厦门海岸侵蚀与防护对策

本文根据实地考察、调访、岸滩剖面重复水准测量和水文气象等资料的综合分析,对厦门岸滩侵蚀原因、危害及防护等问题进行了探讨研究。结果表明,基岩侵蚀岸平均侵蚀速率为6mm/a、红土台地岸为1～3m/a、砂质岸为1m/a。厦门岛东部海岸侵蚀最为严重。海岸侵蚀毁坏海岸工程和军事设施,吞没娱乐砂滩和土地,造成房屋崩塌。沙源严重亏失是造成海岸侵蚀的最主要原因;在岸滩上建造不合理的工程也加剧了海岸的侵蚀;强劲的东北波浪和台风激浪则是岸滩侵蚀的主要动力。本文对厦门岸滩侵蚀的防护问题,提出了六点建议。     

浙江省海岸侵蚀及防治概述

浙江海岸侵蚀现象普遍存在。基岩海岸海蚀地貌发育,因其组成物质抗冲蚀能力强,岸线后退不明显;砂砾质海岸普遍发生侵蚀,尤其是无计划的人工挖沙,造成沙滩减小或消失;淤泥质海岸大多处于缓慢的淤涨状态,但由于自然条件的改变和人为作用的影响,某些岸段发生侵蚀,特别是受到台风暴潮的影响,岸线在短时间内出现大规模后退和滩面下蚀。侵蚀岸段主要见于杭州湾北岸澉浦至金丝娘桥岸段,杭州湾南岸临山至西三岸段及瓯江口北岸盘石至黄华岸段。淤泥质海岸后缘为滨海平原,组成物质为粘土质粉砂,抗冲蚀能力弱,为防止和减轻海岸侵蚀,沿岸建造各类海岸工程(海塘、丁坝、导堤等),提高防潮抗浪能力,在朝滩种植大米草,互花米草,消浪促淤明显。另外,在海岸开发活动中,应加强海岸侵蚀监测和综合管理。     

海阳市典型砂质海岸侵蚀机制与防护对策研究

海阳市砂质海岸资源丰富,延绵近120 km,尤以万米沙滩浴场著称,但近年岸滩侵蚀严重影响其社会经济发展.本研究基于海阳市羊角畔两侧长约20 km典型砂质海岸连续3 a的海岸线蚀和典型剖面蚀淤调查,定量化研究海滩侵蚀及其变化,辅以一维数值模型,研究人类活动影响下的泥沙运动特征和海滩侵蚀机制.研究结果表明,调查区42.5％...     

Coastal erosion and village relocation: a Colombian case study

Because of its tectonic setting, the Pacific coast of Colombia is subject to a variety of geological hazards, including earthquakes, tsunamis and associated phenomena such as regional and local coastal subsidence, flooding and soil liquefaction. Erosional trends are prevalent along much of the 700 km long, low barrier island's shorelines of the Pacific littoral and land losses are enhanced by factors such as 30 cm regional sea level rises associated to the occurrence of El Niño. Marine erosion is threatening more seashore littoral villages and worsening the already difficult socioeconomic conditions of most part of the inhabitants. Because of diverse and strong motivations to stay near the sea, the responses of barriers island's inhabitants to marine erosion has consisted in most cases of repetitive in-shore and along-shore directed relocations of villages, rather than definitive abandonment of the islands. In the long run, this procedure only has postponed the problem and led to repetitive relocations and economical losses. The recent inland relocation of El Choncho village, on the San Juan River delta, illustrates a different response to marine erosion. Although a new along-shore relocation was physically possible, inhabitants decided to abandon the barrier island and migrate to an interior, ancient beach ridge complex, applying a prudent solution which will be the most appropriate for other threatened villages of the Pacific littoral. A detailed geomorphologic mapping program must be conducted in order to identify appropriate sites for inland relocation of existing villages on the barriers islands of the Colombian Pacific coast.     

Coastal erosion risk assessment of Hainan Island,China

Coastal erosion on islands is increasing due to sea level rise, frequent extreme events, and anthropogenic activities. However, studies on the multifactorial coastal erosion risk and the vulnerability of islands are limited. In this study, the Coastal Erosion Risk Assessment(CERA) method was applied for the first time to the study area in China to assess the erosion risk on the coast of Hainan Island; to explore the effects of coastal ocean dynamics,sediment movement characteristics, and anthrop...     

Coastal erosion through integrated management: A case of Southern Thailand

This study presents how Thailand applied an integrated approach to tackle erosion problems by using a case study in Nakorn Si Thammarat province. Communities along 36 km of coastline suffered from continual erosion. Community members believed the erosion was a natural phenomenon that was intensified by human actions. Historical erosion rate estimated by overlaying aerial photographs was about 5 m per year, while LITPROF simulations suggested that approximately 5 m of beach dune would be eroded by storm waves. Stakeholders were identified based on power and legitimacy criteria. Their past attempts to mitigate the erosion were analyzed. Conflicts arose from how they selected erosion protection methods. Lessons learnt from previous management failures taught that addressing needs of the stakeholders and consulting them throughout the design process were of importance. Finally, a combination of detached nearshore breakwaters and beach nourishment was the selected protection measure and was welcome by the communities.     

厦门同安湾鳄鱼屿海岸侵蚀与防护对策

在2009年3月对鳄鱼海岸线测量的基础上,利用ArcGIS软件分析比较了现有海岸线与厦门市集美区地形图（1988年版,图号：7-50-129甲-）中鳄鱼屿海岸线位置的变化.结果表明21a来,鳄鱼屿海岸最大侵蚀率为2.0 m/a,东南侧最大侵蚀宽度达42 m,侵蚀总面积达14 000 m2;其东北侧海岸侵蚀后退约35 m,侵蚀总面积达4 100 m2;其西北侧海岸最大侵蚀宽度达30 m,侵蚀面积达12 000 m2.文中就厦门市鳄鱼屿海岸侵蚀的成因进行了分析,提出了工程防护、人工补沙、红树林修复以及加强海岛及其周边海域资源综合管理等方面的防护对策.这可为我国其他无居民海岛的海岸侵蚀防护提供经验借鉴.     

广西北海银滩侵蚀及其与海平面上升的关系

基于历史图件对比方法和Bruun法则对广西北海银滩岸线的侵蚀进行评估和预测.结果表明银滩在近30a内海岸侵蚀达10.40 m/a,其中人类活动作用是造成海岸侵蚀的主要因素,人类活动对岸线位置蚀退的影响贡献为98%;海平面上升导致岸线蚀退的贡献仅为2%.然而,在未来100 a内,基于历史图件对比分析估算的银滩侵蚀宽度可能超过1 000 m,银滩环境将会发生退化.因海平面上升而对岸线蚀退的贡献权重增加为9%.由于人类活动导致的银滩退化可以进行控制和预防,故对未来海平面上升引发的银滩环境退化应该予以重点关注.     

Current countermeasure of beach erosion control and its application in Taiwan

The shoreline of Taiwan is approximately 1100 km long, composed of sandy beach, rocky coast, and reef coast. Almost half of the shoreline has been protected by seawalls, which play an important role for coastal protection and prevent people and infrastructure from coastal hazard. Besides, offshore breakwaters and groynes are also built in the serious erosion coastal shores. All these hard engineering structures made our coastal land safety to some extent at last fifty years. However, until now, the hard engineering structures applied for shore protection do not always work well on all the coasts around Taiwan. Some coastal areas still get eroded seriously with structures being damaged. Furthermore in the recent years, people gradually value the shore protection from different viewpoints, like environment, recreation, and ecology. The objectives of the shore protection are diversified by these new demands.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the strategy on how to conjoint soft solutions into the current hard engineering structures for beach erosion control throughout Taiwan coast. Meanwhile, this paper will also introduce environmentally, user-oriented, and technically sound creditable protection works to meet the new trends of shore protection. For application purpose, two local sites in the southwestern Taiwan coast are selected for field experimental study to integrate the proposed soft solution with hard shore protection system at present. Furthermore for coastal management purpose, this paper also collects and analyzes hydro-morphodynamic data around Taiwan in order to identify beach erosion mechanism. Lastly, the results are presented by database and geographic information system.     

Beach nourishment,a practical method of erosion control

Artificial beach nourishment, the placing of sand onto eroded beaches, is increasingly employed by coastal engineers as an alternative to structural control of shoreline erosion. Man-made beaches approximating natural forms and processes offer greater protection against storms than eroded beaches and provide increased recreational opportunities. It is hoped that maintenance nourishment will keep pace with subsidence and eustatic rise in sea level, primary causes of beach erosion. Even though negative impacts of beach restoration may be short-lived and limited in scope, sound ecological engineering practices require careful monitoring of dredging operations.     

Numerical investigation of the control factors driving Zhe-Min Coastal Current

During the northeast monsoon season, Zhe-Min Coastal Current(ZMCC) travels along the Chinese mainland coast and carries fresh, cold, and eutrophic water. ZMCC is significantly important for the hydrodynamic processes and marine ecosystems along its path. Thus, this bottom-trapped plume deserves to be further discussed in terms of the major driving factor, for which different opinions exist. For this purpose, in this study, a high resolution Semi-implicit Cross-scale Hydroscience Integrated Syste...     

中国海岸侵蚀治理和海岸保护

加强海滩和海岸侵蚀的研究，组织建筑用砂资源的调查，进一步完善海洋环境保护法或制定海岸环境保护法以便制止不合理的采砂和保护沿岸单位和居民的合法权益，使出现环境问题后的赔偿有确定保证，防止人工海岩进一步扩大，发展偏僻海岸地区的发候旅游，让沿岩居民能从保护海岩中得到实际利益，以便使我国海岸侵蚀治理和海岸保护达到一个新水平。     

基于多源数据的福建东山岛海岸侵蚀及其不同时空尺度成因分析

海岸侵蚀对海岛紧缺的陆地资源及旅游价值较大的沙滩危害巨大。基于卫星遥感、有人航空摄影、无人机航测、GPS和现场调查等多源数据,利用GIS分析了东山岛海岸线类型、位置与长度变化及滩面冲蚀演变。研究表明,东山岛多处曲折自然岸线转化为较为平直的人工岸线致使整体岸线长度减少,无人机高程反演满足滩面排水冲蚀监测精度要求,乌礁湾和山南湾不同养殖排水方式形成不同特征的滩面冲沟,改变了沙滩微地貌形态。海平面上升和台风风暴潮是长期趋势性和短期突发性侵蚀因素的代表,当前短时间尺度的人类活动已成为滩面冲蚀的最主要因素,且有可能转变为长期趋势性因素。     

Spurn Head海岬的海岸动力和海岸防护工程的研究

英国的斯珀恩角 ( Spurn Head)是由冰川侵蚀物形成的一个长 4.5km的砂砾石海岬 ,位于亨伯 ( Humber)河口。本文研究了海岬及其后面潮坪的沉积物、地形及海岸防护工程的近岸动力的影响。通过对风的数据分析 ,对波浪变浅和反射进行了模拟。通过海岬在不同气候情况下的反映 ,对河口处及潮坪区进行了海岸动力学研究 ,对海滩及潮坪的地质形态和沉积物作了评价。结果显示 ,仅仅由崖侵蚀形成的沿岸输沙的 6%是沿着海岬运输 ,主要是由波浪从北或东北部带来的 ,运移至海岬尖端砂砾石岸。中砂被东南波带过尖端在海岬内侧形成一个小区域的潮沙波。从…     

深圳河河口围垦对防洪和河床冲淤影响研究

为研究深圳河河口福田保税区围垦填土占用部分河道对深圳河治理工程的影响 ,建立了贴体坐标系下平面二维的深圳河河道 -河口 -海湾整体水域的水流泥沙数学模型 ,计算了不同频率洪峰流量和河口潮位过程组合下河口围垦所造成的深圳河沿程水位抬高程度和河床冲淤变化情况 ,提出了建议的挖除方案     

黄河三角洲海岸侵蚀与防护技术

黄河过去每年平均有lO亿多吨泥沙入海，淤积塑造了黄河三角洲，然而20世纪90年代以来由于水沙锐减甚至断流干河，造成海岸严重蚀退。分析了黄河三角洲目前海岸蚀退的3种状况；推荐采用水力插板柱坝新技术建设防潮堤；提出了黄河三角洲海岸工程建设应注意的问题。     

海岸带地貌调查与制图

海岸带是内、外和陆、海动力共同作用的产物,地貌类型复杂多样.介绍了岩石质、沙砾质、粉砂淤泥质和生物海岸的各种地貌特征、动力机理、演化趋势和主要辨认标志;在总结数十年实际调查经验的基础上,结合历次调查规程提出了海岸带野外地貌调查的主要内容和要领,并解释了地貌成果图的编制过程.     

我国海岸带灾害类型划分及灾害信息系统设计

近年来海岸带灾害越来越成为制约海岸带－我国最重要的经济带－社会、经济和环境可持续发展的重要因素。本文根据成灾主导因素（自然变异因素，人为作用和影响因素）占优的原则，对我国海岸带灾害进行了系统分类。通过对风暴潮和赤潮这两类重要灾害的分析，发现对于人为因素主导或参与的海岸带灾害的减灾，关键在于合理规范人类行为，保护和改善本已十分脆弱的海岸带生态环境，使人与自然界和谐相处；对于自然因素主导的灾害，则力求在海岸带开发中合理规划建设，加强监测、预测、预报、预警系统的研究和建设，做到未雨绸缪。类型划分是灾害信息数字化的基础，而建立海岸带灾害信息系统则是从更高的层次对灾害信息进行处理、管理和使用，基于此提出旨在海岸带社会经济可持续发展的海岸带灾害信息系统设计方案。