电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定硫时不同形态硫的影响

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)常常被应用于矿石、蛋白质和化石燃料等材料中硫含量的测定。文章综合研究比较了四极杆电感耦合等离子体质谱(Q-ICP-MS)和扇形磁场电感耦合等离子体质谱(SF-ICP-MS)测定硫的灵敏度、检出限及空白干扰。重点考察了两种不同的样品介质(水和2% HNO₃)中不同形态的硫对SF-ICP-MS测定硫信号的影响,并且深入研究了影响的原因。结果表明,硫含量相同但形态不同的含硫阴离子(S^2-、S₂O₃^2-、SO₃^2-、SO₄^2-)在2%的HNO₃介质中的信号比在水介质中的信号稳定,2%的HNO₃更适合于作为ICP-MS测定硫的介质。在2%的HNO₃介质中,S^2-、SO₃^2-中S的ICP-MS测量灵敏度(即标准曲线的斜率)分别为7828 cps/(μg·L^-1)、5528 cps/(μg·L^-1),SO₄^2-和S₂O₃^2-的测量灵敏度分别是为1321 cps/(μg·L^-1)、1299 cps/(μg·L^-1)。S^2-和SO₃^2-的灵敏度分别约为SO₄^2-的6倍和4倍;而S₂O₃^2-的灵敏度与SO₄^2-基本一致。主要原因在于S^2-、SO₃^2-形态的硫在HNO₃介质中形成了气态的H₂S和SO₂,相当于提高了雾化效率,从而使这两种形态硫的灵敏度大幅度提高。     

东喜马拉雅地区高压麻粒岩岩石学研究及构造意义

 将该区内的高喜马拉雅结晶岩划分为南部的角闪岩相岩石和北部的中低压麻粒岩相岩石,后者沿那木拉逆冲断层向南推覆于前者之上。高压麻粒岩相岩石仅以残余产出于后者,主要包括石榴石蓝晶石片麻岩和石榴石透辉石岩。前者的峰期矿物组合为石榴石+蓝晶石+三元长石+石英+金红石;后者的峰期组合为石榴石(铁铝榴石10_±钙铝榴石_>80)+透辉石+石英+方柱石+榍石(Al₂O₃为4%-4.5%).变质温压估计结果表明高压麻粒岩相岩石形成于大约1.7-1.8GPa,890℃,然后经历了近等温降压变质作用至0.5±0.1GPa,850±50℃。它们的原岩可能是大理岩及泥质岩。这表明在区内曾存在一高压麻粒岩带,那木拉冲断层可能是高喜马拉雅结晶岩内的一条重要的构造界线。     

华北板块北缘早白垩世的底侵作用：来自麻粒岩包体的证据

内蒙古四子王旗地处华北板块北缘中段,近年来在该区的早白垩世碱性玄武岩中发现了下地壳麻粒岩包体。本文研究的麻粒岩包体多数为中酸性的苏长麻粒岩,只有个别属于基性的二辉麻粒岩。麻粒岩包体的主量元素特征为SiO₂含量在49.9%到69.24%之间,MgO含量在0.92%~3.56%之间,Mg^#为43.0~62.9,Al₂O₃在13.91%~22.79%之间;稀土元素总量变化较大（∑REE在33.76×10^-6~184.13×10^-6之间）,分配模式也不尽相同,反映这些包体来自于不同源区或经历了不同的演化过程,但总体特征是LREE相对HREE富集,大多数样品的Eu呈现明显的正异常;由于包体的来源不同或经历了不同的演化阶段,它们的微量元素特征也有很大的差异。本区研究的麻粒岩包体的地球化学特征与华北地台的麻粒岩包体和麻粒岩地体都有很大的不同,反映了地壳组成横向上的不均一性。计算得出二辉麻粒岩的平衡温压条件分别为940~947℃和1.2±0.1GPa;苏长麻粒岩的平衡温度范围为927~715℃。通过对麻粒岩包体的岩相学、平衡温压条件估算、锆石形态特征分析和锆石的LA-ICP-MS年代学研究,得到本区早白垩世时的下地壳组成和之前的演化过程：本区下地壳在约40km深处可分为上下两部分,上部主要由苏长麻粒岩组成,厚度至少为9km,下部可能由二辉麻粒岩组成;下地壳上部的苏长麻粒岩是晚太古代（2509±35Ma）的岩浆岩经历了早白垩世（约122Ma）的玄武质岩浆底侵,发生了麻粒岩相变质和部分熔融形成的。推测本区岩石圈减薄事件的起始时间为122Ma。     

西藏萨嘎地区布朵淡色花岗岩岩石化学、年代学研究及构造意义

西藏萨嘎地区布朵淡色花岗岩位于喜马拉雅造山带中,属北喜马拉雅造山带的花岗岩。本次研究的萨嘎布朵淡色花岗岩,具高SiO₂（72. 26% ~ 73. 05%）、富Al₂O₃（14. 61% ~ 14. 98%）、高K₂O（3. 65% ~ 4. 09%）和Na₂O（3. 47% ~ 3. 76%）、低P₂O₅（0. 09% ~ 0. 12%）的特征,K₂O／Na₂O = 1. 00 ~ 1. 08、A／CNK = 1. 18 ~ 1. 24,属高钾、过铝质钙碱性S型花岗岩。岩石微量元素变化较大,∑REE = 98. 87 × 10^-6 ~ 124. 51 × 10^-6、LREE／HREE = 11. 24 ~ 16. 12、Rb = 187 × 10^-6 ~ 234 × 10^-6、Sr = 311 × 10^-6 ~ 409 × 10^-6、LaN／YbN = 19. 96 ~ 40. 28、δEu = 0. 89 ~ 0. 99。 布朵淡色花岗岩结晶时间为16. 15 Ma,与区域上的其他的北喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩结晶时间一致,均是形成于陆陆碰撞造山后的伸展背景,代表印度—欧亚大陆后碰撞期的产物,对喜马拉雅造山带的研究有一定的指导意义。     

安徽马鞍山市当涂地区地下水水化学特征及演化机制

【研究目的】 了解长江中下游平原地区地下水流系统并深入分析其地下水水化学特征及其演化机制。【研究方法】 综合马鞍山市当涂地区的水文地质条件、水动力场等,基于研究区水化学基本特征,运用多元统计分析、水化学图件、离子比值和反向水文地球化学模拟等方法对该地区浅层地下水水化学演化进行分析。【研究结果】 结果表明：（1）研究区地下水主要为低矿化度偏碱性水,地下水组分中阳离子以Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺为主,阴离子以HCO₃^-和SO₄^2-为主。（2）研究区地下水水化学类型主要可分为7类,其中松散岩类孔隙含水岩组和碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙含水岩组的水化学类型主要为HCO₃^-Ca型、HCO₃^-Ca·Na型、HCO₃·Cl-Ca·Na型以及HCO₃^-Ca·Mg型;基岩类裂隙含水岩组的化学类型主要为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型和SO₄·HCO₃^-Ca·Mg型。（3）研究区浅层地下水水样超标率为46%,总体水质较差,超标率较高的组分依次为Mn、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）、硝酸盐（以N计）、Fe、As、氨氮（以N计）等。（4）研究区地下水的化学组分主要受到岩石风化作用的控制;此外,还存在Na-Ca的正向阳离子交替吸附作用。反向水文地球化学模拟结果进一步定量论证了水岩相互作用对本区浅层地下水组分的形成和演化起着主导作用。【结论】 研究区地下水主要为低矿化度偏碱性,主要可分为松散岩类孔隙水、碎屑岩类孔隙裂隙水和基岩类裂隙水。主要离子比例和反向水文地球化学模拟揭示了本区浅层地下水化学组分主要是地下水溶滤方解石、白云石等碳酸盐矿物、石英、长石等硅酸盐矿物,高岭土等黏土矿物以及岩盐、石膏等达到过饱和之后形成的。     

冀西北怀安地区中性辉石麻粒岩的锆石U-Pb、Lu-Hf及微量元素组成对区域退变质时代的制约

冀西北怀安地区位于华北克拉通北缘中段。其区域麻粒岩相变质峰期时间及所代表的碰撞造山时限一直存在不同认识。本文对出露于区内的中性辉石麻粒岩体(变石英闪长岩)进行锆石U-Pb、Lu-Hf及微量元素组成的分析研究,探讨其锆石同位素年龄的地质意义。该类岩石的矿物组合表明它们在中压麻粒岩峰期变质之后经历了角闪岩相退变质作用。锆石阴极发光显示,辉石麻粒岩中存在两种类型锆石:1)具双层结构锆石:核部锆石晶形保存相对完好并具生长环带,幔部为无内部结构的变质增生边;2)内部结构均一,无生长环带,为变质增生的新生锆石。其中具生长环带的核部锆石²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb年龄分布在2542~1902Ma(1σ),并与之相应的Th/U比值(0.10~1.92)、ΣHREE(59.1×10^-6~452×10^-6)和ε_Hf(t)值呈正相关关系,表明核部锆石曾发生过不同程度的变质重结晶作用。其中谐和度高且年龄大于2400Ma的锆石(Th/U=0.42~1.92)获得了2471±18Ma(2σ, MSWD=6.7)加权平均年龄,该年龄可近似代表原岩的形成时代;相应的单阶段Hf模式年龄(t_DM=2550~2621Ma,峰值2586Ma)和两阶段模式年龄(t_DM^C=2596~2716Ma,峰值2665Ma)以及与较高的ε_Hf(t)值(4.1~6.7),反映其原岩的源区具新生下地壳特征,暗示本区新太古代末发生过地壳增生事件。变质增生锆石具更低的Th/U(<0.10)和¹⁷⁶Lu/¹⁷⁷Hf比值(<0.0001)以及明显偏低的重稀土含量。结合岩相学分析表明,这些变质锆石应是麻粒岩相向角闪岩相退变质过程中的产物,非峰期麻粒岩相产物。锆石Ti温度计算结果(683~714 ℃)也进一步支持这种解释。它们获得的1831±7Ma(2σ, MSWD=2.5)加权平均年龄应代表中压麻粒岩相变质晚期至角闪岩相退变质时代。为此,我们认为本区麻粒岩广泛记录的1850~1800Ma的变质年龄应代表古元古代末地壳抬升退变质事件。     

河北汤泉地热流体水文地球化学特征及其成因

提要：汤泉位于河北省遵化市西北部,为山前丘陵地貌,地热资源丰富。本文通过对该地区地热流体研究发现：Na⁺、Ca²⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺与SO^2-₄、HCO^-₃、Cl^-、NO^-₃是该地区地下热水的主要成分,水化学类型主要为SO^2-₄-Na⁺型,属于未污染的天然弱碱性水;流体中F^-含量平均为9.36 mg/l,远高于国家地下水质量标准ⅴ级;可溶性SiO₂的含量可作为地热温标;地热流体总矿化度平均为782.33 mg/l,属于淡水;为中等腐蚀型水,不结碳酸钙垢,无CaSO₄?2H₂O垢和SiO₂垢生成的可能;地热流体属于含岩盐地层溶滤的陆相沉积水;根据氢氧稳定同位素可知,河北汤泉地热流体主要来源于大气降水。     

新疆东天山土屋斑岩铜矿床流体包裹体地球化学特征

本文在系统总结前人关于土屋矿床地质特征及成矿作用的基础上,开展了氢氧同位素研究及石英流体包裹体均一法和冷冻法测温,并对石英样品进行了气相及离子色谱测量,对石英中流体包裹体中的稀土元素进行了测试。结果表明,流体包裹体均一温度变化于125~363℃,主要集中于140~200℃,盐度变化于0.18%~58.28%NaCl,主要集中于2%~10% NaCl。流体包裹体气相的主要成分为H₂O和CO₂,液相成分以Ca²⁺、Na⁺、SO^2-₄、Cl^-为主。石英流体包裹体中∑REE 为8.07×10^-6~ 12.15×10^-6,轻、重稀土之比值（LREE/HREE）变化于5.39~6.75,δEu为1.80~1.91。流体包裹体中稀土元素配分型式呈右倾型,并表现出Eu的正异常及Ce的负异常。石英中流体包裹体的δD_V-SMOW值为-70‰~-66‰,石英的δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW为9.4‰~12.3‰,计算所得的δ¹⁸O_水为-5.1‰~-1.2‰。根据离子色谱分析结果,F^-/Cl^-介于0.009~0.024之间,SO^2-₄/Cl^-介于0.45~1.01之间。综合以上流体包裹体的组成和特征,表明成矿流体可能主要来源于岩浆水和大气降水。     

多种矿物流体包裹体中液相阴阳离子的同时测定

地质流体研究是地球科学领域的研究热点,矿物流体包裹体中成分是认识地质流体的关键。群体包裹体液相成分分析的传统方法大多采用单通道离子色谱分析阴离子,原子吸收光谱或电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱分析阳离子,分析方法适用矿物种类少,单矿物需要量大（3g以上）。本文使用双通道离子色谱仪,经过大量条件实验,优化了样品爆裂、提取等前处理分析条件,确认了不同矿物可检测的离子,并采用富集方法将样品需要量由常规的3.00g减少到300mg,实现了石英、方解石、萤石、闪锌矿、石榴子石、磁铁矿和黄铁矿等多种矿物流体包裹体液相成分中Li⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、F^-、Cl^-、Br^-、NO₂^-、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-等阴阳离子的同时分析。所建立的离子色谱同时分析矿物流体包裹体液相微量成分分析方法简便、快速,成本低,用样量少,扩大了矿物种类的分析范围,为成矿流体研究提供了更加直接、有效的信息。     

阿尔泰晚古生代超高温麻粒岩流体特征及其意义

北疆阿尔泰造山带南缘晚古生代超高温麻粒岩存在高铝斜方辉石+夕线石+石英和尖晶石+石英等超高温特征矿物组合,其退变质作用主要以典型的降压反应矿物堇青石的形成为标志。对其中新发现的石榴子石及石英流体包裹体开展显微测温和激光拉曼探针分析,结果表明:基质中的石英以及被石榴子石包裹的石英中孤立分布的原生流体包裹体成分为近纯CO₂(部分含少量的N₂),均一温度在10.1~29℃之间,其对应的密度在0.631~0.861g/cm³。石榴子石中的原生和假次生CO₂包裹体费米峰差在104.1cm^-1左右,低于石英中CO₂包裹体的费米峰差(~104.7cm^-1),暗示其密度低于石英中的CO₂包裹体。由CO₂流体包裹体密度所得到的等容线从P-T轨迹退变质阶段的下方穿过结合区域地质背景,我们初步认为阿尔泰超高温麻粒岩的形成与幔源岩浆底侵有关。基性岩浆的底侵不但提供了异常高的地温梯度,同时其所释放的大量CO₂降低了水活度,使得变质作用峰期的特征矿物得以保存。低密度的CO₂流体指示了阿尔泰超高温麻粒岩沿顺时针P-T轨迹紧随超高温峰期变质之后快速抬升降压,捕获的同变质流体包裹体因腔体体积增大而密度降低的一种退变质过程。     

麻粒岩相变质流体及麻粒岩相岩石成因

流体在麻粒岩相地钵形成过程中所扮演的角色是有争议的。麻粒岩相变质流体目前的研究成果可归纳为碳变质模式、无流体变质模式和高盐度流体变质模式。碳变质模式强调幔源CO2在麻粒岩形成过程中起着非常重要的作用，这一模式在许多麻粒岩相地体得到了肯定。但碳、氧稳定同位素的不均一现象、峰期矿物组合热力学计算结果以及富CO2流体对硅酸盐的搬运能力低使碳变质受到了质疑。无流体变质模式强调部分熔融降低H2O活度的绝对重要性，但却无法解释普遍存在的麻粒岩相原生富CO2包裹体。而高盐度流体变质模式的确有潜在的优势，如低H2O活度、较强的碱金属、LILE及硅酸盐的搬运能力，但这一理论需要进一步证实。     

Rare eclogite‐mafic granulite in felsic granulite in Blanský les: precursor of intermediate granulite in the Bohemian Massif?

Mafic granulite, generated from eclogite, occurs in felsic granulite at Kle?, Blanský les, in the Bohemian Massif. This is significant because such eclogite is very rare within the felsic granulite massifs. Moreover, at this locality, strong interaction has occurred between the mafic granulite and the adjacent felsic granulite producing intermediate granulite, such intermediate granulite being of enigmatic origin elsewhere. The mafic granulite involves garnet from the original eclogite, containing large idiomorphic inclusions of omphacite, plagioclase and quartz, as well as rutile. The edge of the garnet is replaced by a plagioclase corona, with the garnet zoned towards the corona and also the inclusions. The original omphacite–quartz–?plagioclase matrix has recrystallized to coarse‐grained polygonal (‘equilibrium’‐textured) plagioclase‐diopsidic clinopyroxene–orthopyroxene also with brown amphibole commonly in the vicinity of garnet. Somewhat larger quartz grains are embedded in this matrix, along with minor ilmenite, rutile and zircon. Combining the core garnet composition with core inclusion compositions gives a pressure of the order of 18 kbar from assemblage and isopleths on a P?T pseudosection, with temperature poorly constrained, but most likely >900 °C. From this P?T pseudosection, the recrystallization of the matrix took place at ~12 kbar, and from Zr‐in‐rutile thermometry, at relatively hot conditions of 900–950 °C. It is largely at these conditions that the eclogite/mafic granulite interacted with the felsic granulite to make intermediate granulite (see next paper).     

Trace element partitioning in the granulite facies

Analyses of trace elements in the mineral phases of granulites provide important information about the trace element distribution in the lower crust. Since granulites are often considered residues of partial melting processes, trace element characteristics of their mineral phases may record mineral/melt equilibria thus giving an opportunity to understand the nature and composition of melts in the lower continental crust. This study provides an extensive set of mineral trace element data obtained by LA-ICP-MS analyses of mafic and intermediate granulites from Central Finland. Mass balance calculations using the analytical data indicate a pronounced contribution of the accessory minerals apatite for the REE and ilmenite for the HFSE. Coherent mineral/mineral ratios between samples point to a close approach to equilibrium except for minerals intergrown with garnet porphyroblasts. Mineral trace element data were used for the formulation of a set of D ^mineral/melt partition coefficients that is applicable for trace element modelling under lower crustal conditions. D ^mineral/melt were derived by the application of predictive models and using observed constant mineral/mineral ratios. The comparison of the calculated D ^mineral/melt with experimental data as well as the relationship between mineral trace element contents and a leucosome with a composition close to an equilibrium melt provides additional constraints on mineral/melt partitioning. The D values derived in this study are broadly similar to magmatic partition coefficients for intermediate melt compositions. They provide a first coherent set of D values for Sc, V, Cr and Ni between clinopyroxene, amphibole, garnet, orthopyroxene, ilmenite and melt. In addition, they emphasize the strong impact that ilmenite exerts on the distribution of Nb and Ta.     

Fabric transitions in the Saxony granulite terrain

Quartz fabric transitions reported from the Saxony granulite terrain and from the nearby Ore Mountains are interesting because of the changes in the pattern types, and the variation in the opening angles of the fabric skeletons. A short summary is presented of salient features in research documented in the East German literature between 1961 and 1978.The changes in fabric skeleton with decreasing metamorphic grade are proposed as mainly consequent to the deactivation of prism 〈c〉 glide systems as temperature decreases. Fabrics indicative of the appearance of the 〈c〉 Burgers vector might be diagnostic for deformation in regimes of comparatively high temperatures or low strainrates, or for deformation, under conditions such that there is a relatively high ‘kinetically effective’ hydroxyl content in the quartz structure.     

Hot granulite nappes — Tectonic styles and thermal evolution of the Proterozoic granulite belts in East Africa

A section through the Neoproterozoic Mozambique Belt of Tanzania exposes western foreland (Archaean Tanzania Craton and Palaeoproterozoic Usagaran Belt), marginal (Western Granulites) and eastern, internal (Eastern Granulites) portions of the orogen. The assembly of granulite nappes at ca. 620 Ma displays westward emplacement along an eastward deepening basal decollement and forward propagation of thrusts, climbing from the deep crust to the surface. This goes along with eastward increase of syntectonic temperatures, derived from prevalent deformation mechanisms, and eastward decrease of the kinematic vorticity number. Distinctly different pressure - temperature paths with a branch of isothermal decompression (ITD) in Western Granulites and isobaric cooling (IBC) in Eastern Granulites reflect residence times of rocks within lower crustal levels. Western Granulites, exhumed rapidly at the orogen margin, display ITD and non-coaxial fabrics. Eastern Granulites in the internal orogen portions escaped from rapid exhumation and show IBC and co-axial flow fabrics. The vertical variation of structural elements, i.e. basement — cover relations within the Eastern Granulites, shows decoupling between lower and middle crust with horizontal west — east stretching in the basement and horizontal west — east shortening in the cover.A model of hot fold nappes [Beaumont, C., Nguyen, M.H., Jamieson, R.A., Ellis, S., 2006. Crustal flow modes in large hot orogens. In: Law, R.D., Searle, M.P., Godin, L., (eds). Channel Flow, Ductile Extrusion and Exhumation in Continental Collision Zones. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. vol. 268, 91–145] is adopted to explain flow diversity in the deep crust. The lower crust represented by Eastern Granulite basement flowed coaxially outwards (westward) in response to thickened crust and elevated gravitational forces, supported by a melt-weakened, viscous channel at the crustal base. Horizontal flow with rates faster than thermal equilibration gave rise to isobaric cooling. Simultaneously the mid crust (Eastern Granulite cover) was shortened when hot fold nappes moved along upward climbing thrust planes. Western Granulites preserved isothermal decompression through exhumation by thrusting and coeval erosion at the orogen front.Two different styles define the Neoproterozoic East African Orogen between northern Egypt and southern Mozambique. The Arabian Nubian Shield in the north is classified as small and cold orogen in which thin — skinned thrusting was associated with lateral extrusion. The Central Mozambique Belt in Tanzania/Southern Kenya is classified as large and hot orogen characterized by thick-skinned thrusting and assembly of large granulite nappes.     

A sapphirine-cordierite-garnet-sillimanite granulite from Enderby Land,Antarctica: implications for FMAS petrogenetic grids in the granulite facies

A quartz-absent magnesian paragneiss layer from Mount Sones, in the Archaean Napier complex of Enderby Land, Antarctica, contains the stable divariant FMAS assemblage sapphirine (X _Mg=78) — cordierite (X _Mg=87) — garnet (X _Mg=51) — sillimanite. Rare green spinel (X _Mg=53.5, ZnO=2.65wt%) occurs as inclusions mainly within sapphirine, but also within sillimanite and garnet. Late thin coronas of cordierite (X _Mg=90.5) mantle sapphirine in contact with extensively exsolved anorthoclase. The mineral textures are interpreted to indicate the former stability of a hypersthene-quartz absent assemblage followed by the development of the FMAS equilibrium assemblage sapphirine-cordierite-garnet-sillimanite (sp, hy, qz) and further divariant reaction involving the consumption of sapphirine. The (sp, hy, qz) assemblage uniquely defines the stable P-T reaction topology appropriate to granulites from the Napier Complex, as this paragenesis is allowed in the grids of Hensen (1971, 1986) but is not possible in other grids which assume the stability of a sapphirine-absent ([sa]) FMAS invariant point involving the phases spinel, garnet, hypersthene, cordierite, sillimanite and quartz. The observed mineral assemblages and textures are consistent with peak metamorphism between the [sp] and [hy] invariant points of Hensen (1971), at temperatures of 930–990° C, followed by cooling on a lower dP/dT trajectory towards the (sp, qz) univariant line. The initial spinel-bearing assemblage was stabilized by Zn and to a lesser extent by Ni and Cr, and hence does not require a marked decrease in temperature and increase in pressure to produce the (sp, hy, qz) assemblage. It is inferred that fO ₂ conditions substantially lower than those used in the experiments of Annersten and Seifert (1981) prevailed in the high-grade metamorphism in the Napier Complex.     

Finding of corundum-bearing rocks in the Lapland granulite belt

Corundum-bearing rocks are described for the first time in the Kandalaksha structure of the Lapland granulite belt. Corundum is confined to rocks of two types: metagabbro?anorthosites constituting lenses among metaanarthosites of the Kandalaksha massif and basic granulites. Corundum crystals (up to 200 μm long) occur in plagioclase and garnet and differ from each other depending on the host mineral, which serves as evidence against their xenogenic nature. Some corundum crystals exhibit an axial zone, which may indicate their crystallization from the gaseous phase. Corundum-bearing rocks are accompanied by piclogites (pyroxene?garnet varieties with olivine). Piclogites and their minerals (clinopyroxene, garnet) are characterized by a positive Eu anomaly, which implies rock reworking by fluids during corundum formation, when deep-seated complexes were subjected to exhumation.     

Two-feldspar geothermometry in granulite facies metamorphic rocks

A geothermometric technique based on equilibria between coexisting plagioclase and alkali feldspar was applied to quartzo-feldspathic granulites from Salvador, BA, Brazil. The conditions of metamorphism were determined to be in the range 750 ° C–800 ° C, 4–8 Kb, by comparison with experimental data on the stabilities of sapphirine, phlogopite and other minerals occurring in the associated rocks. Selected feldspar data gives temperatures near, but slightly below, this range. Several variants of the Wood and Banno model, as well as an empirical two-pyroxene geothermometer, were also tested and found to give temperatures which were apparently 50 °–100 ° high. The solubility of Al₂O₃ in orthopyroxene indicates temperatures which are about 200 ° to high, suggesting that Fe in the natural assemblages significantly changes relationships observed experimentally in MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ systems.