新疆阿尔泰造山带变质作用演化及其地质意义

阿尔泰造山带发育了一系列低压红柱石型与中压蓝晶石型变质带．红柱石型变质带发育了黑云母带、石榴石带、十字石带、十字石-红柱石带、矽线石带、矽线石-堇青石带：蓝晶石型发育了黑云母带、石榴石带、十字石带、蓝晶石带、矽线石带．中压的蓝晶石序列估算温度为445～747．6℃，压力为0．64～0．95GPa中压序列随变质作用增加．压力有增高趋势：低压的红柱石序列温度445～681℃．压力0．3～0．8GP乱自十字石带后．压力明显降低．可能是靠近热源而导致早期中压痕迹消失．因此红柱石型变质带不是一个正常的变质演化系列．蓝晶石型变质早于红柱石型变质．蓝晶石型变质序列可能与晚古生代弧-陆碰撞事件有关．红柱石序列的形成可能与碰撞相关的广泛花岗岩体侵入及中压岩石抬升有关．     

新疆阿尔泰造山带矿床成矿系列

在系统分析阿尔泰造山带成矿区（带）地质构造演化和成矿特点基础上,划分了４个矿床成矿系列、４个矿床成矿亚系列和６个矿床式。矿床成矿系列和亚系列的形成和分布受区域构造岩浆演化制约。阿尔泰造山带矿床成矿系列具有鲜明的晚古生代成矿作用特点。区域构造演化的规律和后期构造对早期构造的叠加,决定了矿床成矿系列的规律分布和局部复合。     

阿尔泰造山带的构造运动

变形式样、建造类型及同位素年代学数据研究表明,阿尔泰造山带依次经历了5期构造运动,即:喀纳斯运动,形成白哈巴组(O_3)与哈巴河群(Z—O_2)间的角度不整合;大桥运动(S_3—D_(1—2)),形成海西早期类拗拉谷拉张陆壳区;阿尔泰运动(海西中晚期)导致陆内斜向碰撞并形成大型剪切弧型推覆构造系,为强烈造山阶段;泛阿尔泰运动(海西末至印支期)导致山脉整体隆起及剥蚀;喜马拉雅运动,导致新生代以来造山带各断裂系的复活及断块隆起。     

阿尔泰海西造山带区域变质作用类型与地壳演化

新疆阿尔泰海西造山带主要发育两期区域变质作用.第一期变质作用属于区域低温动力变质作用类型,以形成低绿片岩相矿物组合为特征,变质温度较低,而应力作用较强,是造山作用初期热流活动较弱,构造变形强烈环境下的产物.第二期变质作用属于区域动力热流变质作用类型,以形成典型的递增变质带为特征.这一期代表造山作用主期热流活动强烈,伴随有构造变形和岩浆活动.不同的变质作用类型代表了不同的大地构造环境,记录了造山带的演化历史和动力学过程.     

南秦岭造山带东段的变质作用研究

近年来,虽然秦岭造山带的研究取得了重要进展,但对于分布广泛的南秦岭地区变质作用的研究非常薄弱。仅在中国变质地质图和陕西省区域地质志中指出,该区的变质作用以佛坪地区为中心发育递增变质带,最高为十字石蓝晶石级,主变质期为海西期。本课题组最近对南秦岭造山带...     

新疆阿尔泰高级变质带中淡色花岗质脉体的特征及成因模拟

在新疆阿尔泰地区的高级变质带中广泛发育着一系列规模不等的透镜状和条带状的浅色脉体,主要有含Al2SiO5的淡色花岗岩脉、白云母斜长花岗岩脉和白云母二长花岗岩脉。主量元素分析表明这3类脉体的A/CNK=1.1~2.14,属于S型花岗岩。从白云母二长花岗岩脉→白云母斜长花岗岩脉→含Al2SiO5的淡色花岗岩脉,SiO2的含量增高,Al2O3、Na2O、K2O的含量降低。在NKFMASH体系中的pT视剖面图上进行相平衡分析和熔体成分计算表明,含Al2SiO5的浅色花岗岩脉和白云母斜长花岗岩脉的熔体形成与蓝晶石型变质带的抬升降压过程有关,其熔融温度没有超过白云母脱水熔融反应,并且含Al2SiO5的淡色花岗岩脉不是由生成的熔体直接结晶形成的,而需要经历一定的碱性组分随流体迁移丢失;白云母二长花岗岩脉的熔体形成主要以增温为主,并与白云母脱水熔融反应有关。十字石的脱水熔融反应对熔体形成有明显贡献。     

新疆阿尔泰造带南缘萨勒巴斯推覆体变形的变质作用

萨勒巴斯推覆体中发育－套深层次变形构造组合和例转递增高质带，其中糜棱岩、混合岩、混合岗岩的成因关系对研究挤压造山背景下，地壳深层次变形作用和成岩作用具有特殊的意义。研究表明：在大型滑脱推覆系统中，存在摩棱岩－混合岩－混合花岗岩成岩系列；成岩过程为：韧性变形－剪切加热－部分熔融；控制成岩过程的主导因素为构造动力条件。这一成岩过程能导致稀土元素发生分异，出现重稀土元素有规律地亏损。变质作用ｐＴｔ轨迹显     

北阿尔泰造山带西段结晶片岩递增变质带成因分析

通过对新疆阿尔泰西北部喀纳斯群贝留特岩组进行野外地质填图和综合研究,发现该地层发育带状和环状巴罗式递增变质带,即黑云母带、红柱石带、十字石-矽线石带。对贝留特岩组结晶片岩进行岩石特征、地球化学特征、原岩恢复、物质来源和变质成因分析研究表明,贝留特岩组为副变质岩,原岩为沉积岩,岩性为富铝质长英质粘土、泥质砂岩、泥质粉砂岩、泥岩和页岩等,沉积于被动大陆边缘环境。地球化学特征显示,岩石具高硅、过铝质钙碱性系列特征,稀土元素分布图呈右倾模式,轻稀土富集的"V"型特征。微量元素具Ta,Nb,Sr,P和Ti明显亏损,大离子亲石元素Rb,Ba,K富集,U,La,Ce,Nd,Zr,Hf相对富集特征。认为贝留特岩组在中寒武—早奥陶世形成,物源来源于活动大陆边缘的大陆岛弧环境,由加里东期和海西期两期区域动力热流变质作用形成。     

The Orogeny in the Altaides

Studies of the deformation styles, formation types and isotopic age data indicate that the Altaides has successively experienced 5 stages of orogeny: (1) the Kanas orogeny forming the angular unconformity between the Baihaba Formation (O_3) and the Habahe Group (Z-O_2); (2) the Daqiao orogeny (S_3-D_(1-2) giving rise to the early Hercynian quasi-aulacogen extensional continental crust of the area; (3) the Altay orogeny (middle-late Hercynian) leading to the oblique intracontinentai collision and the formation of large shear arc-shaped thrust system and representing a strong orogeny stage; (4) the pan-Altay orogeny (latest Hercynian-Indosinian) resulting in the uplifting and erosion of the mountains as a whole; (5) the Himalayan movement causing the rejuvenation of fault systems and block uplift of the Aitaides since the Cenozoic.     

Multiple intrusions and low-pressure metamorphism in the central Old Woman Mountains, south-eastern California: constraints from thermal modelling

The Old Woman Mountains in south-eastern California are a Late Cretaceous low-pressure metamorphic terrane where multiple magmatic intrusions generated broad regions of elevated metamorphic temperatures. In the Scanlon Gulch area, two sheet-like, Late Cretaceous granitoid plutons are in contact with the Scanlon shear zone, a 1-km-thick sheet of isoclinally folded and transposed metamorphic rocks. The metaluminous Old Woman granodiorite underlies the shear zone and the peraluminous Sweetwater Wash granite overlies it. Both plutons record emplacement ages of ∼74 Ma. Thermobarometry and phase relations in the shear zone suggest that peak metamorphism was at 650 ± 50† C and 4.3 ± 0.5 kbar. Late Cretaceous metamorphic temperatures were less elsewhere in the Old Woman Mountains, away from the intrusions.
One-dimensional thermal models are used to investigate how differences in the time between the emplacement of plutons would affect the thermal evolution of the central Old Woman Mountains. The prediction of a thermal history inferred from petrological and thermochronological data requires the rapid emplacement of the two plutons around the shear zone; simulations with delays of more than 1 Myr in the emplacement of the second pluton failed to predict peak metamorphic temperatures. Calculations which consider only the emplacement of a single pluton yield metamorphic temperatures that are too low. The time separating the intrusions is by far the most sensitive parameter in the calculations; assumptions concerning the treatment of the initial geothermal gradient and the latent heat of crystallization have relatively small effects on the predicted thermal histories. Our results suggest that for certain geometries, relatively short-lived magmatic events involving rapid emplacement of multiple intrusions can produce low-pressure metamorphism.     

成矿环境中的高密度碳质流体:以阿尔泰南缘为例

碳质流体(CO2-CH4-N2体系流体)常见于地幔橄榄岩和下地壳麻粒岩中。近期研究表明,阿尔泰南缘晚古生代成矿环境中的碳质流体极为丰富,不仅在造山型金矿中赋存大量与成矿有关的碳质流体,而且在VMS型矿床中也存在同造山期的变质碳质流体。由共生的富CO2包裹体(LCO2-LH2O型)和H2O-CO2包裹体(LH2O-LCO2型)的均一温度推测,造山型金矿的碳质流体捕获温度大于254～394.5℃,压力大于150～320MPa;VMS矿床的变质碳质流体捕获温度大于209～430℃,压力大于180～300MPa,两者具相似的捕获温度压力条件。碳质流体的捕获温度压力条件与变质相带相平衡计算的变质温度、压力范围相当。碳质流体源于区域变质作用,并参与了与造山型金矿有关的构造-变质-流体-成矿作用和对VMS型矿床的变质改造作用。     

新疆阿尔泰西北部白哈巴一冲乎尔一带加里东和海西两期区域变质作用的厘定

通过对新疆西北部阿尔泰白哈巴—冲乎尔一带详细的野外地质填图和综合研究,在原划分的奥陶纪、震旦—寒武纪地层中分别采获了早泥盆世双壳化石,获得了加里东期、海西期不同期次的同位素地质年龄,在浅变质岩中划分出了石英岩状结构亚带和刺状结构亚带,在区域动力热流变质岩中划分出蓝晶石带、矽线石带、铁铝榴石带、十字石带等。新的证据表明,研究区白哈巴地区发育加里东期和海西期两期区域低温动力变质,南东部发育两期区域动力热流变质,海流滩为加里东期,冲乎尔则为海西期,沿库根断裂带产生叠加。这一划分使争论了近半个世纪的该区变质类型和变质世代的问题有了新的答案。     

The Orogeny in the Altaides1

Abstract Studies of the deformation styles, formation types and isotopic age data indicate that the Altaides has successively experienced 5 stages of orogeny: (1) the Kanas orogeny forming the angular unconformity between the Baihaba Formation (O₃) and the Habahe Group (Z-O₂); (2) the Daqiao orogeny (S₃-D_1-2) giving rise to the early Hercynian quasi-aulacogen extensional continental crust of the area; (3) the Altay orogeny (middle- late Hercynian) leading to the oblique intracontinental collision and the formation of large shear arc-shaped thrust system and representing a strong orogeny stage; (4) the pan-Altay orogeny (latest Hercynian-Indosinian) resulting in the uplifting and erosion of the mountains as a whole; (5) the Himalayan movement causing the rejuvenation of fault systems and block uplift of the Altaides since the Cenozoic.     

Contact metamorphism around the Stawell granite, Victoria, Australia

The contact metamorphosed metapelitic and metapsammitic rocks surrounding the Stawell granite, western Victoria, Australia, are divided into three zones: the low-grade zone, the medium-grade zone and the high-grade zone. Detailed petrological study shows consistency of element distributions, implying that equilibrium was widely attained in the rocks, although equilibrium volumes are generally small (millimetre scale) and considerable mineral chemical variations exist between adjacent domains. The metamorphic mineral assemblages are generally of high variance (KFMASH variance ≤ 2). Consequently, the chemical evolution of assemblages is controlled largely by bulk composition and metamorphic temperature, the former factor being more important in most rocks. The chemographic relations of mineral assemblages in low- and medium- to high-grade zones are presented in compatibility diagrams projected from biotite, quartz and H₂O, and biotite, K-feldspar and H₂O, respectively. These compatibility diagrams have the advantage of showing both quartz-bearing and quartz-absent assemblages. The metamorphic reactions are modelled successfully by a calculated petrogenetic grid that combines both KFASH and KMASH equilibria. Based on petrographic observations and with constraints from the calculated petrogenetic grid, the following KFMASH reactions, in the order of increasing metamorphic grade, are responsible for producing the various mineral assemblages in the Stawell rocks: chl + mu + q = bi + cd + V, chl + q + cd = g + V, mu + bi + q = ksp + cd + V, mu + q = ksp + and + cd + V (or KASH mu + q = ksp + and + V), mu + cd = ksp + and + bi + V, mu + bi + and = ksp + sp + V, and + bi = ksp + sp + cd + V, mu + bi = ksp + cor + sp + V, mu = ksp + cor + and + sp + V (or KASH mu = ksp + cor + V), bi + cd + q = g + ksp + V. The combined KFASH and KMASH grid provides constraints on reaction coefficients in the above sequence of reactions and on temperature and pressure of metamorphism.     

Low-pressure regional metamorphism in the Omeo Metamorphic Complex, Victoria, Australia

The Omeo Metamorphic Complex forms the southern end of the Wagga Metamorphic Belt, which is the main locus of Palaeozoic low-pressure metamorphism in the Lachlan Fold Belt, south-eastern Australia. It comprises metamorphosed Ordovician quartz-rich turbidites originally derived from Precambrian cratonic rocks. Prograde regional metamorphism occurred in the early Silurian, very soon after sedimentation had ceased. The sequence of metamorphic zones, with increasing grade, is: chlorite, biotite, cordierite, andalusite–K-feldspar and sillimanite–K-feldspar. Migmatites occur in the sillimanite–K-feldspar zone, but large bodies of S-type granite were derived from rocks underlying the exposed Ordovician sequence. P and T estimates for the highest grade rocks are T = 700°C and P = 3.5 kbar, indicating a very high P–T gradient of 65°C/km.
The high heat flow during prograde metamorphism probably resulted from a combination of a thermal anomaly persisting from a pre-metamorphic back-arc basin environment, and intrusion of hot, mantle-derived magmas into the lower and middle crust.
Regional retrograde metamorphism coincided with a general reheating of the crust in the Siluro-Devonian, accompanied by intrusion of many I-type plutons and resetting of the K–Ar dates of some earlier plutons. The Omeo Metamorphic Complex was exposed to erosion at this time.     

拉萨地块松多榴辉岩的变质演化过程:NCKMnFMASHTO体系中的相平衡关系

拉萨地块松多榴辉岩主要矿物组合为石榴子石、绿辉石、角闪石、多硅白云母、绿帘石、金红石。石榴子石环带不明显,核部成分均一,从核部到边部,镁铝榴石和钙铝榴石含量降低,可能分别记录了榴辉岩峰期及退变质过程信息。绿辉石显示微弱的成分环带,硬玉含量从核部到边部略有升高,部分绿辉石边部发育韭闪石退变质边,反映了在减压过程中外来流体进入体系的过程。多硅白云母具有高的Si含量(3.5~3.6),其中石榴石包体中的多硅白云母相对基质中的白云母有更高的Si值。本文利用Thermocalc变质相平衡模拟软件,结合详细岩相学观察,在NCKMn FMASHTO体系下,模拟松多含多硅白云母榴辉岩的变质演化过程。其中,榴辉岩峰期矿物组合为g+o+law+phn+ru,石榴石核部最大镁铝榴石值和石榴子石包体中多硅白云母最大Si值确定的榴辉岩峰期温压条件约为620℃,32×105Pa,榴辉岩经历了近等温降压的退变质过程。相平衡模拟结果表明拉萨地块松多榴辉岩经历了超高压变质作用过程,并经历了相对快速的折返过程到中部地壳层次。     

Middle Archean ocean ridge hydrothermal metamorphism and alteration recorded in the Cleaverville area, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia

A hydrothermally metamorphosed greenstone complex, capped by bedded cherts and banded iron formations (BIFs), is exposed in the Cleaverville area, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia. It has been interpreted as an accretionary complex characterized by both a duplex structure and an oceanic plate stratigraphy, and is shown to represent a 3.2 Ga upper oceanic crust. Three metamorphic zones are identified in the basaltic greenstones. The metamorphic grade increases from sub-greenschist facies (zones A and B) to greenschist facies (zone C) under low-pressure conditions. The boundaries between three mineral zones are subparallel to the bedding plane of overlying chert/BIF, and metamorphic temperature increases stratigraphically downward. The zones correspond to the thermal structure of ocean-floor metamorphism, at a mid-ocean ridge.
The uppermost greenstone in the study area is more pervasively altered and carbonatized than the modern upper oceanic crust. This indicates the enrichment of CO₂ in the metamorphic fluid by which widespread formation of carbonate occurred, compared with a narrow stability region of Ca-Al silicates. It is, therefore, suggested that the Archean hydrothermal alteration played a more important role in fixation of CO₂ than present-day ocean-ridge hydrothermal alteration, as an interaction between sea water and oceanic crust.     

Reaction relationships during retrograde metamorphism at Olary, South Australia

Abstract In metapelitic schists of the north-eastern Weekeroo Inliers, Olary Block, Willyama Supergroup, South Australia, syn-S1 and syn-S2 assemblages involving staurolite, garnet, biotite and another mineral, most probably cordierite, were overgrown by large syn-S3 andalusite porphyroblasts, owing to isobaric heating from metamorphic conditions that existed during the development of S2. Conditions during the development of S3 probably just reached the andalusite—sillimanite transition. During the development of S4, at somewhat lower temperatures than those that accompanied the development of S3, the following reaction occurred:
staurolite + chlorite + muscovite ± biotite + andalusite + quartz + H₂O.
The amount of retrogression is controlled primarily by the amount of H₂O added by infiltration. As the syn-S3 matrix assemblage was stable during the development of S4, but the andalusite porphyroblasts were no longer stable with the matrix when H₂O was added, the retrogression is focused in and around the porphyroblasts. With enough H₂O available, and if quartz was consumed before biotite in a porphyroblast, then the following reaction occurred:
staurolite + chlorite + muscovite + corundum ± biotite + andalusite + H₂O.
This reaction allowed corundum inclusions in the andalusite to grow, regardless of the presence of quartz in the matrix assemblage.