夏季长江口及其邻近海域湍流特征分析

利用2019年7月在长江口科学考察实验研究夏季航段(NORC2019-03-02)中获得的MSS90L湍流剖面仪的直接观测数据,本文计算并分析了该断面的湍动能耗散率ε和垂向湍扩散系数K_Z的分布情况。湍动能耗散率的大小为1.72×10?10～2.95×10?5 W/kg;垂向湍扩散系数的大小为3.24×10?7～4.55×10?2 m2/s。湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数的分布相似,均为上层最强,底层次之,中层最弱。上层由于风应力的作用,使得湍动能耗散率和垂向湍扩散系数较大;温跃层处层化较强,抑制了湍动能的耗散和垂向上的湍混合。盐度锋面的次级环流会促使低盐水团脱离,锋面引起的垂向环流会加强海洋的湍混合。低盐水团与外界的能量交换较少,湍动能耗散率较弱。长江口海区存在明显的上升流和下降流,它们是由锋面的次级环流产生的;上升流和下降流的存在促进湍动能的耗散与湍混合。     

南海中部上层海洋湍流混合的空间分布特征及参数化模型

通过对2010年5月南海16°N和14.5°N断面的湍流微结构剖面观测资料分析,给出了南海海盆上层湍流混合空间分布特征:在16°N断面上,上层10~400m垂向平均湍动能耗散率ερ在东侧略大于西侧;相反,在14.5°N断面上,西侧ερ均值约是东侧ερ的4倍,其中,西侧110.5°~111°E的ερ的平均值为2.6×10-6 W/m3,东侧118.5°E的ερ仅为5.89×10-7 W/m3。通过分析细结构剪切和湍流混合的相关性,发现剪切是南海中部上层强湍流混合的主要驱动力,揭示了高模态内波破碎可能是湍流混合的主要机制。另外,研究了大洋中的3种参数化模型,发现适用于大洋近海的参数化MacKinnon-Gregg(MG)模型能较好地用浮频和剪切估算南海中部深海区上层湍流耗散率。     

夏季长江河口层化与湍流混合特征分析

利用2016年夏季长江河口现场水文特性与湍流微结构观测资料, 分析了长江河口水体温盐结构、层化发育、湍流与混合特征。结果表明: 1)夏季长江河口水体密度层化结构明显, 根据各层水体密度梯度差异, 可将水体分为底部混合层和上层密度跃层, 两部分的密度层化界限与浮力频率等值线lg N ² = - 4.0接近。2)底部混合层湍动能耗散率大, 层化结构弱, 水体分层稳定性弱; 上层密度跃层湍动能耗散小, 层化结构强, 水体分层稳定性强, 这有利于河口内波的发育与传播。3)在密度层化的作用下, 水体的湍动能耗散率、湍动能剪切生成及浮力通量的能量关系在一定范围内符合湍动能局部能量平衡方程。不同层之间的湍流弗劳德数Fr_t和湍流雷诺数Re_t在Fr_t-Re_t平面上呈现明显的分区, 与经典的分层剪切流理论基本吻合。     

南极普里兹湾海域湍流扩散系数估计

基于Thorpe尺度方法,利用CTD数据,计算了南极普里兹湾海域的Thorpe尺度和湍流扩散系数,分析了观测区域(64°～69°S,66°～80°E)湍流翻转现象的强弱及分布。结果表明,在海底和地形粗糙区存在较大的Thorpe尺度(较强湍流翻转)和湍流扩散系数,湍流扩散系数最大值能达到10^-2m²/s量级,比平坦开阔海洋高2～3个数量级,部分观测站位的湍流扩散系数和湍动能耗散率表现出大-小-大的垂向分布结构,总水深较深的区域尤为明显;深水区域的浮力频率在海表面到500 m层比较大,浅水区域该现象不明显;湍动能耗散率在(67.25°S,73°E)周围和经度为78°E的各站位都表现相对较大,能达到10^-6 w/kg量级,个别站位甚至能达到10^-5 w/kg量级。     

南海北部陆坡区混合过程观测

为了解南海北部陆坡区的内部混合过程,2004年4月30日至5月1日,延平2号科考船在该海域利用自由沉降式的微结构剖面仪TurboMAP-Ⅱ进行了一次混合过程的直接观测。观测海区南海次表层水团和南海中层水团形成的特定温盐结构,使得150～500m之间出现盐指现象。通过对观测数据的处理和分析,研究了观测海区的湍动能耗散率、热耗散率和热扩散系数的分布以及盐指现象对混合效率的影响。观测海区的湍动能耗散率为2.0×10-10～7.8×10-7W/kg,最大值出现在上混合层;热耗散率为2.7×10-9～1.5×10-6℃2/s,最大值出现在温跃层附近。层结稳定区混合效率的平均值为0.18,与常用值0.2非常接近,盐指发生区混合效率的平均值为0.76,表明盐指现象的存在提高了混合效率。     

海浪破碎对海洋上混合层中湍能量收支的影响

海浪破碎产生一向下输入的湍动能通量,在近海表处形成一湍流生成明显增加的次层,加强了海洋上混合层中的湍流垂向混合。为了研究海浪破碎对混合层中湍能量收支的影响,文中分析了海浪破碎对海洋上混合层中湍流生成的影响机制,采用垂向一维湍封闭混合模式,通过改变湍动能方程的上边界条件,引入了海浪破碎产生的湍动能通量,并分别对不同风速下海浪破碎的影响进行了数值研究,分析了混合层中湍能量收支的变化。当考虑海浪破碎影响时,近海表次层中的垂直扩散项和耗散项都有显著的增加,该次层中被耗散的湍动能占整个混合层中耗散的总的湍能量的92.0%,比无海浪破碎影响的结果增加了近1倍;由于平均流场切变减小,混合层中的湍流剪切生成减小了3.5%,形成一种存在于湍动能的耗散和垂直扩散之间的局部平衡关系。在该次层以下,局部平衡关系与壁层定律的结论一致,即湍动能的剪切生成与耗散相平衡。研究结果表明,海浪破碎在海表产生的湍动能通量影响了海洋上混合层中的各项湍能量收支间的局部平衡关系。     

珠江河口底边界层湍流特征量研究

通过高频流速仪ADV和脉冲相干声学多普勒剖面仪PC-ADP对珠江河口崖门底边界层进行了三个测次潮内(25 h)顶点连续观测,利用观测数据计算分析了潮流底边界层内的湍流特征量及其时空变化.结果表明:1)对于半日潮流占优的河口,各湍流特征量均具有明显的四分之一周日的变化规律;2)湍流强度、床底应力和摩阻流速在潮内的平均值以位于河口湾的测点所测值最大,依次向上游递减,而湍动能耗散率则沿河口湾至上游逐渐增大;3)三个测次边界层内涡动粘滞系数的平均值分别为2.42×10 -3 m 2/s、2.20×10 -4m 2/s和6.16×10 -4 m 2/s,拖曳系数的均值为7.89×10 -3、1.63×10 -3和1.99×10 -2,两者潮内的变化均非常显著,相差可达一到两个数量级;4)在充分混合的潮流底边界层内,湍动能生成与耗散基本处于局部平衡状态,三个测次湍动能耗散率均值在8.89×10 -5 W/kg～7.43×10 -6 W/kg之间.     

潮汐应变对长江口北槽枯季湍流混合与层化的影响

利用TELEMAC-3D开展了长江口北槽2010年枯季条件下湍流混合与层化的有限元数学模拟研究。该模型在外海开边界设置了8个主要分潮,并在自由表面考虑了定常风的影响,利用北槽水域3个潮位站(横沙、北槽中、牛皮礁)和2个水文观测站(北槽中段CSW、北槽下段CS8)2010年枯季的潮位、流速及盐度观测资料对模型进行验证并获得了良好的精度,从而得到北槽水域纵向、平面流场和盐度场。模拟得到的流速、盐度被用来计算势能差异(φ)、势能差异变化率(φ/t)、Simpson数(Si)和梯度Richardson数(Ri)。结果显示:1)北槽水域大潮平均和小潮平均的势能差异的变化范围分别约为0~30 J/m3和0~90 J/m3,且较大的势能差异基本位于主航槽,这些表明北槽水体小潮的层化大约是大潮的3倍,主航槽的层化强于坝田区,而北槽中段往往具有更强的层化。2)落急时刻,就北槽下段而言,潮汐应变、潮汐与风共同搅动引起的势能差异变化率的范围分别约为-20×10-4~100×10-4W/m3、0~100×10-4W/m3,这些表明,从大潮至小潮,潮汐应变总体增强而潮汐与风共同搅动总体减弱。空间上,主航槽丁坝附近的潮汐应变明显强于坝田区,潮汐与风共同搅动的强度在坝田区内、外也存在差异,导堤和丁坝的影响明显。3)对于北槽下段CS8站,大潮至中潮的Si数在0.15~0.4之间(介于下临界值0.088和上临界值0.84之间),表明潮汐与风共同搅动占优,属于应变致周期性层化(SIPS)。小潮的Si数在0.9~1.5之间(高于上临界值0.84),表明潮汐应变显著增强并占优,属于持续性层化。4)北槽下段CS8站梯度Ri数的量级范围在混合较好的表层和底层约10-3~10-2,在层化较好的中间水层约100~101。该站湍动能耗散率的量级范围大潮为10-3~10-9W/kg,小潮为10-5~10-10W/kg,具有明显的M4周期性特征和涨、落潮不对称分布,且表层和底层分别由于风应力和底摩擦作用而具有较强的耗散,中间水层稳定层化区的耗散则显著减小,潮汐应变是造成湍动能耗散率在涨、落潮周期内不对称分布的重要因素。     

黄海西部海洋湍流的季节变化特征分析

在2006—2007年开展的"中国近海海洋综合调查与评价"项目中,作者利用自由下降湍流剖面仪MSS60在南黄海海区分别进行了夏、冬、秋季三个航次的微尺度湍流观测,并计算分析了该海区的湍动能耗散系数ε,湍扩散系数κ等。通过与温度、流速分布图对比,结果表明三个季节的湍流混合趋势大体一致。在沿岸浅水区,混合作用比较强烈。而深水区湍流混合的垂直分布明显地表现出三层结构,混合较强的上混合层和底混合层,及相对较弱的中层。风混合和潮混合是黄海湍流混合的主要形式。风的影响主要表现在海洋上层,潮流的影响则表现于底层。     

南海中南部上层的盐指与湍流混合过程

基于2012年8月12日至9月5日中国南海海洋湍流微结构剖面仪(Turbo Map)观测资料和温盐深剖面仪(CTD)资料,对南海中南部海域上层500m以浅的混合过程进行了分析。南海次表层高温高盐的水团和中层低温低盐的水团构成的垂向温盐环境,利于在该深度范围内盐指的发育。通过盐指与湍流相关参数的计算,评估了盐指在南海上层跨越等密面混合的作用。结果表明南海中部(18°N)相对于南海南部呈现高的温度耗散率(χ)、高的混合效率(Γ)、低湍动能耗散率(ε)及低浮性雷诺数(Rε)等特征,即中部盐指信号明显强于南部。但整体海域仍然呈现出"低Γ;高Rε"的湍流特征,表明盐指对混合的贡献较小,南海中南部的上层混合还是以湍流混合为主导。另外,南海南部的混合强于中部,且呈现出整体水柱均具有较强混合的特征,其原因可能和内潮与南部相对较浅而复杂的地形相互作用有关。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.