台湾海峡及其邻近海域中华哲水蚤的分布和繁殖

中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus Brodsky)是我国近海的优势桡足类。它的数量大，分布广。特别在冬、春季，在我国近海浮游动物中，占有相当大的比例；同时它的个体也较大，是滤食性种类。因其在海洋生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中，起着相当的作用，所以被国家自然科学基金重大项目-“东、黄海生态系统动力学与生物资源可持续利用”课题定为浮游动物的关键种之一。 作者根据以往历史资料(方金钏，1979；朱长寿，1997；朱长寿等，1991、1999；林玉辉等，1988；林元烧等，1984；李少菁，1963；陈清潮，1964；福建省海岸带和海凃综合调查领导小组，1990；福建海洋研究所，1988；Tan，1970)和多年来的研究结果(黄加祺等，1984，1986a、b、c，1989，1991a、b，1997a、b)，对中华哲水蚤在不同水域的分布，与温、盐度关系及繁殖进行了探讨，并提出见解，为本项目子课题提供了历史资料。     

秋季黄海中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)脂肪酸组成及其指示作用

采用气相色谱法对秋季黄海颗粒悬浮物和中华哲水蚤的脂肪酸组成及其指示作用进行了研究。结果表明,黄海表层海水中硅藻所占比例要大于甲藻。硅藻在黄海南部浮游植物中所占比重高于黄海北部,甲藻在黄海南北部的差别不大。从脂肪酸组成来看,中华哲水蚤雌体、雄体和桡足幼体都摄食硅藻和甲藻,雌体和雄体摄食的硅藻远多于甲藻,而桡足幼体摄食的甲藻则比雌体和雄体多。雄体和桡足幼体植食性的程度高于雌体,而雌体则可能由于繁殖活动的需要,还摄食了原生动物等其它一些营养丰富的食物。对冷水团内外中华哲水蚤脂肪酸组成研究发现,桡足幼体比雌体积累了更多的脂肪酸以满足度夏过程中的能量需求和后期繁殖的需要。     

南黄海中华哲水蚤昼夜垂直分布

在南黄海定点研究了中华哲水蚤（Calanus sinicus）各个发育期的昼夜垂直分布，分析了该种2000年6月的昼夜垂直分布规律。结果表明，中华哲水蚤雌体在后半夜上升到表层产卵，形成卵的高密集区；随后，卵在大约20h内边沉降边孵化成NI期无节幼体，导致相应时间内卵的密度减少；NIII到CV期幼体的垂直分布规律基本相同，其密集群的平均深度主要分布在30m的温、盐跃层。讨论了温、盐跃层，叶绿素a，捕食者等因素对它们垂直分布的影响。     

黄海中华哲水蚤C5发育期油脂积累初步研究

根据9个黄海调查航次的数据,研究了黄海中华哲水蚤C5发育期油脂积累的区域、季节变化,并探讨了中华哲水蚤油脂积累对其生理、生活史的可能作用。在黄海近岸海域,中华哲水蚤C5期油囊体积常年较小;而在陆架海域则表现出明显的季节差异。在陆架区,C5期的油囊体积与度夏过程联系密切：最大油囊体积（可占前体部体积的30%以上）出现于度...     

北黄海中华哲水蚤各期幼体昼夜垂直移动的初步研究

本文分析了1986年5、7、11月和1987年2月在北黄海预倾废区(38°35'N、122°12'E)进行定点连续观测中分层采样的中华哲水蚤各期幼体。结果表明,北黄海一年四个季度月均能采到不同数量的各期中华哲水蚤幼体。随着季节的变化,各期幼体昼夜垂直移动的幅度、数量均有所变化,垂直移动的能力从无节幼虫至成体越来越显著。光、温度和盐度是影响中华哲水蚤幼体垂直移动的主要外界因素。     

中华哲水蚤对自然饵料的摄食选择性实验研究

提要为了解自然环境中中华哲水蚤的摄食选择性及其生态策略,利用库尔特颗粒计数器测定了夏季黄海中华哲水蚤对自然水体中混合饵料的选择性摄食状况。调查期间,黄海海域季节性温跃层开始出现,水体中叶绿素a浓度为0.23—1.44mg/m3,最大值均出现在温跃层底部。水平分布上,水体中颗粒浓度近岸浅水区(A站:0.5—5.2×106μm3/ml)高于深水区(B站:0.3—0.7×106μm3/ml,C站:0.9—2.4×106μm3/ml);垂直分布上A、B站近底层颗粒浓度最高,C站颗粒浓度最高值出现在叶绿素a最大值区。中华哲水蚤对水体中粒径为1—100μm的食物颗粒均有摄食,但是颗粒大小和颗粒浓度对其摄食选择性均有一定的影响,主要摄食粒径为5—50μm的饵料颗粒。不同海域中华哲水蚤的个体摄食率分别为近岸A站23.82×106μm3/d、北部B站51.16×106μm3/d和南部C站36.32×106μm3/d,其日摄食量分别占体碳含量的2.1%(A站)、4.6%(B站)和3.2%(C站)。近岸海域(A站)中华哲水蚤摄食的饵料颗粒中各粒级组所占比例变化不大,但是深水区(B、C站)中华哲水蚤对于10—25μm范围内的饵料颗粒摄食选择性明显高于其它粒级组。中华哲水蚤的摄食选择性主要与水体中饵料的体积浓度相关,当饵料浓度降低时,中华哲水蚤可以通过扩大摄食饵料颗粒的粒径范围,增加对大颗粒的摄食以获得更多的营养。     

东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)摄食和消化酶活性的影响

采用单养和混养的方法,在实验条件下研究了东海原甲藻对中华哲水蚤摄食和消化酶活性的影响.结果表明:(1)中华哲水蚤对东海原甲藻存在一定摄食行为,藻类密度对摄食率有明显的影响.实验密度下,中华哲水蚤对东海原甲藻的最大摄食率为930cells/(ind·h).滤水率随着藻密度的增加而呈单一性的下降;(2)混养条件下,中华哲水蚤对金藻和东海原甲藻的摄食率均较单养时下降,滤水率的变化与摄食率相似;(3)不同藻密度下,昆布多糖酶活性都明显高于麦芽糖酶和纤维二糖酶的活性,而麦芽糖酶活性又稍高于纤维二糖酶的活性.与金藻相比,东海原甲藻实验组中华哲水蚤3种消化酶活性明显升高(P<0.05).     

东海米氏凯伦藻水华中中华哲水蚤的选择性摄食

提要为评估中型浮游动物选择性摄食对有害藻华发展进程的影响,应用一种新的结合Frost直接摄食法和Landry稀释法的现场培养方法,于2005年4月27日—6月5日在东海有害藻华高发区的6个典型站位进行了中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)对浮游植物和微型浮游动物摄食速率的研究。比较了中华哲水蚤对米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)和具齿原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum)摄食习性的差异,并评估了其摄食在水华进程中的作用。研究结果表明,中华哲水蚤对有害藻华物种存在摄食选择性和摄食速率的阈值。当自然水体中米氏凯伦藻细胞丰度达到157cells/ml和具齿原甲藻细胞丰度达到981 cells/ml时是中华哲水蚤由偏好趋于排斥摄食的阈值。当自然水体中米氏凯伦藻细胞丰度达到176 cells/ml时,中华哲水蚤对其停止摄食。米氏凯伦藻有害藻华发生区中华哲水蚤对具齿原甲藻的无选择性滤食以及对米氏凯伦藻的排斥摄食行为,影响水华进程,最终导致水华物种向米氏凯伦藻方向演替。     

黄河口邻近水域中华哲水蚤现场食物组成的分子生物学检测

浮游桡足类是海洋初级生产力和高级营养级之间能量传递的重要中介,对自然海区桡足类食物组成的研究是深入了解其在海洋食物网所处生态地位的关键。然而,由于研究方法的局限,目前很难获取桡足类准确的现场摄食信息。本文用分子生物学方法研究了黄河口邻近水域中华哲水蚤的现场食物组成,对现场采集固定的中华哲水蚤样品进行清洗、去除附肢、镜检等处理,研磨匀浆后提取总基因组DNA。基于对以此DNA为模板扩增出的非桡足类核糖体小亚基基因(non-copepod 18SrDNA)序列的分析,本文共检测出属于8个门的中华哲水蚤的潜在食物种类。研究结果表明,PCR的分子生物学技术在桡足类摄食研究中具有强大的效用,同时,诸多潜在食物类群的发现也意味着利用分子生物学方法对桡足类及其它海洋生物现场食物组成进行深入系统研究,将有利于揭示海洋生态系统结构与功能的真实状态,促进海洋生态系统物质循环和能量流动的研究。     

2014年春末黄海中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的呼吸率与油脂积累

春末是黄海冷水团中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)度夏种群形成的关键时期。在此期间,中华哲水蚤C5期桡足类幼体(简称C5期)的油脂积累程度关系到种群能否顺利度夏。本文从呼吸率、油囊体积以及种群组成等角度,对春末黄海冷水团内外以及冷水团区表、底层的中华哲水蚤进行比较研究。结果表明,2014年5月底黄海冷水团初步形成,此时冷水团区中华哲水蚤C4和C5期幼体丰度占总体的62%—93%,种群处于度夏前的准备阶段。冷水团区C5期的平均呼吸率是近岸C5期的68%,同时冷水团底层C5期的油囊体积百分数是近岸种群的2.4倍。由此推测,冷水团区次表层较厚的温跃层(19—25m,0.3—0.5°C/m)以及冷水团的低温环境有利于C5期幼体降低呼吸消耗,进而增加油脂的积累。此外,冷水团区表、底层C5期的呼吸率相近,但底层C5期油囊体积百分数为表层的1.9—4.2倍,积累大量油脂的C5期偏向在冷水团底部活动。     

Peaked abundance of Calanus sinicus earlier shifted in the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary: a comparable study between 1959, 2002 and 2005

The sea surface temperature (SST) of the East China Sea (ECS) increased in the past decades,which may have a great impact on the ecosystem of the ECS,including the changes in plankton-population structure.In this paper,the changes in peaked abundance of Calanus sinicus in the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary were compared between 1959 and 2002,based on the data collected from the seasonally oceanographic cruises and those performed in spring of 2005.It was much higher in spring compared with that in other seasons both in 1959 and 2002.Furthermore,in spring 2005,the time for occurrence and decrease of the peaked C.sinicus abundance advanced about one month, accompanying the increase in the sea surface water temperature (SST).It peaked in June and decreased in July in 1959,however,in 2005,it peaked in May and attenuated sharply in early June.The earlier decrease of peaked C.sinicus abundance may further deteriorate the ecosystem in the Changjiang River Estuary and north nearshore of the ECS.     

Seasonal distribution of Calanus sinicus (Copepoda, Crustacea) in the East China Sea

On the basis of the four-season investigation in 23°30′~33°N and 118°30′~128°E of the East China Sea from 1997 to 2000, the seasonal distribution of Calanus sinicus was studied with aggregation intensity, regression contribution and other statistical methods. It was inferred that C. sinicus’s predominance presented from winter to summer, especially in spring and summer, because its dominance amounted to 0.62 and 0.29 respectively. The percent of its abundance in copepod abundance was 76.71% in summer, greater than 66.60% in spring, greater than 19.02% in winter, greater than 4.02% in autumn. The occurrence frequency in winter and spring was 83.08% and 93.89%, higher than that in summer and autumn, 76.71% and 73.87%. Compared with other dominant species of copepods, C. sinicus’s contribution to the copepod abundance was obviously greater than that of the other species in winter, summer and spring, but smaller in autumn. C. sinicus tended to have an aggregated distribution. The clumping index peaked in summer (50.19), followed in spring (19.60), declined in autumn (13.18) and was the lowest in winter (3.04). The abundance changed in different seasons and areas, relating to temperature but not salinity in spring and autumn, to salinity but not temperature in summer; to neither temperature nor salinity in winter. In spring and summer, its high abundance area was often located in the mixed water mass formed by the Taiwan Warm Current, the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass, the coastal water masses and the Changjiang Dilute Water. In spring and autumn, its abundance was affected by the warm current, as well as the runoff from continental rivers affected it in summer. It can be inferred that C. sinicus was adapted to wide salinity and temperature, as a euryhalinous and eurythermous species in the East China Sea.     

低氧对中华哲水蚤存活和繁殖影响的实验研究

为研究低氧对海洋浮游生物关键种存活、繁殖等的影响,作者采用了实验室模拟低氧环境的方法,研究了低溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)浓度对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)致死率、产卵和孵化的影响.研究发现,中华哲水蚤对低氧环境比较敏感,当DO质量浓度为2 mg/L左右时,中华哲水蚤会在1 h内全部死亡;当DO质量浓度为3 mg/L左右时,中华哲水蚤会在96 h内全部死亡;当DO质量浓度为4~6 mg/L 时,基本无死亡,但对中华哲水蚤的产卵有明显抑制作用,首次产卵时间推迟,产卵周期缩短.当DO质量浓度为4 mg/L时,基本不产卵,当DO质量浓度为6 mg/L时,产卵量也仅为常氧组的15%左右.当DO质量浓度为4~6 mg/L时,中华哲水蚤所产卵的孵化率为常氧组的60%左右,但差异不显著.可见,低氧对中华哲水蚤的存活和繁殖均有抑制作用,长时间低氧很可能会降低中华哲水蚤的种群数量,甚至改变海洋生态系统结构.     

Changes in the population structure of Calanus sinicus during summer–autumn in the southern Yellow Sea

Calanus sinicus is a calanoid copepod widely distributed in coastal waters of China and Japan, and oversummering strategies may have major impacts on their population dynamics which in turn affect local marine food web structure. The abundance, stage composition, and sex composition of the planktonic copepod C. sinicus were studied from August to October 2002 in the southern Yellow Sea to understand how its population recovers from the over-summering state. Results showed that C. sinicus had low reproduction in August due to high temperature, except in waters near the Cheju Island with rich food and moderate bottom temperature, but the reproduction rates here decreased in September–October as food availability declined. When temperature dropped in September–October, C. sinicus actively propagated in coastal shallow waters. However, reproduction rates of C. sinicus individuals inhabiting the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass(YSCWM) remained low during the three months of the study. The percentage of C. sinicus females was high during the reproductive period, which suggests that the sex composition of adult C. sinicus may reflect whether or not the population is in the reproductive mode.Numerous fifth copepodite stage(CV) C. sinicus aggregated in the YSCWM in a suspended developmental stage during the three months of this study, and they potentially served as the parental individuals for population development when conditions became optimal for reproduction later in the year.     

中国近海浮游桡足类中华哲水蚤（Calanussinicus Brodsky）的分子系统地理学和种群遗传结构研究

Planktonic copepod Calanus sinicus is the dominant meso-zooplankton in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. To better understand its population dynamics and phylogeographic patterns, 243 C. sinicus individuals were collected from seven locations across the shelf waters of China and its population genetics was studied by mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase I(mtCOI) sequences analyses. Thirty-nine different sequences, or haplotypes, were detected with moderate haplotype diversity(h=0.749) and low nucleotide diversity(π=0.003) for all populations. The evolutionary divergence between geographic populations varied from 0.24% to 0.37%, indicative of very limited genetic differentiation. Visualized minimum spanning network(MSN) and phylogenetic analysis of all the detected haplotypes did not reveal any clear phylogeographic pattern. Furthermore, AMOVA data showed no significant spatial population differentiation existed among the individuals collected across China shelf waters. Pairwise FST values showed that population collected from northwest of the East China Sea(ECS) displayed a low difference to other populations. Mismatch distribution analyses and neutrality tests indicated that C. sinicus might undergo a demographic/population expansion. No significant population genetic structuring was detected, indicating an extensive gene flow among the C. sinicus populations. Our results provide molecular evidence for the hypothesis that C. sinicus in the northwestern South China Sea in winter is transported from the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea by the China Coastal Current during the northeast monsoon period.     

中华哲水蚤抗氧化系统对海水酸化的响应

海洋浮游动物可以对因二氧化碳浓度升高导致的海水酸化做出敏感的响应,然而关于海水酸化对其生理机能的研究却较少。因此,我们研究了暴露于不同二氧化碳浓度（0.08,0.20,0.50 and 1.00%）的酸化条件下中华哲水蚤主要抗氧化酶以及2种解毒酶的活性变化情况。结果表明,暴露于酸化海水中的中华哲水蚤的GPx酶活性显著高于对照组,然而,其它抗氧化组分,包括GST、SOD活性,GSH水平和GSH/GSSG比值均被显著抑制。中华哲水蚤的ATPase活性被海水酸化显著刺激,而AchE活性却显著被抑制。此外,主成分分析结果表明,各指标变化的75.93%可以用第一和第二主成分解释。因二氧化碳浓度升高导致的海水酸化可以通过影响桡足类体内一些酶类的活性来影响其新陈代谢及存活。在未来的研究工作中,需要对海水酸化和其它环境因素的协同作用对桡足类的影响作进一步研究。     

Diel vertical migration of the copepod Calanus sinicus before and during formation of the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water in the Yellow Sea

To understand the effects of the Yellow Sea Cold Bottom Water(YSCBW)on the diel vertical migration(DVM)of the copepod Calanus sinicus,we surveyed vertical distribution of C.sinicus at a fixed station in the Yellow Sea before(spring)and during(summer)formation of the YSCBW.Cold water(<10 C)was observed in the bottom layer when the water column was thermally stratified in summer,but the water column was thermally well-mixed in spring 2010.Samples were collected from five different layers at 3-h intervals using an opening-closing net.Adult females(1–155 ind./m3)showed a clear normal DVM pattern throughout the entire water column in spring,whereas adult males did not migrate.DVM of copepodite V(CV)individuals was not clear,but the maximum abundance of CI–CIV occurred consistently in the upper 10–20 m layer,where there was a high concentration of chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)(0.49–1.19μg/L).In summer,weak DVM was limited to cold waters beneath the thermocline for adult females(<30 ind./m3),but not for adult males.The maximum abundance of CI–CIV also occurred consistently in the subsurface layer(20–40 m)together with high concentrations of Chl-a(0.81–2.36μg/L).CV individuals(1–272 ind./m3)moved slightly upward nocturnally to the near-surface layer(10–20 m),where the average temperature was 25.74 C,but they were not found in the surface layer(0–10 m;28.31 C).These results indicate that the existence of the YSBCW affected food availability at depth and the vertical temperature distribution,leading to variation in the amplitude and shape of stage-specific vertical distributions(CI to adults)in C.sinicus before and during the formation of cold waters in the Yellow Sea during the study period.     

黄海春季和秋季中华哲水蚤脂类含量及组成分析

脂类物质在哲水蚤的休眠、繁殖以及个体发育过程中发挥着重要作用,通过分析2010年11月(秋季)和2011年4月(春季)黄海中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus的脂类组成,对脂类各组分的生理功能进行了初步探讨。结果表明,春季、秋季中华哲水蚤雌体脂类平均含量占干质量的10.6%和12%,C5期个体脂类含量偏高,占到干质量的17%。中华哲水蚤所含脂类主要由蜡脂和磷脂组成,两种脂类约占总脂的90%,三酰甘油含量约占总脂的6%。结合种群结构对脂类的生理作用进行了初步探讨,发现:(1)蜡脂作为主要的能量储存方式,其含量变化反映出不同发育期、不同季节中华哲水蚤的能量需求变化;(2)磷脂作为结构性脂类在中华哲水蚤个体生长与生殖过程中具有重要作用;(3)三脂酰甘油在中华哲水蚤中的含量不高,但是可能在脂类转化利用过程中发挥作用。     

两种微藻对中华哲水蚤繁殖的影响——基于饵料生化组成分析

在春季,以中肋骨条藻和海洋原甲藻培养中华哲水蚤,以饥饿培养作为对照,测定了饵料的脂肪酸和挥发性不饱和醛类的组成和含量、雌体的产卵率和卵的孵化率,试图探讨藻类生化组成对桡足类繁殖的影响。结果表明,中肋骨条藻单不饱和脂肪酸、?16脂肪酸的含量相对较高,而海洋原甲藻则具有更高含量的总脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸、?ω3、?ω6、?18脂肪酸。中肋骨条藻和海洋原甲藻分别测得了6种和3种不饱和醛类,二者醛类总含量分别为1438.95μg/g和114.58μg/g。在饥饿的情况下,中华哲水蚤的产卵会停止。中华哲水蚤在中肋骨条藻和海洋原甲藻培养下并没有表现出产卵率和孵化率的差异,一方面说明并非所有的硅藻都会对桡足类的繁殖产生抑制作用,另一方面说明藻类进入桡足类体内以后并未因其生化组成的差异对卵的孵化产生影响。中肋骨条藻培养下中华哲水蚤具有更高的死亡率,表明硅藻在浓度较高时会对桡足类的存活产生影响。