基于浅地层剖面的海底浅表层沉积物物理性质参数反演技术研究

海底浅表层（小于1 m）沉积物的物理性质,如粒度、孔隙度、密度等是海洋沉积学研究和海洋工程地质分析的重要内容,目前主要基于有限的海底取样或原位测试获取这些沉积物的物理性质。浅地层剖面是基于声学信号（频率几千赫兹）在沉积物中的传播得到可反映沉积地层结构的数据,其中的一些声学参数,如海底反射系数、波阻抗等与沉积物物理性质密切相关。如何充分而有效地利用浅地层剖面资料,反演得到剖面覆盖区海底浅表层沉积物的物理性质参数,极具科学意义和应用价值,且基于声学属性反演沉积物物理性质是当前研究的热点。为此,本文基于渤海LD16-3CEPA至LD10-1PAPD路由段的浅地层剖面数据和海底表层沉积物的实测物理参数,利用Biot-Stoll模型建立研究区海底反射系数和沉积物物理性质之间的关系,并基于浅地层剖面数据计算得到的海底反射系数,反演了研究区海底浅表层沉积物的孔隙度、密度、平均粒径等物理性质参数。其中反演的孔隙度、密度、平均粒径与实测孔隙度、密度、平均粒径基本相符,偏差度基本都在20%的偏差范围内,表明该反演方法在该区的应用是可行的。     

南海北部陆坡海底峡谷形成机制探讨

通过对南海北部地震剖面的解释,并结合地貌以及区域地质特征等,对发育于南海北部陆坡区的珠江口外、台湾浅滩南以及澎湖海底峡谷的地貌和构造特征进行分析和对比,并对其形成机制进行探讨。研究结果显示,各海底峡谷具有相似的走向,并均具有转向的特征,但是其形成机制却各不相同,由此形成的地貌特征也各不同:珠江口外海底峡谷的形成与珠江带来的大量陆上沉积物的搬运相关,形成了喇叭型的水道;台湾浅滩南海底峡谷的形成受到NW向断裂构造的控制,这些断裂构造形成了薄弱带,经过沉积流的侵蚀而形成狭长的水道,当进入下陆坡后由于海山的阻隔作用而转为近EW向;澎湖海底峡谷带的上段主要是由陆坡沉积流的下向侵蚀、崩塌和滑移形成的,而其下段则主要具有沿马尼拉海沟北向延伸段发育的特征。     

基于 Biot-Stoll 模型声速反演中的参数选择——以南海南部沉积物为例

研究海底表层沉积物性质对海洋矿产资源探测、海洋工程建设等有重要的意义。Biot-Stoll模型可以模拟预测海底沉积物的物理性质,但采用不同的参数模拟的效果不同。Stoll参数是各种海洋环境下模型达到最佳预测的单一数值的形式;Schock参数则是对渗透率、孔隙大小、沉积物孔隙曲折度等修改后的函数表达式形式,更接近沉积物实际情况。采用Stoll参数和Schock参数分别计算了南海南部海区海底沉积物纵波速度,并对南海南部沉积物样品进行了计算和实测对比,结果表明,采用Stoll参数计算误差较大,平均为3.962%;采用Schock参数计算误差较小,平均为0.847%。因此,在南海南部海区采用Schock参数预测海底表层沉积物物理性质更准确。     

南海北部大陆架海底沉积物物理性质研究

用物理(声学的、工程地质的、扫描电子显微镜)等技术方法,综合分析了沉积物结构特征和工程力学性质,研究了颗粒接触、堆垒、孔隙等现象与物理性质之间的关系,得出了沉积物声学物理参数和应力一应变性质之间的关系。结果表明,南海北部大陆架海底沉积物有6种结构类型,其中混合接触结构类型的沉积物具有较高的抗压强度和声速,浅层海底存在着高、低声速分层的中尺度结构。     

南海北部外陆架和上陆坡海底滑坡稳定性研究

海洋工程地质调查发现，在南海北部外陆架和上陆坡海底，有大片滑坡，其水深范围约在１８０－６５０ｍ之间，它们沿着陆架外缘坡折处呈北东－南西方向分布，其具体位置往往与古三角洲前缘的海底陡坎及古海岸线位置密切相关，大量浅层地震，旁侧声纳，底质取样分析和土体力学理论计算表明，本区滑坡主要是由于地形坡度，沉积物特性，土体自身重力，它们是区内海底很不稳定的地带，是一种重要的地灾害因素，在海洋工程地质设计和实施时     

中国黄海、东海和南海北部海底浅层沉积物声学物理性质之比较

黄海、东海和南海北部海底沉积物声学物理性质存在着差异,这与海区海底地质和沉积环境有关。取样所及的海底沉积物样品分析表明:黄海实验海区海底有6种沉积类型,东海实验海区海底有3种沉积类型,南海北部大陆架海区海底有6种沉积类型。三个海区的沉积物密度为1.48～2.03g·cm-3;沉积物含水量为10%～90%;沉积物孔隙度为65%～80%;沉积物纵波声速为1460～1916m·s-1;沉积物横波声速为115～611m·s-1。     

南海北部陆坡峡谷区海底沉积物工程地质特征及区域稳定性评价

The upper part of the continental slope in the northern South China Sea is prone to submarine landslide disasters,especially in submarine canyons. This work studies borehole sediments, discusses geotechnical properties of sediments, and evaluates sediment stability in the study area. The results show that sediment shear strength increases with increasing depth, with good linear correlation. Variations in shear strength of sediments with burial depth have a significantly greater rate of change in the canyon head and middle part than those in the canyon bottom. For sediments at the same burial depth, shear strength gradually increased and then decreased from the head to the bottom of the canyon, and has no obvious correlation with the slope angle of the sampling site. Under static conditions, the critical equilibrium slope angle of the sediments in the middle part of the canyon is 10° to 12°, and the critical slope angle in the head and the bottom of the canyon is 7°. The results indicate that potential landslide hazard areas are mainly distributed in distinct spots or narrow strips on the canyon walls where there are high slope angles.     

南海北部陆坡海洋沉积物稀土元素及物源和成岩环境

通过对0DP184航次1146站位海底岩心沉积物中稀土元素含量及其配分模式的研究,确立了其分配规律,即相对富集轻稀土,Eu亏损等,并且与东海大陆架及中国黄土的稀土分布模式相似,表明本区沉积物物源主要来自陆源,是大陆岩石分化过程的产物。对富集因子的研究也证明了沉积物主要来自陆源。δCe的弱负异常值与∑REE和δEu值一样,主要受陆源源区气候环境变化控制,而与海水关系不大。稀土元素与生物作用基本无关,可能主要是赋存于陆源碎屑矿物的晶格中。通过对岩心沉积物间隙水成分的研究,表明成岩环境主要为还原环境。68m(mcd)以上主要为硫酸盐的还原作用,68m以下主要为甲烷的生物生成作用。     

南海北部陆坡深水区沉积物输送模式探讨

南海北部陆坡深水区沉积物输送模式复杂多样,研究发现主要有碎屑流、浊流、砂质碎屑流、碳酸盐岩重力流、块体搬运、河流搬运、深水水道搬运7种类型,它们共同影响着南海北部陆坡沉积物类型和储层分布。其中(砂质)碎屑流沉积、块体搬运沉积、河流供给、深水水道砂是南海北部深水储层的主要成因,而纯粹的浊积岩在该地区发育不广泛。珠江口盆地的深水储层受到河流的供给和后期流体改造的影响,并且存在碳酸盐岩重力流沉积物薄层,证明该地区水动力条件较强;琼东南盆地深水储层分布受到了碎屑流控制和深水水道的影响,相对浅水区来看可能存在分选较好、干净的砂体储层,具有良好的勘探潜力。     

南海北部陆坡天然气水合物的沉积物孔隙水地球化学研究进展

孔隙水地球化学异常是天然气水合物勘探的重要工具之一,南海北部陆坡地区拥有良好的天然气水合物成藏潜力,孔隙水地球化学异常在南海的天然气水合物勘探中发挥了重要作用。其中与水合物直接相关的氯离子含量异常被用于识别神狐及东沙海域钻探区的水合物层和计算水合物饱和度。除直接指标外,浅表层沉积物中的硫酸盐含量及其他与早期成岩作用有关的地球化学异常作为间接指标可用于水合物的找矿预测,研究者们通过对硫酸盐还原过程的判别、硫酸盐甲烷接触界面的计算等方面对南海北部陆坡不同海域的沉积物甲烷通量进行了评估,预测出水合物可能的成藏区域。其他如碘含量、氧化还原敏感元素、氯同位素、地球化学模型等新的地球化学指标和计算机手段也被应用于南海北部陆坡区水合物成藏研究并取得了不错的成效。     

南海北部陆坡深水区沉积物细菌多样性调查

采用分子生物学手段,调查南海北部陆坡深水区沉积物细菌多样性.分析表明其细菌分成5个类群,变形细菌门(Proteotmcteria),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes),拟杆菌门(Cytophaga/Flexi-bacteria/Bacteroides,简称CFB)及脱铁杆菌门(Deferribacteres).分别占总体的34%,38%,18%,4%,6%.其中60%以上的克隆子与硫代谢相关,20%克隆子最相近序列来自于油污染环境,说明硫代谢是该区域物质代谢的重要组成,同时该区域有油气渗透的烃类物质存在并影响着该区域的微生物群落结构.     

南海北部深水区表层沉积物工程性质的统计特征分析

针对从中国南海北部海域某深水区采集的表层沉积物柱状样,进行了沉积物微观结构的扫描电镜测试、矿物成分的X射线衍射试验以及物理和力学性质的统计学分析。结果表明,该深水区海底表层沉积物通常为有机质软黏土,具有高含水率、低密度、高孔隙比、高液限、高可塑性、低强度等典型特征。统计分析和假设检验表明,沉积物的物理和力学指标均呈现变异性,且后者普遍高于前者。相对密度、含水率、液塑限和塑性指数服从正态分布;容重、碳酸盐含量、不排水抗剪强度、灵敏度接近假设检验结果,近似服从正态分布。研究结果可为深水海底工程结构设计的海床土性参数取值提供参考。     

南海北部陆坡中尺度涡的演化及传播规律分析

The continental slope in the northern South China Sea(SCS) is rich in mesoscale eddies which play an important role in transport and retention of nutrients and biota. In this study, we investigate the statistical properties of eddy distributions and propagation in a period of 24 years between 1993 and 2016 by using the altimeter data. A total of 147 eddies are found in the continental slope region(CSR), including 70 cyclonic eddies(CEs) and 77 anticyclonic eddies(ACEs). For those eddies that appear in the CSR, the surrounding areas of Dongsha Islands(DS) and southwest of Taiwan(SWT) are considered as the primary sources, where eddies generated contribute more than 60% of the total. According to the spatial distribution of eddy relative vorticity, eddies are weakening as propagating westward. Although both CEs and ACEs roughly propagate along the slope isobaths, there are discrepancies between CEs and ACEs. The ACEs move slightly faster in the zonal direction, while the CEs tend to cross the isobaths with large bottom depth change. The ACEs generally move further into the basin areas after leaving the CSR while CEs remain around the CSR. The eddy propagation on the continental slope is likely to be associated with mean flow at a certain degree because the eddy trajectories have notable seasonal signals that are consistent with the seasonal cycle of geostrophic current. The results indicate that the eddy translation speed is statistically consistent with geostrophic velocity in both magnitude and direction.     

南海北部陆坡30 ka以来的沉积环境演变

南海是西太地区最大的边缘海,汇集了周边陆地大量碎屑物质。这些陆源碎屑通过复杂的洋流系统经陆坡大量的输送到南海深海海盆中,使陆坡成为研究深海沉积物源汇体系不可缺少的重要环节。但陆坡区域水深变化大,洋流体系复杂,加之冰期间冰期海平面升降和季风的变化,使陆坡沉积环境一直成为研究的难点。为了研究陆坡沉积环境的演变过程,本文选用了南海北部陆坡中部和底部的两个重力柱开展元素地球化学方面的研究,探讨陆坡区域近三万年以来的沉积环境特征。研究发现海平面和季风是影响区域沉积环境的两个重要因素：（1）海平面变化是控制陆坡陆源物质/深海钙质碎屑变化的主要因素;（2）研究区域地层发育有“碳酸盐稀释事件”与东亚夏季风在全新世初期（11.5～8.5 kaBP）增强有关。     

Large-scale seafloor stability evaluation of the northern continental slope of South China Sea

Abstract

With the continuous expansion of energy demand, the deep-water continental slope in the northern South China Sea has become one of the significant offshore oil and gas exploration regions. The frequent occurrence of marine geological hazards in this region, especially submarine landslides, can cause serious damage to engineering facilities. However, there have been few studies on the stability of the northern continental slope of the South China Sea; these studies mainly focused on a specific submarine slope or small-range evaluation, resulting in a lack of large-scale and quantitative understanding. Hence, considering the variation in the physical and mechanical properties of marine soils with depth, formulas for calculating the safety factor of submarine slopes by an infinite sliding model are established, and the factors affecting slope stability such as soil properties, slope gradient and horizontal seismic action are systematically investigated. Using GIS techniques, the terrain slope gradients and a historical seismic database of the northern South China Sea are obtained. Combined with soil mechanical parameters, a regional stability evaluation of the northern continental slope is carried out. Furthermore, the distribution of risk zones is given. On the whole, under strong seismic action, large-scale submarine slope instability occurs and must be highly considered when assessing risk. This achievement is of great significance to engineering sites, route selection and engineering risk assessment.     

Physical Properties of Sediments on the Northern Continental Shelf of the South China Sea

Using physical (acoustical engineering mechanics and scanning electron microscope) and other technical methods, is study makes a comprehensive analysis of the structural characteristics and engineering mechanics properties of sediments, the sediment structure, microstructure and their classification characteristics and in the light of the physical-mechanical characteristic parameters, the relations between the grain contact, grain accumulation, and porosity with the physical-mechanical characteristics of sediment, and reports the relationship between the acoustic physical parameters and the stress-strain properties of sediment. Results show that there are six structural types in the shelf seabed sediment of the northern South China Sea, among which, the mixed contact structural type sediment has a higher compressive strength and a higher sound velocity than others, and that in the shallow seabed there exists a mesoscale structure with high and low velocity layers.     

Physical Properties of Sediments on the Northern Continental Shelf of the South China Sea

ABSTRACT

Using physical (acoustical engineering mechanics and scanning electron microscope) and other technical methods, is study makes a comprehensive analysis of the structural characteristics and engineering mechanics properties of sediments, the sediment structure, microstructure and their classification characteristics and in the light of the physical-mechanical characteristic parameters, the relations between the grain contact, grain accumulation, and porosity with the physical-mechanical characteristics of sediment, and reports the relationship between the acoustic physical parameters and the stress-strain properties of sediment. Results show that there are six structural types in the shelf seabed sediment of the northern South China Sea, among which, the mixed contact structural type sediment has a higher compressive strength and a higher sound velocity than others, and that in the shallow seabed there exists a mesoscale structure with high and low velocity layers.     

基于浅地层剖面数据和改进地声模型的底质反演方法

浅地层剖面仪发射的声脉冲能够穿透海底面进入沉积层内部,其回波中携带了丰富的底质信息。地声模型是底质声学与物理性质关系的数学描述,广泛用于海底声学与地声反演研究。本文通过对浅地层剖面数据的处理、解译得到海底反射系数,与考虑底质松密影响的改进Biot-Stoll模型相结合,提出底质反演新方法并开展实例验证。研究结果表明：通过对浅地层剖面原始记录的读取、解译,提取反射波振幅,并结合设备声源级,可有效求取海底反射系数。通过引入相对密度改进孔隙度计算公式,进而在基于Biot-Stoll模型构建海底反射系数和底质平均粒径关系过程中进一步考虑了底质松密的影响。基于山东威海某海域及文献的算例均显示,本文提出的改进地声模型可缩小底质反演与实测结果之间的相对误差、提升基于浅地层剖面数据的海底底质地声反演精度。     

南海北部东沙隆起西侧陆坡坡折处浊流沉积

为了分析南海北部上陆坡东沙隆起西侧海域海底稳定性,对A和B两个岩芯进行了AMS14C测年、浮游有孔虫氧同位素分析、粉色红拟抱球虫Globigerinoides ruber鉴定、粒度分析等工作。综合研究表明,A、B岩芯分别发育了距今920 ka BP、960 ka BP以来的更新世、全新世地层。A岩芯3.3~14.08 m层位地层发生了倒转,这与3.3m、6.12~6.18 m发育的两个浊积层有关。在71.5~71.63 m(冰期370 ka BP左右)也发育一浊积层。B岩芯在9.2 m、25.2~28.6 m等层位发育了浊积层。同样位于陆坡坡折,水深较大的A岩芯,由于滑坡导致的浊流活动略强一些。