹寺组及龙马溪组是下组合有利的页岩气勘探目标层系,与北美页岩气相比,也是适合开发的页岩层。     

川西南井研地区筇竹寺组页岩气特征北大核心CSCD

综合川西南井研地区JS1井钻井、测井等资料,对比邻区筇竹寺组、龙马溪组页岩储层岩性特征、厚度、有机质类型及含量、成熟度、裂缝、孔隙度、渗透率、矿物组成、压力、含气性等,分析认为JS1井地区筇竹寺组页岩有机碳大于2%、厚度大于100m、Ro在3%左右、石英含量大于40%、含气量平均1.8m3/t、裂缝发育,其余各项指标也较好,仅埋深较大。因此,川西南地区筇竹寺组及龙马溪组是下组合有利的页岩气勘探目标层系,与北美页岩气相比,也是适合开发的页岩层。     

皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙特征及影响因素

为了评估下扬子皖南地区古生界页岩气储层性质,应用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞法、N₂和CO₂气体吸附法,对皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙特征和孔隙结构进行研究,并探讨页岩孔隙发育的主要影响因素。结果表明,皖南地区古生界页岩孔隙度和渗透率低,页岩样品中常见粒间孔、凝絮孔、溶蚀孔、基质晶间孔和有机质孔,并且发育微米-纳米级孔隙。古生界页岩孔隙中50%以上为微孔和介孔;孔隙结构主要为圆柱孔、狭缝型孔和混合型孔,平均孔径范围为4.17~12.06 nm。页岩孔容和比表面积随着有机碳(TOC)含量的增大而增大;页岩孔隙度随着有机质成熟度(R_o)的增大而减小;页岩孔容随着黏土矿物含量的增加而增大,随着脆性矿物含量的增加而减小。     

浅层页岩气储层孔隙分形特征及控制因素——以云南昭通地区龙马溪组为例

为定量表征云南昭通国家级页岩气示范区龙马溪组页岩孔隙结构复杂程度及对页岩气影响,通过对24块龙马溪组页岩进行TOC质量分数、全岩矿物组分、低温氮气吸附测试,从页岩孔隙结构及矿物组分两个方面分析讨论二者对页岩孔隙分形维数的影响。结果显示：昭通地区龙马溪一段不同小层之间孔隙发育,非均质性强,有机质质量分数在1小层最高,纵向上具有降低—升高—降低的“三段式”变化,页岩孔隙分形维数具有分段特点,其中分形维数D₂介于2.699 4～2.912 4之间,平均为2.826 5,分形维数D₁介于2.617 4～2.719 4之间,平均为2.673 4,孔隙结构复杂,分形维数在1小层最高,向上逐渐减小。页岩分形维数与孔隙结构参数及地质因素相关性分形显示：TOC质量分数及石英体积分数控制微孔的发育,提供主要的比表面积,与分形维数具有良好正相关关系,有利于页岩气的赋存,总含气量及吸附气比例高;黏土矿物及白云石体积分数主要控制介孔及宏孔的发育,提供主要的孔体积,与分形维数呈负相关。结合生烃、储集及开发因素可知,1小层及3小层因其TOC质量分数高、分形维数大、脆性强的...     

四川盆地泸州地区海相页岩天然裂缝特征及主控因素

天然裂缝的特征是评价页岩气富集和保存规律中重要的地质指标.以四川盆地南部泸州地区上奥陶统五峰组-下志留统龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,基于地震、测井、岩心、薄片、扫描电镜及分析化验资料,深入开展了天然裂缝成因类型、发育特征和主控因素的研究.结果表明：泸州地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩裂缝按照地质成因可分为构造裂缝、成岩裂缝和异常高压裂缝3种类型,构造裂缝按照裂缝的力学性质和与岩石力学层的关系细分为穿层剪切裂缝、顺层剪切裂缝和层内张开裂缝,成岩裂缝分为页理缝和收缩裂缝.泸州地区构造裂缝和页理缝大量发育,收缩裂缝和异常高压裂缝发育程度较低.构造裂缝的分布和发育程度受到断层、褶皱、岩石力学层和脆性的控制,页理缝的发育主要受脆性、有机质含量和纹层的控制.     

页岩孔隙结构研究进展及下扬子古生界页岩孔隙特征

天然气可以吸附或以游离态赋存在富有机质泥页岩及其夹层中,使页岩成为一种重要的非常规储集体。页岩的微米—纳米级孔隙是页岩气富集的重要场所,常规孔隙研究手段难以适用,目前,国际上尚没有关于页岩孔隙类型的统一分类方案。因此,页岩的孔隙结构特征成为页岩气勘探开发中的关键问题。总结近年来页岩孔隙结构的主要研究手段和分类,并初步分析了浙西—皖南下扬子地区古生界页岩的孔隙特征。     

四川盆地下古生界筇竹寺组与龙马溪组页岩气勘探优选区预测

四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组和下志留统龙马溪组为盆地内重要的气源岩,在常规气田勘探中发现广泛的油气显示,表明其具有页岩气勘探的良好前景。在页岩气勘探初期,应该先进行优先层段优先区块的深入研究。目前,多名学者对筇竹寺组、龙马溪组的特征和页岩气发育的有利区位做出了预测,但使用方法不完善、不统一,评价指标比较混乱。在系统分析Fort Worth盆地Barnett页岩优选区块特征的基础上,参照美国地质调查局对Barnett页岩的选区原则,结合四川盆地自身的特征,选取页岩层总厚度、TOC、Ro、埋藏深度4个指标确定了2套岩层的页岩气优选区与延展区。研究认为,筇竹寺组有利区与外围延展区均在成都—乐山—资阳—内江为界的区域内部,龙马溪组有利区与外围延展区均在自贡—宜宾一带。     

四川盆地下古生界筇竹寺组与龙马溪组页岩气勘探优选区预测

四川盆地下寒武统筇竹寺组和下志留统龙马溪组为盆地内重要的气源岩,在常规气田勘探中发现广泛的油气显示,表明其具有页岩气勘探的良好前景。在页岩气勘探初期,应该先进行优先层段优先区块的深入研究。目前,多名学者对筇竹寺组、龙马溪组的特征和页岩气发育的有利区位做出了预测,但使用方法不完善、不统一,评价指标比较混乱。在系统分析Fort Worth盆地Barnett页岩优选区块特征的基础上,参照美国地质调查局对Barnett页岩的选区原则,结合四川盆地自身的特征,选取页岩层总厚度、TOC、Ro、埋藏深度4个指标确定了2套岩层的页岩气优选区与延展区。研究认为,筇竹寺组有利区与外围延展区均在成都—乐山—资阳—内江为界的区域内部,龙马溪组有利区与外围延展区均在自贡—宜宾一带。     

川南地区龙马溪组页岩有机质特征及其对页岩含气量的影响

四川盆地南部地区广泛发育下古生界寒武系、志留系等多套海相页岩层,其中龙马溪组是该区页岩气勘探开发的重点目标层。根据钻井岩心资料,通过有机碳、热解、碳同位素、等温吸附等地球化学实验分析,对川南地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩的有机质特征及其对页岩含气量的影响进行了研究。结果表明,川南地区龙马溪组页岩有机碳含量较高(平均1.53%),有机质类型较好(Ⅰ型和Ⅱ1型),热演化程度高(Ro为1.94%~2.42%),且页岩含气量较高(平均1.85m3/t)。页岩有机质特征是影响页岩含气量的主要因素,有机质丰度、有机质类型和热演化程度三者共同决定了川南地区龙马溪组页岩的含气量。     

四川盆地东南缘丁山地区页岩气成藏富集的关键控制因素

川东南丁山地区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组实施的两口页岩气探井,优质页岩段(一般TOC≥2.0%)实测总含气量,DY1井平均3.07 m~3/t,DY2井平均6.79 m~3/t。对比发现,优质页岩段烃源条件相似:丁山地区五峰组—龙马溪组沉积早期处于深水陆棚沉积环境,优质页岩段总体厚度较大,一般在30~35.5 m之间;平均TOC基本相当,在3.42%~3.95%之间;热演化程度适中,R_o值一般大于2.0%。研究认为保存条件差异是造成丁山地区页岩含气性差异的关键因素:距离齐岳山断裂较近的DY1井区,页岩高角度缝发育,加上埋藏浅,页岩气侧向逸散严重,页岩含气性相对变差;远离齐岳山断裂的深埋藏平缓带是有利的页岩气藏发育带。     

四川盆地威远地区龙马溪组页岩储层特征

基于威远地区龙马溪组的大量测录井和分析测试资料,从泥页岩的地球化学特征、岩石学特征、储层物性特征和含气性特征4个方面对龙马溪组页岩气储层进行研究。结果表明:威远地区龙马溪组有机质丰度较高,平均为2.72%;有机质类型以Ⅰ型为主,成熟度较高,达到热裂解生干气阶段;泥页岩埋藏深度适中,厚度较大,达到页岩气成藏的基本条件;页岩中黏土矿物质量分数适中,脆性矿物质量分数高,平均可达59.6%,具有高脆性、低泊松比和高杨氏模量的特征,满足页岩可压裂性评价指标;储层中广泛发育黏土矿物转化缝、次生溶蚀孔隙和残余粒间原生孔隙等储集空间,受分辨率的限制和未进行离子抛光,故未见到大量的有机质孔隙,孔隙度平均值为6.06%,其中充气孔隙度平均值为2.7%,渗透率受微裂缝的影响较大,分布范围较广;储层含气量高,均大于2 m3/t的标准,最高可达13.016 m3/t,其中游离气占70%~80%。综合研究认为,威远地区龙马溪组页岩为优质页岩气储层段,适合大规模开发。     

四川盆地东部下古生界页岩储集空间特征及其对含气性的影响

四川盆地东部下古生界海相页岩是一套有利的页岩气储层,通过野外泥页岩剖面及井下岩芯观察、电镜扫描、常规物性及微孔隙结构测试、等温吸附实验等技术方法,对页岩气储层空间特征进行了研究分析,发现下古生界页岩的孔隙可分为三大类六小类,裂缝可分为两大类五小类,具有颗粒细小、致密、大孔发育少、微孔发育多、具有一定孔隙度、渗透率小、喉道细、连通性差的特征。页岩总孔体积主体是由孔径小于200nm的微孔隙提供的,纳米级孔隙和微裂缝是页岩主要的储集空间,页岩有机质孔对于孔隙度具有一定贡献,是富有机质页岩的主要微孔隙类型。页岩的微孔隙结构决定了页岩气的赋存状态和流动方式,孔缝发育程度在一定程度上决定了页岩的含气性及其渗透性能,但大型或巨型裂缝的发育,将给页岩气的有效保存带来破坏。有机质(干酪根和沥青质)和黏土颗粒内的微孔隙表面是吸附态页岩气赋存的主要空间,但有机质孔提供了大部分具吸附性的孔比表面,是控制页岩吸附性能的主要因素,而黏土矿物的作用是次要的。     

Development Phases and Mechanisms of Tectonic Fractures in the Longmaxi Formation Shale of the Dingshan Area in Southeast Sichuan Basin, China

Shale gas has currently attracted much attention during oil and gas exploration and development. Fractures in shale have an important influence on the enrichment and preservation of shale gas. This work studied the developmental period and formation mechanism of tectonic fractures in the Longmaxi Formation shale in the Dingshan area of ??southeastern Sichuan Basin based on extensive observations of outcrops and cores, rock acoustic emission (Kaiser) experiments, homogenization temperature of fracture fill inclusions, apatite fission track, thermal burial history. The research shows that the fracture types of the Longmaxi Formation include tectonic fractures, diagenetic fractures and horizontal slip fractures. The main types are tectonic high-angle shear and horizontal slip fractures, with small openings, large spacing, low densities, and high degrees of filling. Six dominant directions of the fractures after correction by plane included NWW, nearly SN, NNW, NEE, nearly EW and NW. The analysis of field fracture stage and fracture system of the borehole suggests that the fractures in the Longmaxi Formation could be paired with two sets of plane X-shaped conjugate shear fractures, i.e., profile X-shaped conjugate shear fractures and extension fractures. The combination of qualitative geological analysis and quantitative experimental testing techniques indicates that the tectonic fractures in the Longmaxi Formation have undergone three periods of tectonic movement, namely mid-late Yanshanian movement (82–71.1 Ma), late Yanshanian and middle Himalaya movements (71.1–22.3 Ma), and the late Himalayan movement (22.3–0 Ma). The middle-late period of the Yanshanian movement and end of the Yanshanian movement-middle period of the Himalayan movement were the main fracture-forming periods. The fractures were mostly filled with minerals, such as calcite and siliceous. The homogenization temperature of fracture fill inclusions was high, and the paleo-stress value was large; the tectonic movement from the late to present period was mainly a slight transformation and superposition of existing fractures and tectonic systems. Based on the principle of tectonic analysis and theory of geomechanics, we clarified the mechanism of the fractures in the Longmaxi Formation, and established the genetic model of the Longmaxi Formation. The research on the qualitative and quantitative techniques of the fracture-phase study could be effectively used to analyze the causes of the marine shale gas fractures in the Sichuan Basin. The research findings and results provide important references and technical support for further exploration and development of marine shale gas in South China.     

Types and Characteristics of the Lower Silurian Shale Gas Reservoirs in and Around the Sichuan Basin

This study analyzed the characteristics and types of the Lower Silurian shale gas reservoirs in and around Sichuan Basin through field observations, slices, Ar-ion-beam milling, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis of 25 black shale outcrops and samples. Two main types of shale gas reservoirs were determined, i.e., fractures and pores. Fractures were classified into five categories, i.e., giant, large, medium, small, and micro, according to the features of the shale gas reservoirs, effect of fracture on gas accumulation, and fracture nature. Pore types include organic matter pores, mineral pores (mineral surface, intraparticle, interparticle, and corrosional pore), and nanofractures. The various fracture types, fracture scales, pore types, and pore sizes exert different controls over the gas storage and production capacity. Pores serve as a reservoir for gas storage and, the gas storage capacity can be determined using pores; fractures serve as pathways for gas migration, and gas production capacity can be determined using them.     

Differential Characteristics of the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Wufeng-Longmaxi Shale Reservoir and its Implications for Exploration and Development of Shale Gas in/around the Sichuan Basin

The Upper Ordovician Wufeng-Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, which is the key stratum for marine shale gas exploration and development(ED) in China. Based on sedimentary environment, material basis, storage space, fracability and reservoir evolution data, the reservoir characteristics of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale and their significance for shale gas ED are systematically compared and analyzed in this paper. The results show that(1) the depocenter of the Wufeng(WF)-Longmaxi(LM) shale gradually migrates from east to west. The high-quality shale reservoirs in the eastern Sichuan Basin are mainly siliceous shales, which are primarily distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM5. The high-quality reservoirs in the southern Sichuan Basin are mainly calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales, which are distributed in the graptolite shale interval of WF2-LM7.(2) Deep shale gas(the burial depth 3500 m) in the Sichuan Basin has high-ultrahigh pressure and superior physical properties. The organic-rich siliceous, calcareous-siliceous and organic-rich argillaceous shales have suitable reservoir properties. The marginal area of the Sichuan Basin has a higher degree of pressure relief, which leads to the argillaceous and silty shales evolving into direct cap rocks with poor reservoir/good sealing capacity.(3) Combining shale gas exploration practices and impacts of lithofacies, depth, pressure coefficient and brittle-ductile transition on the reservoir properties, it is concluded that the favorable depth interval of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale gas is 2200～4000 m under current technical conditions.(4) Aiming at the differential reservoir properties of the Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin and its periphery, several suggestions for future research directions and ED of shale gas are formulated.