胶东半岛黄崖剖面早白垩世火山岩古地磁结果及其构造意义

对采自于胶东半岛黄崖剖面火山岩样品进行了系统的岩石磁学和古地磁学研究,结果表明HY1和HY2熔岩流样品的载磁矿物主要为磁铁矿和赤铁矿的混合,HY3熔岩流的样品主要为磁铁矿。系统热退磁实验从40块样品中分离出了稳定的特征剩磁方向,获得古地磁偏角/倾角平均方向为12.8°/62.4°(α95=4.8°),对应的平均虚地磁极位置为76.7°N/162.6°E(A95=6.2°)。40Ar/39Ar同位素定年结果显示,HY3火山岩的喷出年龄约为115.3±1.3 Ma~115.6±1.6 Ma(2σ)。比较结果显示,未发现研究区相对于华北块体在早白垩世有较大幅度的旋转或位移。对比山东、辽宁地区以及朝鲜半岛南部已有的晚中生代古地磁数据,发现侏罗-白垩纪期间古地磁的偏角随时间变化规律具有相似性,说明块体的旋转运动具有较一致规律性,指示东亚东缘构造运动可能受到古太平洋俯冲运动方向调整的影响。     

Tectonic environment of mesozoic volcanic rocks in the coastal areas of SE China

Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the coastal areas of SE China consist predominantly of rhyolites and pyroclastic rocks, obviously distinct from island-arc volcanic rocks which consist mainly of andesitic rocks. Volcanic rocks in these areas mostly belong to the cale-alkaline series, and their geochemical characteristics are dissimilar to those of island-arc rocks. For example, the SiO₂ content varies greatly from 47 to 81 percent, Fe₂O₃+FeO/MgO>2, K₂O/Na₂O>0.8, the contents of Rb, Sr, Ba, Th, U, and Zr are higher than those of island-arc calc-alkaline rocks, and K/Rb <400. Andesite in the coastal areas of SE China, for the most part, belongs to the alkali-calcic series (CaO<Na₂O+K₂O), typical of a continental tectonic environment. Geotectonic studies have shown that the ancient Eurasian continental margin in Mesozoic times was located to the east of the line linking Japan and Taiwan, and the present location of Mesozoic rocks is not an island-arc. area. In the light of their characteristically high alkalinity, the Mesozoic volcanic rocks are considered to have been formed in a continental environment rather in an island-arc environment. Their formation was controlled by a compresso-shear tranform fault system.     

Oil source rocks at the mesozoic and cenozoic continental margins: Communication 1. Oil source rocks at continental margins in the Triassic-Jurassic and Neocomian-Aptian

The presence of rocks capable of generating hydrocarbons (HC) in the section of sedimentaryrock basins is an essential criterion for their qualification as structures with oil and gas pools. Although organic matter (OM) is always present as dissemination in genetically different sediments, it is believed that rocks enriched with OM of the sapropel series (2 to 3% C_org) can generate a significant amount of liquid HC. However, rock sequences with the C_org ranging from 3–5 to 15–20% are considered oil source formations. The rock section of large petroliferous basins usually includes one or two source sequences, which generated liquid and gaseous HCs after submergence to high temperature and pressures zones. In the basin confined to the Arctic slope of Alaska, one of the main producers of liquid HC is represented by the Upper Triassic clays and limestones of the Shublik Formation. In the Barents Sea and North Sea basins, such rocks are represented by the Spekk Formation and the Kimmeridge Clay, respectively; in the West Siberian basin, by the Bazhenovo Formation; in the Persian Gulf, by the Fahlian, Sargelu, and Garau formations; in basins of the Caribbean region, by marls and clayey limestones of the La Luna Formation. In perioceanic basins of the South Atlantic, the major source sequences are represented by the Neocomian and Barremian clays and marls. The source rocks are identified as the Lagoa Feia Formation in the Campos and Santos basins. They are cognized as the Black Marlstone or Bukomazi Formation in the Lower Congo, Kwanzaa-Cameroon, and Angola basins.     

Oil source rocks at mesozoic and cenozoic continental margins: Communication 2. Oil source rocks at continental margins in the second half of the cretaceous and in the Cenozoic

Oil source rocks represent sequences with the C_org content ranging from 3–5 to 15–20%. Sedimentary sections of large petroliferous basins usually include one or two such sequences, which generated liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons (HCs) during their long-term subsidence to the elevated temperature zone. The middle episode of the Late Cretaceous was marked by the accumulation of sediments with a high C_org content in different areas of the World Ocean. However, truly unique settings favorable for accumulation of the sapropelic organic matter (OM) appeared at continental margins that primarily faced the Tethys Ocean. The La Luna Formation is one of the best known source rock sequences responsible for the generation of liquid HCs in basins of the Caribbean region. In the Persian Gulf, the Kazhdumi Formation composed of marls and clayey limestones is considered the main oil-generating sequence. In the Paleogene after closure of the Tethys, the Pacific continental margins became the main domains that accumulated source rocks. The maximal deposition of sapropelic OM in this region corresponded to the early-middle Eocene. In the Neogene, the accumulation of source sediments was associated with deltas and submarine fans of large rivers and with upwelling zones. In basins of the Californian borderland, the main oil-generating sequences are represented by siliceous rocks of the Monterey Formation. They were deposited in a regional upwelling zone related to the cold California Current.     

大兴安岭中生代双峰式火山岩的地球化学特征

大兴安岭中生代火山岩的主要活动时期为晚侏罗世至早白垩世，由碱性系列玄武岩和亚碱性系列玄武岩以及伴生的中酸性火山岩组成。它们与邻区俄罗斯和蒙古同时期火山岩构成面形展布的巨型火山岩带。碱性系列玄武岩高度富集不相容元素，其富集程度类似于板内碱性系列玄武岩，但明显亏损Nb和Ta等高场强元素这一点又类似于活动大陆边缘火山弧或岛弧钙碱性玄武岩。亚碱性系列玄武岩适度富集不相容元素而强烈亏损高场强元素的特征类似于活动大陆边缘火山弧或岛弧火山岩，其中低钾玄武岩类似于拉斑玄武岩。大兴安岭酸性火山岩根据地球化学特征可划分为高Sr流纹岩类和低Sr流纹岩类。前者富集Ti、Ba、Sr、Co和Ni而贫Rb、Zr和Th等强不相容元素，类似于大陆溢流玄武岩省分异作用形成的流纹岩；后者明显富集不相容元素Rb、Zr和Th而亏损Ti、Ba、Sr和Co，它们与碱性系列玄武岩之间形成类似于大陆裂谷环境的双峰式火山岩组合。亚碱性系列玄武岩与高Sr流纹岩的成因关系类似于大陆伸张环境的双峰式火山岩，但前者形成从基性到酸性的连续演化系列，并没有形成Daly成分间断。这表明大兴安岭火山岩在源区及其原始岩浆的性质上明显区别于世界大陆溢流玄武岩省。也就是说，大陆溢流玄武岩省的双峰模式起源于干岩浆体系，这种岩浆分异形成的中性岩浆由于其教度大于玄武岩、挥发分含量低于流纹岩而未能喷出地表。大兴安岭富含水的原始岩浆使分异形成的中性熔岩被挥发分过饱和，导致中性熔岩的爆炸性喷发。     

Tectonomagmatic origin of some volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks from the Lower Benue rift, Nigeria

Petrological and geochemical studies on some volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks from the Lower Benue rift indicate that they are basalts, basaltic and doleritic sills, trachybasalt and trachyte which generally belong to the alkali basalt series. The alkaline affinity is clearly evident in both their normative and modal mineral compositions, as well as their chemical compositions. The generally high fractionation indices [(La/Yb)N] are 7.06 to 17.65 for the basaltic rocks and 23.59 to 135. 35 for the trachytic ...     

Tectonomagmatic origin of some volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks from the Lower Benue rift,Nigeria

Petrological and geochemical studies on some volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks from the Lower Benue rift indicate that they are basalts, basaltic and doleritic sills, trachybasalt and trachyte which generally belong to the alkali basalt series. The alkaline affinity is clearly evident in both their normative and modal mineral compositions, as well as their chemical compositions. The generally high fractionation indices [(La/Yb)N] are 7.06 to 17.65 for the basaltic rocks and 23.59 to 135. 35 for the trachytic rocks, against low values commonly seen in subalkaline (tholeiitic) series, with strong enrichments in the incompatible elements. All this strongly supports their alkaline affinity. The basaltic rocks are generally fine-grained and porphyritic, consisting of phenocrysts of clinopyroxene and olivine in the groundmass of the same minerals together with plagioclase. The clinopyroxene is either diopside or clinoenstatite. The trachyte consists of oligoclase, orthoclase, biotite, quartz and exhibits typical trachytic, flow structure. The basaltic and doleritic sills are commonly altered, with calcite and epidote as common alteration prod-ucts. This alteration, which is reflected in the erratic behaviour of K2O, MnO and P2O5 on Harker variation diagrams, high values of LOI, strong depletions in the more mobile LILE (Rb, K, Ba and Sr) and high Th/Ta ratios, is attributed to the effects of an aqueous fluid phase and crustal contamination. On the whole, the mineralogical, as well as major-, trace-elements and REE data suggest that the rocks are co-genetic and most likely derived from differentiation of an alkali olivine-basalt magma, generating through variable low degrees of partial melting of probably an enriched lithospheric (upper) mantle following an asthenospheric uplift (mantle plume or intumescence) with HIMU signa-tures in a within-plate continental rift tectonic setting. This corroborates earlier results obtained for the intrusive rocks in the region.     

松辽盆地白垩纪火山期后热液活动的岩石地球化学和年代学及其地质意义

在松辽盆地东南隆起区营城组标准剖面营三段古火山口附近识别出岩浆期后热液活动的地质记录。岩石学特征表现为隐爆角砾岩,即,原有的近火山口相岩石(原岩)被高压流体炸碎形成原地角砾、之后又被灌入的富含矿物质"岩汁"胶结形成的原地角砾岩。采集隐爆角砾岩及其上覆和下伏三个层位共10个样品进行地球化学和年代学对比研究,包括两套4个对应的原岩和岩汁、下伏4个玄武粗安岩和上覆2个流纹岩。原岩高精度~(39)Ar/~(40)Ar坪年龄113.4±0.7Ma;岩汁为含铁酸性流体的隐晶质析出物,其~(39)Ar/~(40)Ar坪年龄112.9±19.6Ma;二者的年龄差反映岩浆主期与期后热液活动的时代间隔(1Ma之内)。10个样品的共性是:(1)稀土总量中-高(∑REE=81×10~(-6)～202×10~(-6))且轻重稀土分异明显((La/Yb)_N=4.91～11.45);(2)MORB标准化蛛网图上P和部分不相容元素(Cs、Th、La和Zr)正异常,而另一部分不相容元素(Sr和Pb)负异常。整体表现为双峰式裂谷火山岩特点。主要差别在于:(1)铕和钡表现为两种情况,下伏玄武粗安岩和隐爆角砾岩中的粗面岩具正异常,而隐爆角砾岩中的流纹岩和岩汁及其上覆的流纹岩具负异常;(2)只有2个岩汁样品显示K负异常,其它8个岩石样品均为K正异常;(3)下伏玄武粗安岩(4个样)显弱的Ti正异常且Rb/Sr比低(0.04～0.05),而其它6个样品为Ti负异常且Rb/Sr比高(0.62～2.83),其中的2个岩汁样品Ti负异常最强。岩汁与其下伏粗面质原岩差别显著,而与其上覆流纹岩(SHRIMP年龄110.6Ma)的地化特征相似(见正文)。该火山期后热液活动是深源热流体萃取壳源物并沿古火山通道(构造薄弱带)运移到近地表的,可能是后续流纹质火山活动的先驱。这种高压的岩浆期后热液导致围岩炸裂、发生角砾岩化、形成大量角砾间孔和裂缝。这是造成火山口-近火山口相带成为优质储层的重要因素。该类火山岩储层改善作用早于烃类运移,可构成有利于成藏的时空配置。与该期热液活动相伴生的深源天然气早于上覆圈闭的形成,因此对成藏没有贡献。     

The petrology of some volcanic rocks from the British Tertiary province: The islands of Rhum,Eigg, Canna,and Muck

On Rhum, Eigg, Canna and Muck Tertiary volcanics rest upon a Mesozoic or Pre-Mesozoic basement. Aphyric, olivine-phyric, and plagioclase-phyric basalts are recognized. The aphyric basalts are mildly alkaline or transitional types with either a few percent normative nepheline or normative hypersthene. They have anomalously low concentrations of Rb, Sr and K₂O compared to Tertiary tholeiites from the same province.Aphyric hawaiites, and mugearties are found on all the islands, but are particularly abundant on Rhum. The volcanics from Bloodstone Hill, Rhum, originally described as mugearites are anomalous in that they are quartz normative and contain both augite and hypersthene, in contrast to the normal one-pyroxene rocks of the alkali basalt-trachyte association (Muir and Tilley, 1961). These volcanics have closer affinities to the icelandites, the presence of basic plagioclase xenocrysts suggesting an hybrid origin.Olivine and plagioclase are involved in the low-pressure fractionation of the transitional basalts, whereas pyroxene and titanomagnetie play only minor roles. Consequently, the suppression of titanomagnetite crystallization results in an initial trend towards iron enrichment. The presence of both oversaturated and undersaturated derivitives following the hawaiite stage of differentiation, reflects variation in the amount of extracted pyroxene and titanomagnetite.Felsites and pitchstones intrude the volcanic pile on Eigg. The felsites carry corroded quartz crystals and rare alkali feldspar. The more crystal rich pitchstones generally contain augite, hypersthene, zoned plagioclase and titanomagnetite. One from Rudh an Tancaird contains alkali feldspar, titanomagnetite and ferrohedenbergite.Whole rock analyses and microprobe analyses of feldspars and pyroxenes indicate that the acid volcanics are not genetically related to the basalt-hawaiite-mugearite lineage. The felsites appear to have been derived from Torridonian arkose by partial melting, but the pitchstones could only be derived by anatexis of Lewisian gneiss basement (see Dunham, 1968) substantially more basic than that outcropping on Rhum.It is suggested that the low concentrations of Rb, Sr, and K₂O in the alkaline and transitional basalts, mitigates against extensive pre-eruptive differentiation. Possibly the basalts could have been derived by partial melting of a mantle depleted in these elements.     

火山构造组合研究和填图方法应用——以西藏措麦—邦多地区火山岩为例

以125万邦多区幅、措麦区幅火山岩区野外地质调查为基础,运用岩石地层-火山岩相-火山构造法一体化研究思路,吸收20世纪90年代以来国内外对火山学研究的新成果,并借鉴15万区域地质调查中大比例火山地质图编制的经验,从单个火山机构调查扩展到火山机构组合研究,从而填制出火山构造面貌清楚的古火山地质图,全面地反映了不同时期(旋回)火山作用特点、演化规律及火山岩相的分布特征,合理地建立起火山地层层序.     

大陆亚碱性火山岩的成因多样性：以敦化—密山和东宁火山岩带为例

对东北牡丹江海浪、鸡西鸡林、东宁老黑山三处亚碱性玄武岩类进行了柏A卜”Ar定年和元素与Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成研究,结果显示,始新世海浪（玄武）安山岩属钙碱性系列,相对富硅碱,贫铁钙,高度富集Rb、Ba、Sr,亏损Th、U、Nb、Ta,富集LREE及极低的HREE含量,与五大连池钾质火山岩相近的同位素组成（^206Pb／^204Pb=16．56～16．66,^207Pb／^204Pb=15．44—15．47,^208Pb／^204Pb=36．80—36．95;ISr=0．704882～0．705564;εNd=-4．05～2．29）,表明来源于较厚的、受交代作用影响的含石榴石富集（LoMu）岩石圈地幔;中中新世鸡林拉斑玄武岩分布极为局限,辉石斑晶发育骸晶结构,富铁、钙、钛,不亏损Nb、Ta,富集Ba、Sr,REE相对平坦,HREE高于OIB,Sr、Nd同位素组成相似于Samoa岛玄武岩,显示源区除软流圈成分外,还有EMII富集组分的加入;晚中新世老黑山拉斑玄武岩,低碱低钾,LREE轻度富集,Nb、Ta不明显亏损,同位素比值与镜泊湖一带中新世碱性玄武岩范围一致,主要来源于软流圈并与富集岩石圈（EMI）发生过相互作用。地幔源区经历了古近纪富集地幔源到中新世软流圈组分增多的演化。东北新生代拉斑玄武岩不同的地球化学特征为认识大陆拉斑玄武岩成因的多样性提供了有益启示。     

内蒙古锡林浩特早白垩世晚期钾玄质火山岩成因及构造环境

通过锆石定年和剖面研究,将大兴安岭西南段锡林浩特地区原上侏罗统满克头鄂博组火山岩重新厘定为下白垩统梅勒图组。火山岩分为上、下两段,下部主要为粗面安山岩及少量粗面岩;上部为粗面岩和流纹岩,上部粗面岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为118.1±1.3Ma,限定其形成时代为早白垩世晚期。该组火山岩富碱、富钾、铝含量高但变化范围大、Fe_2O3/FeO值高(0.5),富轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th、Pb等),贫高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P等),在AFM图上表现出明显的贫铁演化趋势,在SiO_2-K_2O图上表现出倒钩型演化趋势,具有明显的钾玄岩特征。研究表明,研究区梅勒图组中酸性火山岩具同源岩浆演化的特征,岩浆源自交代的富集地幔,是伸展构造背景下的产物,与太平洋板块的俯冲后撤有关。     

Comparative magma/xenolith relationships in some volcanic and plutonic rocks from the French Massif Central

A comparative study of xenoliths from lavas and granitic rocks of central France indicates that:

1. The evolution of the xenoliths is essentially the same in intermediate to acid lavas as in granites. The major factor in this evolution is the assimilation by the host magmas of the quartzofeldspathic components of the xenoliths, which then become Al, Fe, Mg-rich restites.
2. Liquid immiscibility between melted xenoliths and host magmas can only be postulated for acid xenoliths in alkali basalts.
3. The basic microgranular xenoliths in some granites do not show important compositional gaps with their host rocks, though they are regularly more basic. They can be considered as early segregations (cumulates).

     

Comparison of melting relationships of some plutonic and volcanic peralkaline undersaturated rocks

From previous studies and from results of melting and crystallization sequences determined for four plutonic rocks and for four glass-bearing volcanic rocks all with peralkaline chemistry, the degree of peralkalinity, ZrO₂, TiO₂, F and Cl contents of the plutonic and holocrystalline volcanic rocks can be correlated with their melting intervals. This correlation does not hold for the glassy volcanic rocks. Analyses of whole rock and coexisting glasses suggest that rapidly chilled peralkaline volcanics may behave differently from holocrystalline peralkaline rocks due to different cooling rates causing variations in the distribution of volatiles such as Cl, between liquid and solid phases of the crystallizing melt.     

Feldspathoidal rocks from the Cainozoic volcanic province of Ethiopia

A review of the occurrence of feldspathoidal rocks in the Cainozoic volcanic province of Ethiopia is given. Ijolite and melanephelinite are described for the first time from this province. The close relationship between cross-rift transcurrent faults and situation of peralkaline rocks, including the feldspathoidal varieties, is emphasized. No feldspathoidal rocks are known from within the Ethopian rift system, being restricted to the interiors of the Ethiopian and Somalian plateaux.     

The mineralogy and petrology of the volcanic rocks from the Leucite Hills,Wyoming

Examples of the three volcanic rock types, wyomingite, orendite and madupite from the Leucite Hills have been examined with the electron microprobe. The results show that leucite is non-stoichiometric as predicted byCross (1897), having an excess of potassium and silicon, and that the only feldspar found, a sanidine, contains up to 18 percent of the iron-feldspar molecule. The co-existing phlogopite, diopside and olivine together with the groundmass amphibole are all highly magnesian. Of the varied accessory minerals, priderite (K₂Ti₈O₁₆) and wadeite (K₄Zr₂Si₆O₁₈) have been identified and analyzed together with ubiquitous apatite and perovskite, both of which contain rare earths in abundance. Comparative mineralogical data has been obtained on a few representative specimens from West Australia and on the jumillite from Spain.The new rock analyses together with the existing data from the Leucite Hills show the rare but characteristic molecular excess of potassium over aluminium; this excess is considered to account for the ahsence of the iron-titanium oxides in the orendites and wyomingites, and of course for the unusual composition and species of the minerals. Exploratory melting experiments show that these potassic lavas have a comparable melting range to magnesian basalts, and a crustal origin is thereby considered precluded. There is no evidence that sialic contamination contributed notably to the composition of the oversaturated orendites and wyomingites, and their relationship by any process of crystal fractionation to the undersaturated madupite is obscure. The generation of madupite could be achieved by crystal fractionation at high pressure of a liquid derived by partial fusion of mantle material.     

从大陆火山岩视角了解深部地幔化学储库的属性

洋岛玄武岩（OIB）在同位素组成上的显著变化表明深部地幔在化学上是高度不均一的,存在EM1、EM2和HIMU等地幔端元。现有OIB的地球化学证据支持EM1、EM2和HIMU源区多存在再循环地壳物质,因此对地幔端元属性的精准约束是探讨壳幔物质循环和地球深部过程的关键。基于近年来来自OIB的Mg、Fe、Zn等金属稳定同位素和橄榄石斑晶元素地球化学方面的观察,本文在重新梳理不同地幔端元在成因上的联系和区别的基础上,把EM1和EM2归类为残余型富集储库（residual-type enriched reservoir）、HIMU归为交代型富集储库（metasomatic-type enriched reservoir）。相对于OIB,大陆幔源火山岩的熔融程度普遍要低得多,更有利于保存富集组分的地球化学信息。另外,洋岛玄武岩主要分布在南半球,大陆火山岩主要分布于北半球,后者可以弥补前者在空间上代表性不足的缺陷。因此,大陆火山岩有潜力成为观察深部地幔储库的新视角。