A North American perspective on land use and mineral aggregate production

Land use conflicts involving natural aggregate producers often result in the sterilization of aggregate resources like crushed stone, sand and gravel when land management policies render potential resources inaccessible. Transport plays a major role in the cost structure of aggregates. Limiting the sources of aggregate, thereby increasing transport costs, will translate into unnecessary social costs. Sequential land use is examined for conventional aggregate and multiple land use for marine and recycled aggregates. The integration of aggregate production within the land management planning process would preserve the natural resource stock of aggregate and also be economically efficient.     

浅谈城市变电站与城市规划的协调

近年来,随着生产生活的发展,城区用电需求旺盛,建设变电站成了发展经济的当务之急,而由于城市规划建设的不断进行,变电站的输变电设施占地与城市建筑间的占地发生了;中突。作者对城市变电站建设与城市规划之间的冲突如何协调提出建议。     

Suitability analysis for sand and gravel extraction site location in the context of a sustainable development in the surroundings of Zaragoza (Spain)

Zaragoza city is located in the central Ebro Basin, in the Iberian Peninsula. The fluvial terraces formed by the Ebro River present a valuable resource of sand and gravel deposits. However, taking advantage of these available resources implies conflicts with other land use interests like urban and industrial development as well as agricultural use, which has also traditionally occupied the alluvial terraces. These deposits represent a substantial groundwater resource that should be preserved for future generations. The development of spatial decision support systems (SDSS) has greatly assisted efforts for solving land-use conflicts. These systems combine the benefits of geographic information systems (GIS) and decision support methodologies and are therefore suitable to manage sustainable development of urban areas. In this contribution, an extraction suitability map taking into consideration a variety of environmental criteria is created with the help of a SDSS. The method used is the analytical hierarchy process which is integrated in ArcGIS. Areas most suitable to sand and gravel extraction are located in the high terraces, and in those terraces covered by pediments where the thickness of resource is relatively high. These areas are far from valuable natural areas, outside areas most vulnerable to groundwater contamination, and beneath soils with poor irrigation characteristics.     

Weathered bedrock as a source of sand and gravel aggregate in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia

 The most commonly recognized sources of sand and gravel aggregate are the deposits of coastal, fluvial and glacial sedimentary processes. It is not commonly recognized that weathered bedrock is also an important source of sand and gravel aggregate. In the case of weathered sedimentary bedrock the product may be indistinguishable from modern sedimentary materials and deposits may be misidentified. Batson's quarry is a major sand and gravel aggregate resource for the rapidly developing region of north-eastern New South Wales. The deposit has previously been assumed to be a young sedimentary deposit, but detailed field examination and comparison with surrounding rock types indicates that it has formed from weathered Mesozoic sandstone bedrock. The extraction of weathered bedrock aggregate deposits has distinctive environmental implications because, unlike sedimentary aggregates, they are not restricted by the geometry of sedimentary environments and do not necessarily interfere with surface drainage systems. This study shows that the recognition of the geological origin of a resource is essential in order to determine its potential geographical extent, and thereby maximize its utilization and minimize land use conflict. Received: 3 January 1996 / Accepted: 1 November 1996     

碱激发凝灰岩石粉与骨料复合体系的强度与收缩率研究

在天然地质体中寻求绿色胶凝材料是“双碳”背景下的研究热点,凝灰岩石粉作为机制砂生产过程中的固体废弃物,其与骨料复合体系的强度与收缩性能研究鲜有报道。本文制备了碱激发石粉浆、石粉-砂浆和石粉-砂-碎石浆3组样品,经过60℃养护后,测试了其抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和收缩率等工作性能。结果显示,由于骨料形成的薄弱界面与热膨胀率的差异,碱激发石粉抗压强度(12.7 MPa)大于石粉-骨料复合材料强度(4.4～7.0 MPa),压缩模量呈现相同的变化规律。凝灰岩骨料由于与石粉成分相同,表面的溶解和聚合反应使骨料复合材料强度更高。随着砂、碎石的加入,试样收缩率减小,最小收缩率为0.4%。由于疏水、减弱胶结强度和阻止表面反应,荷叶疏水剂与熟桐油降低了碱激发石粉、石粉粗骨料体系的强度。具有保水效果的SRA减缩剂对强度的影响最小。对于碱激发石粉试样,荷叶疏水剂、熟桐油和SRA减缩剂对收缩的抑制作用不明显。对于石粉-砂试样,SRA的减缩效果最优(0.9%)。对于石粉-砂-碎石试样,未添加外加剂的试样收缩率更低,说明石粉与骨料复合体系的收缩率主要受骨架作用影响。最终,通过交叉试验比选出碱激发石粉、石粉-砂和石...     

Engineering geological data in support of municipal land use planning—a case study in Analandia, southeast Brazil

This paper presents a method for transforming the information of an engineering geological map into useful information for non-specialists involved in land-use planning. The method consists of classifying the engineering geological units in terms of land use capability and identifying the legal and the geologic restrictions that apply in the study area. Both informations are then superimposed over the land use and a conflict areas map is created. The analysis of these data leads to the identification of existing and forthcoming land use conflicts and enables the proposal of planning measures on a regional and local scale. The map for the regional planning was compiled at a 1:50,000 scale and encompasses the whole municipal land area where uses are mainly rural. The map for the local planning was compiled at a 1:10,000 scale and encompasses the urban area. Most of the classification and operations on maps used spatial analyst tools available in the Geographical Information System. The regional studies showed that the greater part of Analandia’s territory presents appropriate land uses. The local-scale studies indicate that the majority of the densely occupied urban areas are in suitable land. Although the situation is in general positive, municipal policies should address the identified and expected land use conflicts, so that it can be further improved.     

临沂市节约集约利用土地思考

全面分析了当前临沂市建设用地利用中存在的主要问题和制约因素,结合临沂市作为全省＂两型＂社会建设改革试点城市这一背景,借鉴国内外土地节约集约利用方面好的做法,提出通过规划计划、城乡统筹、机制创新、舆论宣传4个方面共同推进,走出一条临沂特色的土地节约集约新路子。     

泡沫改良砂卵石土的试验研究

砂卵石土具有内摩擦角大、流动性差、渗透系数大等特点,在砂卵石地层的盾构施工时会引起出土困难、刀盘磨损、地下水喷涌等问题。通过泡沫优化试验,得到泡沫半衰期及发泡倍率最优时的发泡液浓度为2%～3%。基于四川成都地铁7号线茶店子站至一品天下站区间砂卵石地层,配制卵、砾石含量为20%、40%、60%、80%的土体,掺入泡沫进行室内大型剪切试验、坍落度试验和渗透试验,发现随着泡沫注入率的增加,包裹在砂卵石土周围泡沫土的含量增加,砂石分离现象逐渐消失,抗剪强度和内摩擦角呈非线性降低,坍落度逐渐增大,抗渗性能明显提高,并得到了不同含石量砂卵石土满足盾构施工中“理想状态土体”要求的泡沫注入率。研究成果对砂卵石地层盾构掘进中的相关问题解决具有一定的意义。     

Compilation of geological data for use in local planning and administration

Present and future demand for natural resources has received increasing interest in local planning in Norway. Reliable geological data are a precondition for responsible management of these resources.

Available geological material, of all types, should be evaluated and compiled selectively in a form adapted for use by local planners not versed in the geosciences.

The Royal Norwegian Ministry for the Environment has initiated a project to establish a modelresource management plan in Ullensaker commune. The Geological Survey of Norway has developed a system for the presentation of geological data to be used for the management of geological resources like sand, gravel, rock aggregate and groundwater within Ullensaker commune.     

把握土地利用总体规划的主旨与特点——中国土地学会顾问王万茂教授接受本刊专访

2012年1月10日,中国土地学会顾问（原副理事长兼学术委员会主任）、南京农业大学土地管理学院王万茂教授,接受了《上海国土资源》期刊的专访。王教授介绍了国内外土地规划理论与实践的发展与最新动向,指出土地规划的本质与特征,强调须结合国情编制具有指导性和切实可行的土地利用总体规划;结合城市土地利用总体规划与城市总体规划的＂两规合一＂工作,指出必须注重两者的共性与差异,在基础数据方面尤其应该实现统一;土地利用规划调整优化与具体实施,应同时考虑土地的数量与质量,并须合理保障环境生态的用地需求;应当加强土地规划中不确定性研究;土地利用规划的未来发展应体现社会化、生态化、信息化、计量化、综合化,以更好地发挥作用和实效。     

滨州市城乡建设用地统筹与集约利用关系探讨

统筹城乡建设用地作为推进节约集约用地的重要内容日益受到高度重视,对滨州市近几年统筹城乡建设用地,推进节约集约用地的做法和经验进行了分析和总结,以期为做好该项工作提供借鉴和思路。     

云南鲁基厂水电站坝基振冲试验与施工

鲁基厂水电站坝基建在覆盖层地基上,地基为砂卵砾石层、块石层、泥质粉细砂等地层互层,天然地基承载力不能满足设计要求,采用180 kW大功率电动振冲器加钻机引孔的施工工艺,解决了地层复杂、振冲加固处理深度大的施工技术难题。     

基于土地资源的市县级多要素国土空间开发适宜性评价研究——以湖北省宜昌市为例

国土空间开发适宜性评价是国土空间规划编制的重要基础,市县是落实主体功能区划的基本单元,市县级国土空间开发适宜性评价可为国土资源与空间更精细化的管理提供有效支撑。本研究从自然因素和社会经济因素两个方面构建了国土空间开发适宜性评价指标体系,对宜昌市农业生产适宜性及城镇建设适宜性进行了评价,划分出适宜、较适宜、一般适宜、较不适宜和不适宜5类区域。结果表明宜昌市适宜开展农业生产的土地面积为3412 km²,不适宜土地面积为7143 km²;适宜进行城镇建设的土地面积为748 km²,不适宜土地面积为14679 km²。农业生产和城镇建设适宜性评价结果均呈现出典型的区域特征,适宜区主要分布在东部的平原区,区域整体的国土空间开发条件好;不适宜区主要分布在西部山区,区域整体的国土空间开发难度大。适宜性评价结果与规划数据有部分出入,与土地利用现状相差不大,农业生产适宜等级的土地面积比耕地保有量红线面积多132 km²,分布于农业生产适宜和较适宜区的现状耕地占耕地总面积的73.98%;城镇建设适宜等级的土地面积比建设用地底线面积少611 km²,分布于城镇建设适宜和较适宜区的现状建设用地占建设用地总面积的77.99%。将评价结果叠加在谷歌卫星图上,在空间上观察是否与土地现状一致,结果表明农业生产适宜区的评价结果准确率达100%,不适宜区的准确率为93%;城镇建设适宜区和不适宜区评价结果准确率达100%。     

德州市建设用地节约集约度定量分析

为新一轮土地利用总体规划修编中制定合理的城乡建设用地统筹政策措施,在建设用地现状分析的基础上,利用因子分析方法,对德州市建设用地节约集约度进行了定量分析。     

Aggregate resources: Production and environmental constraints

Aggregates are produced from sand and gravel deposits or from bedrock sources. Production sites are numerous to minimize transport and are more and more in a competing land use position. Urbanization, while creating a market, also sterilizes deposits and pressures producers to relocate further from populated areas. Regulating and permitting quarries is an issue in regions with growing populations. This regulatory environment may cause exploitation schemes to evolve towards greater recycling, importing, and marine production, for example. These changes may be entirely attributable to increased environmental constraints on producing operations and not on conventional mining constraints such as overburden, ore grade, and costs of operation.     

成都市中心城区第四系三维地质模型构建与隐伏断裂分析

隐伏断裂的探测是城市地质调查的基本要素.成都中心城区位于成都平原东侧,整体表现为受断裂控制、西陡东缓的陆内逆冲断陷盆地,并以覆盖巨厚的第四纪砂卵石沉积为特征,隐伏断裂发育特征不明,识别难度大.本文基于多年来成都中心城区地铁勘察、房建地基勘察、水文地质调查、基坑探槽等累积的数据,结合实地勘察与其他地学数据整合信息库,运用计算机三维精细建模与可视化技术,建立了成都中心城区精细三维地质模型.结合实测钻孔剖面图,在精细刻画的三维基岩起伏面上识别出两条明显的北东向隐伏断裂,确定了其在中心城区经过的具体位置及展布形态;结合上覆砂卵石层的分布,确认蒲江-新津-成都断裂为主控断裂,早更新世开始活动,双桥子-包江桥断裂为其次级断裂,晚更新世初开始活动;同时发现了一条可能受断裂控制、贯穿市区的北西西向凹陷带.三维地质模型与沉积层等厚线图揭示了隐伏断裂对沉积的控制作用,砂卵石层沉降中心由西北向东南逐渐迁移.此次研究建立了成都中心城区的三维基岩起伏面模型,识别出了隐伏断裂具体位置及其主要特征,为城市地下空间合理利用、科学规划及地震危险性评价等提供了重要的基础资料.     

城市空间扩展非协调性识别的基础理论与实证分析

针对当前国内外现有城市空间扩展研究因数据和方法的制约而相对缺乏合理性评价以及伴随快速城镇化进程推进的我国城市空间扩展引发了一系列区域可持续发展问题的现实背景,试图基于逆向思维和问题诊断视角构建一座由非协调病理诊断通向协调发展道路的桥梁,从非协调性视角构建城市空间扩展合理性评价指标体系;内涵上具体表征为城市建设用地总量控制非协调性、城市建设用地与农用地、生态用地配比结构非协调性以及城市建设用地空间配置非协调性3个层面。并在此基础上,以2008年中国246个地级市为样本单元展开实证分析。期间从分区(经济区划)、分类(行政等级、道路交通、城市规模、城市属性、气候条件、地形条件等)的思维对其内在规律性进行了揭示、归纳与汇总。结果表明该识别体系较为合理,揭示结果与现实情况相吻合,可以作为认知城市空间扩展,缓解人多地少的基本国情和人地矛盾冲突,促进土地资源的集约高效、合理利用和区际公平可持续发展的理论依据。     

地面沉降根源分析与防治对策

地面沉降是普遍存在的一种地质灾害。人类经济社会的发展,尤其是城市化进程日趋加快,一些人类不合理的活动导致了地面沉降频繁发生,给生产、建设和人民生活造成极大的危害。要防治地面沉降发生,必须认清其产生的根源,方能收到药到病除的效果。本文采用归纳分析的方法,将地面沉降划分为5种类型,依据其产生的不同根源,有针对性地提出了预防和治理的措施。     

莱芜市节约集约用地的调查与思考

随着城乡建设和市、区经济发展进程不断加快,莱芜市用地矛盾十分尖锐,仍然有粗放利用、破坏浪费土地资源的现象,特别是部分经营者圈而不用,造成土地的闲置浪费。总结了莱芜市国土资源局市区分局在节约集约用地方面取得的成效,分析了存在的问题,并提出了合理化建议。     

城市地质图的特点编图原则方法

论述了城市地质图的主要特点、编图原则和方法, 其主要内容概括如下: (1)编制城市地质图的重要意义首先在于为不断完善和适应城市建设和发展的需要, 更好地使地质工作为城市建设总体规划和政府决策服务, 同时为具体工程设计和施工提供基础资料。其次为合理地开发利用城市土地资源、保护城市地质环境提供科学依据。(2)城市地质图是一个具有以专业地质规划目标与工程地质要求、城市发展总体效益评估为内容的系列图件, 是一个分别具有适应于地质专业人员、城市规划设计工程师和政府决策管理官员需要的多功能特点的系统性图件。(3)城市地质图编制原则, 第一在于客观性; 第二为评价性; 第三为预测性; 第四为实用性。前三项是前提和基础, 后者为目的。力求做到内容准确、明晰可读、易懂, 紧紧围绕城市规划设计和政府决策对地质技术的要求进行。(4)城市地质图包容了基础地质图类、分析评价图类、效益决策评估类三个等级的功能各异的图件, 在制图方法和程式上体现了图件的等级内容性质用途的统一、技术性与管理决策的统一。