利用极化合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术生成DEM

极化合成孔径雷达干涉测量(PolInSAR)是目前雷达遥感的前沿领域之一,它综合了极化和雷达干涉技术(InSAR)的特点.文中应用极化干涉相干最优化技术处理了Amazon雨林地区的真实L波段PALSAR全极化数据,得到该地区的数字高程模型(DEM).与常规的单极化InSAR技术进行对比,证明了利用极化干涉技术可以显著提...     

Building characterization using L-band polarimetric interferometric SAR data

This letter proposes a building characterization technique for L-band polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. This characterization consists of building identification and height estimation. Initially, a polarimetric interferometric segmentation is performed to isolate buildings from their surroundings. This classification identifies three basic categories: single bounce, double bounce, and volume diffusion. In order to compensate for the misclassifications among the volume and the double-bounce classes, interferometric phases given by the high-resolution Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Techniques (ESPRIT) method are analyzed. Once buildings are localized, a phase-to-height procedure is applied to retrieve building height information. The method is validated using E-SAR, German Aerospace Center (DLR) fully polarimetric SAR data, at L-band, repeat-pass mode, over the Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, test site, with a spatial resolution of 1.5 m in range and azimuth. More than 80% of buildings are retrieved with acceptably accurate height estimates.     

The negative alpha filter: a new Processing technique for polarimetric SAR interferometry

In this letter we develop a new concept, the negative alpha filter, which we suggest has application for quantitative estimation of surface parameters beneath vegetation using polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (POLInSAR). We first derive the filter and then validate it using simulations of L-band coherent forest scattering. We then show initial results of applying the filter to airborne data from the German Aerospace Center's E-SAR L-band sensor.     

Modeling SAR Images by Using a Pathway Model

Statistical modeling of SAR images is one of the important problems in SAR image interpretation. Several types of theoretical models have been used for modeling various SAR data, most of them being highly effective for some particular land-cover typologies. The K-distribution has been used as a flexible tool for the modeling of SAR data over the non-homogeneous areas. In this paper, we examine a q-analogue of the gamma model. The new parameter q makes the density function very flexible for modeling purposes. This q-analogue also produces an extension of the K-distribution. The performance of the extended K model is tested on high-resolution X-band SAR image and compared the result with respect to the K-distribution.     

相向飞行全极化SAR图像对建筑物的立体重构

用多方向飞行的全极化SAR图像可能提取特定三维目标的高度与位置信息,进而实现目标物的几何立体重构。全极化SAR图像数据与单极化SAR相比,可以选择多种极化组合数据,提供对于特定目标几何特征敏感的数据类型,通过多方向飞行SAR图像反演该目标或目标群的高度与位置信息。本文用两幅相向飞行的PI-SAR(日本机载极化与干涉SAR,X波段、1.5m分辨率)图像,提取日本仙台电视塔高度、日本东北大学建筑物群的立体重构。     

2L-IHP目标检测算法及其在AIRSAR数据中的应用

简要介绍了2L—IHP（Two-Looks Internal Hermitian Product）算法，并针对实际情况对其作了相应的调整和改进。主要是突破算法对数据源的限制，使得它可以应用到幅度图像中。对于极化SAR图像，使用PWF（Polarimetric Whitening Filter）方云将3个通道的图像合成为一幅检测图，再进行目标检测。利用ADTS（Advanced Detection Technology Sensor）数据，对以上各种算法的检测效果进行了分析比较。应用C、L、P波段的AIRSAR极化数据进行试验，发现3个波段中，L和C波段的检测效果最好；4种极化方式中，HH极化取得最佳的检测效果；并且得出全极化数据的检测结果优于单极化数据的结论。但以上结论还有待进一步验证。     

植被高度的极化干涉互协方差矩阵分解反演法

经典三阶段极化干涉SAR植被高反演算法中地面散射相位估计不准确,从而导致植被高反演精度存在偏差。针对这一关键问题,本文提出基于极化干涉互协方差矩阵分解的植被高度反演新方法。该方法利用Freeman分解理论和极化干涉互协方差矩阵,估计出更准确的地面散射相位;然后,结合RVOG模型反演植被高度。利用欧空局（ESA）的软件PolSARpro模拟的L波段极化SAR数据和亚马逊森林地区的ALOS PALSAR L波段数据进行实验,结果表明本文提出的新算法提取的植被高度相比经典三阶段法精度更高,从而验证了算法的有效性和可靠性。     

基于最优极化相干系数的倾斜建筑物解译研究

基于Freeman_Durden分解的全极化SAR影像分类方法能够较好地保持地物极化散射特性,但在分类的过程中,不能改变初始散射机制,导致分解结果对分类精度影响很大。在Freeman_Durden分解中,排列方向相对雷达飞行方向不平行的建筑物(简称为倾斜建筑物)常被分为体散射类型,使得该类建筑物往往被误分为植被。通过分析建筑物在SAR影像中的后向散射特性,利用建筑物具有较高相干性的特点,引入最优极化相干系数,在目标分解的基础上通过阈值分割将两者区分开来,进而提高反射非对称性人工目标的分类效果。通过使用E-SAR系统在德国DLR附近Oberp-faffenhofen地区获取的L波段PolInSAR影像和国内X-SAR系统在海南陵水地区获取的X波段PolInSAR影像进行试验,证明该方法能够有效地将与雷达飞行方向不平行的建筑物与森林区分开。     

利用SVM的全极化、双极化与单极化SAR图像分类性能的比较

支持向量机(SVM)以其在小训练样本时良好的分类性能,目前已广泛应用于多个领域.本文在极化SAR图像特征提取基础上,将SVM应用于极化SAR图像分类,定性和定量地比较了全极化、双极化和单极化SAR图像的分类性能,分析了不同的极化组合对分类结果的影响,并根据地物极化散射特性分析了分类精度差异的成因.实测极化SAR数据的实验结果表明,全极化数据能获得最好的分类性能,双极化次之,单极化最低,且在某些情况下,双极化与全极化分类性能接近.     

利用L波段星载重复轨道干涉SAR提取DEM及大气效应分析

以四川省茂县、安县地区的ALOS PALSAR L波段雷达影像为数据源,在对地形复杂区的配准、解缠等算法研究的基础上,结合SAR特有的成像几何结构,对两幅SAR图像进行快速自动配准,配准误差小于0.2个像元;在去除平地引起的干涉相位变化后,运用MCF对缠绕相位进行解缠,在此基础上提取研究区的数字高程模型(DEM),分析发现精度受多种因素影响,其中波长较长的L波段数据比波长较短的时间相关性好,此外为消除大气效应,采用改进的相位累积法去除大气的影响,在一定程度上提高DEM精度。其误差范围在±10m左右,对快速提取地形信息具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于最小二乘平差的全极化SAR配准偏移量估计方法

全极化合成孔径雷达影像(PolSAR)相对单极化SAR影像有更加丰富的地表信息。为了提高SAR影像偏移量跟踪技术估算偏移量的精度,提出一种基于最小二乘平差法的全极化SAR数据偏移量估计方法。首先利用全极化SAR不同极化通道数据估算偏移量得到多个观测值,然后通过最小二乘平差法对多余观测值循环剔除粗差得到最优偏移量。文中选取美国科罗拉多州湖城(Lake city)区域的两景JPL无人机UAVSAR全极化SAR影像进行实验,结果表明,文中新方法具有良好的粗差探测和去除功能,相对于已有研究结果,在方位向和距离向的偏移量估算精度都有明显提高,达到15%~25%。新方法提高了偏移量跟踪估算偏移量的精度,这对利用偏移量跟踪技术监测滑坡、地震及冰川等有重要的意义。     

Coherence optimization using the polarization state conformation in PolInSAR

A new coherence optimization algorithm is proposed for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry applications by using the polarization state conformation algorithm based on the polarimetric basis transformation along with the polarization signatures. Through application of this algorithm, the resemblance between the scattering mechanisms of the same target in the repeat-pass polarimetric SAR (POLSAR) images is maximized. Then, coherence maps between the repeat-pass POLSAR images, before and after application of the algorithm, are generated. The coherences obtained by this method represent the best coherences or optimized coherences between the POLSAR images. The effects predicted by the theory are confirmed by the POLSAR data acquired by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Spaceborne Imaging Radar mission.     

基于CFAR的高分PolSAR影像桥梁自动识别方法

桥梁的自动解译具有重要的应用价值,而在影像分辨率为分米级、桥梁场景复杂、桥梁目标较小的复杂情况下,准确地进行桥梁目标的自动识别比较困难。在分析高分辨率SAR（synthetic aperture radar）影像的统计特征和桥梁特征的基础上,提出了一种新的桥梁自动识别方法。首先采用基于Weibull分布的CFAR（constant false alarm rate）算法检测出潜在桥梁目标,然后基于Wishart-H-Alpha分类和形态学处理提取出桥梁场景区域,随后引入霍夫变换并利用桥梁的场景特征、几何特征和散射特征识别出桥梁目标。采用国产机载XSAR数据和美国AIRSAR数据进行验证,结果表明,该识别方法在复杂情况下能够取得令人满意的识别结果,具有较好的适应性。     

Status and future of laser scanning, synthetic aperture radar and hyperspectral remote sensing data for forest biomass assessment

This is a review of the latest developments in different fields of remote sensing for forest biomass mapping. The main fields of research within the last decade have focused on the use of small footprint airborne laser scanning systems, polarimetric synthetic radar interferometry and hyperspectral data. Parallel developments in the field of digital airborne camera systems, digital photogrammetry and very high resolution multispectral data have taken place and have also proven themselves suitable for forest mapping issues. Forest mapping is a wide field and a variety of forest parameters can be mapped or modelled based on remote sensing information alone or combined with field data. The most common information required about a forest is related to its wood production and environmental aspects. In this paper, we will focus on the potential of advanced remote sensing techniques to assess forest biomass. This information is especially required by the REDD (reducing of emission from avoided deforestation and degradation) process. For this reason, new types of remote sensing data such as fullwave laser scanning data, polarimetric radar interferometry (polarimetric systhetic aperture interferometry, PolInSAR) and hyperspectral data are the focus of the research. In recent times, a few state-of-the-art articles in the field of airborne laser scanning for forest applications have been published. The current paper will provide a state-of-the-art review of remote sensing with a particular focus on biomass estimation, including new findings with fullwave airborne laser scanning, hyperspectral and polarimetric synthetic aperture radar interferometry. A synthesis of the actual findings and an outline of future developments will be presented.     

面向对象高可信SAR数据精确处理

针对合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture rdar,SAR）数据在地形地物、森林植被等方面的处理与解译难题,介绍了近年来利用多角度、多波段、多极化、极化干涉等多模态航空航天SAR数据,建立基于散射机理的地物特性知识库,构建地形辐射校正模型、极化干涉处理模型、立体测量模型、基于知识的解译模型等,开发出高分辨率机载极化干涉SAR数据获取系统和SAR影像高性能解译软件系统,实现了精度高、可靠性强、识别类型丰富的SAR影像高可信处理与解译的原理、技术与方法,同时对成果在测绘、林业等行业的应用情况进行了介绍,对研究中存在的问题和解决思路进行了探讨。     

多频率InSAR提取沼泽湿地DEM精度对比分析

选取3种波长的干涉SAR数据对提取沼泽湿地区域的DEM,并随机从1：10 000地形图中选取111个点数据进行精度验证,最后对比分析了沼泽湿地植被对于不同SAR波长的干涉相干性差异。结果表明：L-band ALOS-1 PALSAR精细模式的HH单视复数数据与1：10 000地形图数据吻合度较好,76.58%的高程值差异在3 m以内,其相干系数比C-band Sentinel-1A IW模式的VV单视复数数据和X-band TerraSAR HH单视复数数据要高;更适合利用雷达干涉测量技术提取沼泽湿地的DEM;不同湿地植被类型的相干系数有较大差异,岛状林和灌草结合的湿地植被分布区相干系数值较大,而浅水沼泽植被区和深水沼泽植被区相对较低。     

融合升降轨的极化干涉SAR三层模型植被高度反演方法

森林参数的获取不仅可以估算地表生物量和林下地形,还有助于研究全球碳循环和分析全球气候变化。极化干涉SAR植被参数反演算法一般是基于随机地体两层模型(RVoG),但是当实际植被有着冠层、树干层和地表层的明显三层结构时,植被参数反演精度就会变差;另外,由于机载SAR系统数据的近距远距垂直向波数差异较大,导致试验结果存在着由其引起的系统误差。针对这两个问题,本文提出了一种融合升降轨的极化干涉SAR三层模型植被参数反演方法。该方法首先采用三层植被RVoG模型修正微波在穿透植被时的散射过程;然后采用融合升降轨道数据的方式削弱其系统误差;最后,采用非线性迭代平差的反演算法来进行植被高度反演。为了验证该方法的有效性,采用了德国宇航局DLR提供的BioSAR2008项目的两景升轨及两景降轨E-SAR P波段全极化SAR数据进行试验,并采用3组反演策略进行比较分析。结果表明,三层植被模型能够更好地描述植被散射过程;同时,新方法有效降低了由垂直向波数引起的系统误差,提高了树高反演精度。     

Crop classification from full-year fully-polarimetric L-band UAVSAR time-series using the Random Forest algorithm

Accurate and timely information on the distribution of crop types is vital to agricultural management, ecosystem services valuation and food security assessment. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) systems have become increasingly popular in the field of crop monitoring and classification. However, the potential of time-series polarimetric SAR data has not been explored extensively, with several open scientific questions (e.g. the optimal combination of image dates for crop classification) that need to be answered. In this research, the usefulness of full year (both 2011 and 2014) L-band fully-polarimetric Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) data in crop classification was fully investigated over an agricultural region with a heterogeneous distribution of crop categories. In total, 11 crop classes including tree crops (almond and walnut), forage crops (grass, alfalfa, hay, and clover), a spring crop (winter wheat), and summer crops (corn, sunflower, tomato, and pepper), were discriminated using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The SAR input variables included raw linear polarization channels as well as polarimetric parameters derived from Cloude-Pottier (CP) and Freeman-Durden (FD) decompositions. Results showed clearly that the polarimetric parameters yielded much higher classification accuracies than linear polarizations. The combined use of all variables (linear polarizations and polarimetric parameters) produced the maximum overall accuracy of 90.50 % and 84.93 % for 2011 and 2014, respectively, with a significant increase of approximately 8 percentage points compared with linear polarizations alone. The variable importance provided by the RF illustrated that the polarimetric parameters had a far greater influence than linear polarizations, with the CP parameters being much more important than the FD parameters. The most important acquisitions were the images dated during the peak biomass stage (July and August) when the differences in structural characteristics between most crops were the largest. At the same time, the images in spring (April and May) and autumn (October) also contributed to the crop classification since they respectively provided unique information for discriminating fruit crops (almond and walnut) as well as summer crops (corn, sunflower, and tomato). As a result, the combined use of only four acquisitions (dated May, July, August, and October for 2011 and April, June, August, and October for 2014) was adequate to achieve a nearly-optimal overall accuracy. In light of the promising classification accuracies demonstrated in this research, it becomes increasingly viable to provide accurate and up-to-date crops inventories over large areas based solely on multitemporal polarimetric SAR.     

利用矩阵值域的极化干涉SAR相干性的研究

极化SAR干涉测量 (PolInSAR)的相干性是反演植被参数的重要信息来源,极化空间中不同极化状态对应的相干性分布与复极化相干矩阵的值域相关。本文讨论了不同结构的复极化相干矩阵值域的特点,分析了不同极化状态下干涉相干性与复极化相干矩阵的值域的关系。利用模拟数据和真实全极化SAR数据分析了滑动窗口大小和不同散射体对复极化干涉矩阵值域的影响,以及复极化干涉矩阵的结构对极化干涉SAR相干性分布空间的影响,有助于更加准确地获取极化干涉SAR最优极化基和估计最优相干性。