大连长山群岛国家级海洋公园建设对我国海岛保护区管理的启示

国家海洋公园是各国目前进行海洋生态保护极为重要的一种形式,以海岛生态系统为核心保护对象的保护区是海洋保护区的重要类型。长山群岛作为北方最大的群岛,在此建立海洋公园,对我国东北地区的经济发展及生态环境保护意义深远。文章在总结分析长山群岛建园优势的基础上,对现有海洋公园的建设方案进行探讨,并结合我国海岛管理的状况,有针对性地提出了我国海岛保护区管理的措施与建议。     

Variability in the Canary Islands area of filament-eddy exchanges

The physical background to a suite of biological studies carried out in the Canary Islands upwelling region is presented. The area is unique in that the coastal transition zone is spanned by an archipelago of islands that shed mesoscale eddies of diameter 50–100 km into the alongshore flow. A recurrent filament and eddy system was sampled intensively to study the changing properties of waters as they are advected towards the open ocean in the filament and to investigate the exchanges between filament and eddies. The system was more complex than previously revealed. In early August, a single filament extended offshore from near Cape Juby. Two weeks later, a second filament had developed slightly farther north and extended offshore to merge with the first at 100 km offshore. The merged filament was entrained around a recurrent, topographically trapped cyclonic eddy and interacted with transient cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies shed from the island of Gran Canaria. Between the two filaments and the coast, a pair of counter-rotating eddies re-circulated water parcels for several weeks. Surface layer drifters cycled around this near-shore re-circulation several times before following convoluted paths that demonstrate significant exchange between continental shelf and open ocean waters.     

一种基于景观格局的卫星遥感海岛自然灾害风险评价方法

海岛是一种相对独立的生态系统,正因为其独立性,一旦遭到自然灾害的袭击,海岛生态系统的景观结构就会发生改变,使得景观不稳定。而景观稳定性又表现为景观的抗性和恢复力。那么海岛景观受到破坏后恢复到稳定状态的恢复力就与海岛受自然灾害潜在风险程度有关。景观越稳定,那么其受自然灾害潜在风险程度就越小,反之,景观越不稳定,其受自然灾害潜在风险程度就越大。文中分析了景观稳定性与景观异质性、景观破碎度和景观镶嵌度的关系,以及与人工景观面积大小的关系。指出了海岛景观格局与海岛风险程度的关系,提出了基于景观格局的海岛自然灾害风险评价方法,并基于景观异质性指数、景观破碎化指数、景观镶嵌度指数和人工景观面积比等指数建立了海岛自然灾害风险评价模型。以长岛南五岛中的大黑山岛、北长山岛和南长山岛为研究区域,对文中提出的相对风险评价方法进行了应用,评价结果与传统的评价结果完全一致。     

地质雷达在海岛调查中的应用

地质雷达探测技术正朝着探测精度更高、探测范围更广、解释更准确的方向发展,表现出前所未有的广阔发展前景,被广泛应用于工程、环境、灾害地质调查等领域,越来越受到人们的关注。随着海岛的开发与海岛基础设施的建设,海岛工程勘查与工程质量评估和地质灾害的影响与危害评估等工作越来越多。本文章结合地质雷达探测的优势,分析了海岛开发和地质调查中的研究内容,结合海岛上的滑坡监测、浅层断裂等地质灾害勘探实例,论述了地质雷达在海岛工程与地质调查中的应用。     

平潭周边典型海岛临海坡地植被分布特征与修复应用

海岛独特的自然环境制约了植物的生长,但同时也自然筛选了一批适应能力较强的海岛植物种类。文章采用线路调查和典型样地调查相结合的方法,对平潭岛群中的塘屿、东庠岛、大练岛等海岛临海荒坡山地植被进行实地调查。通过了解平潭周边典型海岛的植被种类、分布及群落结构,分析平潭典型海岛的植被特征,指出风、干旱、盐害及土壤等环境因子是影响平潭周边典型海岛植被生长的制约因素,并针对这几个制约因素,结合调查结果从植物品种筛选、植被配置、修复技术等方面提出困难立地条件的海岛植被修复对策,为相近区位的植被生态修复提供借鉴。     

系统发育多样性和系统发育结构在岛屿植物群落保护中的意义：以福建沿海19个岛屿为例

为了探讨福建沿海岛屿植物多样性的形成与维持机制,本研究在福建近岸有居民岛屿前期调查资料的基础上,补充部分无居民岛屿植物多样性及环境和人口密度调查数据,从物种多样性和系统发育多样性两方面比较了19个岛屿植物多样性及其影响因素。结果表明,岛屿面积是影响植物物种丰富度(species richness, SR)和Faith系统发育多样性(phylogenetic diversity, PD)最重要的因素,纬度和年均降水量也有一定影响。19个岛屿系统发育结构倾向于聚集,植物群落的构建可能主要受到环境因素和人类活动干扰影响。地理距离对岛屿间植物群落系统发育β多样性的变化影响不显著。建议对PD较高的东山岛、粗芦岛、南日岛、湄洲岛、厦门岛、平潭岛、三都岛进行重点保护,并结合实际情况针对各岛屿功能定位制定保护和开发利用方案。本研究可以为多层次的多样性评价指标应用于岛屿植物多样性评估以及群落构建机制分析提供参考,也可以为岛屿生物多样性保护策略的制定提供理论依据。     

海岛生态系统脆弱性影响机制与评价理论体系初探——以辽宁省海岛为例

海岛资源的可持续发展研究是海洋开发与管理的重要课题。为优化配置海岛资源,促进海岛开发利用和生态环境保护的协调发展,参考相关研究,以海岛生态系统的特殊性为基点,对海岛生态系统脆弱性的概念、内涵和特征进行综述;以辽宁海岛为侧重点,通过梳理和分析大量海岛典型案例,提出了海岛生态系统脆弱性的成因及表现,建立其影响机制框架,并在此基础上,初步探讨了海岛生态系统脆弱性的评价体系和评价方法,最后提出了研究展望。海岛生态系统脆弱性是在一定的自然因素和人为因素背景下,海岛生态系统响应与自然环境相互作用和人类对海岛的开发利用过程中表现出的敏感反应与自恢复能力,是客观存在的、敏感的、难恢复的,具备长期性、差异性和可调控性特征,在不同类型、不同程度的自然扰动与人为干扰作用下,海岛生态系统脆弱性表现也不同,其驱动机制与评价体系的建立能够为后续深入研究提供思路。本研究结果可为海岛生态环境保护提供科学依据,对促进海岛的可持续发展具有现实意义。     

粤港澳大湾区海岛空间分布特征探析

海岛是海洋资源开发利用价值的核心内容之一。为合理保护及开发利用粤港澳大湾区海岛资源,促进海岛产业布局优化,从海岛资源空间分布角度出发,探析海岛在粤港澳大湾区发展中重点平台的作用。以粤港澳大湾区纳入中国海域海岛标准名录的850个海岛为研究对象,在对其地理坐标、陆域面积等基础数据进行数理统计的基础上,通过ArcGIS软件平台,采用最邻近距离法、核密度估计法、洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数方法,对粤港澳大湾区海岛的空间分布特征进行了分析与研究。结果表明:粤港澳大湾区海岛在空间上趋于集聚分布,呈现总体带状分布,局部组团分布的特点,形成了湾区西部海岛分布带和大鹏湾-大亚湾区、九州列岛区、万山-佳蓬担杆列岛区、川山群岛区4个明显的集聚区;粤港澳大湾区海岛以沿岸岛为主,面积分布呈现不均衡性的特点,基尼系数达0.58。     

Integrated coastal zone management towards Indonesia global ocean observing system (INA-GOOS): Review and recommendation

Indonesia as an archipelagos country consisting of more than 17,508 islands has a challenging problem in terms of island management and the provisional ocean services to the coastal community. The population growth (especially in coastal areas) followed by declining natural resources caused by overfishing and overexploitation is one of the biggest concerns both for the central and the local governments in Indonesia. Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is one of the attempted solutions to overcome these difficulties, however, it is known to be unsatisfactory even after several programs under ICZM have been developed and implemented. Therefore, further facilitation of ICZM programs is necessary in order to benefit to Indonesian governmental management of their islands, coastal areas and oceans. In doing so, ICZM will also make a significant contribution towards the implementation of the Indonesia Global Ocean Observing System (INA-GOOS). This paper aims to review ICZM activities in Indonesia to obtain a better understanding of, and the need for ICZM implementations in support of their policy, sustainability and decision-making process in the direction of INA-GOOS. It is expected that the ICZM implementations will have a high impact on INA-GOOS programs.     

北部湾典型海岛生态系统服务价值空间异质性对比研究

基于北部湾海域典型海岛高分1号数据,借助于CART决策树方法,获取了广西北部湾两个典型海岛的景观格局数据,并采用生态系统服务价值计量模型、空间自相关模型及地统计学中的变异函数模型对其生态系统服务价值进行了空间异质性分析。结果表明:团和岛单位面积生态系统服务价值是七星岛的1.08倍,但其变异系数低于七星岛;七星岛由于其地质背景为泥沙岛,景观格局受到人类活动以及自然环境的强烈干扰,趋向于复杂化和破碎化;而团和岛由于所处的外部环境以及自身的地质特征,景观格局呈现出整体斑块化分布状态;团和岛的景观格局主要受到结构性因素的控制,而七星岛则以随机性因素控制为主,选用变程和Moran’s指数来表征其复杂化和破碎化,来决定其优先开发时序,可对前者进行适当开发,而对后者适当进行生态保护;对受到结构性因素影响的岛屿在进行开发时,时序的识别选用变程和Moran’s指数来表征,若变程和Moran’s指数越小,说明海岛整体的景观分布格局趋向于复杂化和破碎化,反之生态系统较好,可进行优先开发。同时本文构建了北部湾海岛生态系统异质性评估与自然资源管理框架,并提出了海岛管理的建议与对策。     

我国典型海岛地质灾害类型特征及成因分析

本文通过海岛调查及已有文献资料分析,发现我国典型海岛存在滑坡、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵、湿地退化、水土流失、地面沉降、风沙灾害、断层、港湾淤积、滩面冲蚀、沙滩泥化、浅层气、砂土液化、地震、软土地基15种地质灾害类型。滑坡灾害最多,基岩岛岛岸、岛陆和近岸海底均可发生;其次为海岸侵蚀,在基岩岛、泥沙岛均有分布,主要发生于岛岸;再次为海水入侵(含咸潮入侵),在基岩岛、泥沙岛岛岸均可发生;湿地退化也在基岩岛、泥沙岛岛岸均可发生;其他灾害类型的分布较少。通过对海岛典型地质灾害的成因机制分析,发现各地质灾害都是自然因素和人为活动共同作用的结果,并且人为活动的影响逐渐加剧,各地质灾害之间还存在着成因上的联系。     

无居民海岛旅游开发过程中的景观格局变化分析——以菩提岛为例

海岛是维护生态平衡、推进海洋经济的重要依托。但海岛生态系统脆弱,人类活动会对海岛尤其是无居民海岛的生态环境产生较大影响。为了研究如何在开发利用过程中科学地保护海岛,选取渤海区进行旅游娱乐开发的典型无居民海岛--菩提岛为研究区域,分别解译了2003年、2008年、2010年、2012年和2015年共5期菩提岛的遥感影像,应用景观生态学理论和方法,通过景观格局指数、转移矩阵、变化速率来分析菩提岛自旅游开发以来景观格局的动态变化特征。5个时期研究区域的景观格局指数显示:单个斑块面积减小,斑块的复杂性有所增加,斑块类型趋于分散,斑块类型的邻接度变化较大,香农多样性指数增大,景观多样性增加。综合景观时空变化与景观指数进行分析,人为干扰对研究区域的影响在2003-2010年期间持续增长,景观破碎化明显,2010年之后人为扰动逐渐减弱,进入海岛自然景观恢复时期,景观破碎有所改善。大规模的开发利用活动是导致菩提岛近年来景观格局变化的主要因素。无居民海岛开发利用应根据自身的资源优势和功能定位,按照海岛保护和利用规划来科学开展。     

A collective approach to Pacific islands fisheries management: Moving beyond regional agreements

The sustainable management and profitable development of the Pacific island tuna fisheries is the key ocean governance challenge for the Pacific islands region in the short and medium term. Resolving these challenges is fundamental to the long term future of the region and its ability to implement oceans governance across all resource and conservation concerns.     

基于熵权的海岛地区城市生态系统健康动态评价研究——以舟山群岛新区为例

文章将舟山群岛新区作为研究对象,以结构、功能、协调这3个基准点为视角,构建舟山群岛新区城市生态系统健康的评价指标体系;运用熵权法进行客观赋权,探讨海岛地区城市生态系统健康的主要影响因素;分析系统各主要因素间彼此的联系和相互关系,评价舟山城市生态系统健康动态,以便进一步提高舟山群岛新区城市生态系统健康水平,优化经济结构,为加强海岛地区生态与环境管理,促进海岛地区经济发展提供决策依据。研究结果表明:近年来,舟山群岛新区城市生态系统健康程度以稳中有升的趋势在不断提高;结构指数有小幅波动,功能指数波动显著,改善明显,其中,城市环境是造成结构指数波动的主要原因。城市文明率较低和可持续性持续走低是城市协调度的主要限制因素。由此,优化资源配置、改善经济结构、持续减排、提升城市环境是确保舟山群岛新区城市生态系统健康水平的关键。     

基于时间序列遥感影像的广西南流江口海岛变迁研究

广西南流江口无居民海岛生态系统较为脆弱,自海岛地名普查以来,该区域海岛形态和岛体开发利用变化显著。文章基于2012—2019年共8期遥感影像,开展南流江口海岛形态和开发利用的遥感提取和变化检测,并逐年分析海岛变化情况。遥感监测结果表明：2012—2019年,南流江口10个海岛形态变化显著,面积减少约61.8%,2个海岛岛体新增开发利用变化;重点说明花轿铺、小砖窑岛和小平墩岛3个显著变化海岛的逐年变迁情况,并分析海岛变迁的主要原因,为海岛保护和管理提出若干建议。     

A model to assess fundamental and realized carrying capacities of island ecosystem: A case study in the southern Miaodao Archipelago of China

Research on carrying capacity, aiming at maintaining the limited ability of the Earth's life supporting system to sustain human development, requires a comprehensive and ecosystem-based approach to monitor and assess the localized sustainability of coupled social and ecological systems. A definition termed the ecosystem-based carrying capacity of island (EBCCI) was developed in this paper of which the indices of fundamental and realized carrying capacities of island (FCCI and RCCI) were highlighted to emphasize the inter-dependencies between social systems and ecological systems. In order to avoid the difficulties and uncertainties of direct assessment, the related assessment model was established on the basis of synthetic evaluation of inherent and external factors affecting the EBCCI. The southern Miaodao Archipelago (SMA) located in the intersection of the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea, China, was taken as a typical example to acquire integrated recognition of the island ecosystem and its carrying capacity so as to discuss its sustainable development. The index scores of FCCI and RCCI in the SMA were 0.818 5 and 0.712 9 out of 1.0, respectively, with acceptable uncertainties. The results showed a relatively well capacity to sustain progress and relatively well realization of the carrying capacity of island ecosystem, owing to a well capacity of ecologically regulating, general performance of both ecologically supporting and resource provisioning, and a relatively high level of social supporting system. The study implied that it was critical to optimize the inter-dependencies and to sustain the relative balance between social systems and ecological systems so as to improve the RCCI and further facilitate the sustainability of SMA. The approach proposed in this paper provides a powerful tool which is well applicative to the regional level of an oceanic island or archipelago to study the sustainable development and can be further popularized to the coastal zone.     

Modifications of the shore line in the Society islands (French Polynesia)

The people living on the mountainous islands of the Society archipelago have the good luck to benefit from peaceful lagoon waters. The narrow littoral plain is protected from the assaults of the sea by a barrier-reef and the temptation to live by the sea-side is strong. It is all the more stronger as the mountains, although splendid, are not easy places to settle. As an interface between the terrestrial and lagoon environments, the shore line of the mountainous islands is mainly occupied by high vegetation in its natural configuration. Rocks, sandy beaches and muddy areas can be accounted for by geomorphologic factors directly linked to the transformation process of each mountainous island becoming an atoll. While the shore line in the mountainous islands of the Society archipelago is mostly natural, more than 40% has been directly modified by man. But nevertheless this anthropogenization does not correlate with population density or economic development. It results from the complex interactions between human and natural factors. Embankment works and excavating coral materials from the fringing reef are particularly destructive activities for the environment. Current concerns related to rising sea levels emphasized the quality of the shore line for human activities and development of the littoral in the future. Only joint management encompassing the lagoon and terrestrial environments will maintain the natural and human balances, and thus, the harmonious development of the islands’ populations.     

海岛生态综合评价方法探讨

从海岛生态状态及生态服务功能两个方面，探讨了海岛生态综合评价的指标和方法．其中海岛生态状态评价从海岛景观和生态系统两个层次进行分析．前者主要利用3S技术所获取的信息，从宏观角度定量分析海岛景观格局变化；后者从海岛生物和非生物环境两部分，采用与历史资料及相关环境质量标准对比的方法，分析海岛岛陆、潮间带及近海海域生态系统现状．海岛生态服务功能评价则从海岛物质生产、调节功能、支持功能及社会文化功能4个方面，分析海岛生态系统的服务能力．文中提出的海岛生态综合评价的框架、方法，可为海岛生态系统综合评价与管理提供参考．     

基于"PSR+RS"模式的菩提岛整治修复前后生态系统健康评价

海岛生态系统是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分。近年来,随着海岛人为活动数量不断增加,加速了对海岛生态环境的破坏,一些海岛生态失衡严重,生态系统受损加剧。而对受损海岛生态系统开展人工参与下的主动式生态恢复,是目前较为主流的恢复方法和手段,菩提岛整治修复项目正是基于上述修复理念开展并完成的。本文以菩提岛海岛及周边海域为研究区域,基于PSR模型,以RS方式为主要指标获取方式,构建了适用于我国海岛整治修复模式下的海岛生态系统健康评价体系,对其整治修复前后生态系统健康状况开展评价分析。结果显示:2008年,该岛生态系统健康值IEI为0.374 0,生态系统较脆弱,整体状况较差,亟须开展保护与修复工作;2014年,经岛体修复并趋于稳定状态后,该岛生态系统健康值IEI提升至0.673 8,生态系统较健康,处于稳定状态,但仍具有上升空间。经整治修复前后纵向对比,生态系统健康波动值ΔIEI为0.299 8,表明该岛生态系统经过修复后已有所好转。     

EVOLUTIONAL PATTERN OF THE CORAL SAND ISLANDS IN THE XISHA AREA

Sand island or cay is the dominant type of coral reef islands in the South China Sea. This paper gives in detail the sand islands composed of loose accumulational materials on the atoll reef flats in the Xisha Islands, their types, characteristics of morphological structure and evolutional pattern and dynamics.