黄骅坳陷中区断裂系统分形研究

利用分形几何方法分析了黄骅坳陷中区断裂分布的分形特征,以探讨该区断裂系统的发育规律及其与油气的关系。利用数盒子方法进行分析表明,黄骅坳陷中区断裂系统在标度区间1.75～7km具有很好的统计自相似性。根据断裂分维值等值线可知,海岸线两侧断裂分维值分布规律有着明显不同,显示了两侧断裂系统在形成机制上的差异性。研究区分维值自西向东逐渐增大,在歧口凹陷南北两侧有着最高的分维值。结合黄骅坳陷中区断裂系统的形成机制及油田的分布,初步探讨了断裂分形特征与黄骅坳陷中区断裂系统的形成机制及断裂分形特征与油田分布之间的关系。研究结果表明,断裂系统分维值的变化特征与断裂的发育规律有着很好的相关性,断裂发育程度高的地区其分维值也更高,也将更有利于油气的运聚。     

中国断层系分维及其灰色预测研究

应用分形理论和灰色系统理论方法,对中国断层系分维及其灰色预测问题进行了探讨。首先,计算并分析了中国断层系分维及其空间变化特征;其次,在计算中国大陆和南岭地区不同地质历史时期断层系分维、揭示断层系具有的跨尺度分形特征的基础上,对分维变化进行了灰色预测,其结果表明：分形理论与灰色理论结合是研究断层系时空间特征的有力工具,中国大陆下一期断层系分维预测值为1.5995,预示中国大陆下一期断层系空间结构的复杂程度将有所增加。     

河北平原地区断层系的分形特征分析

断层形成机理的复杂性和时空展布的不规则性,传统的评价方法往往很难取得令人满意的定量化结果,应用分形理论可以对断裂构造系进行定量评价,断层分维是断层数量、规模、组合方式及动力学机制的综合体现,因此分维值的大小可以作为断层构造复杂程度一个定量化指标。运用分形理论,对河北平原区主要断裂构造带进行了定量评价。得出河北平原区NNE向分维值为1.358,纬向断层系分维值为1.183,河北平原区活断层系空间分维值较高,这和研究区地震活动频繁、地质灾害多发一致。最后对河北平原区、渭河盆地和川滇断层系分形值和地震活动性进行了分析对比,发现地震空间分布和分形值的大小有对应关系,且渭河盆地、川滇的分形值大于河北平原地区,河北平原所发生的地震多沿NNE向呈带状分布。     

鄂西清江上游NE向活动断层束分段分形特征

在地质调查的基础上,初步厘定了清江上游ＮＥ向断层束７条区域性活动断层的轨迹结构,并依据断层几何轨迹的间断、连接和重叠特性,划分断层带的相对独立断裂段;进而利用分形分维分析,分别估算活动断层和相对独立断层段的轨迹结构分维值。计算结果表明：每条断层的轨迹结构具有其特征性的分维值,轨迹结构越复杂,分维值越高,咸丰断层分维值最高（Ｄ＝１．２６８）,齐岳山断层带分维值最低（Ｄ＝０．９８０）;每个相对独立的断层段也具有特征性的分维值,其中,郁江断层带的Ⅱ段的分维值最高（Ｄ＝１．３１８）,齐岳山断层带的Ⅰ段的分维值最低（Ｄ＝０．９６２）;断层轨迹结构越复杂、分段阶区分支断裂越多、分维值越高,其现今活动性越强;活动断层分段分形分析是进行断层活动性评价的有效途径之一。     

某花岗岩型铀矿田断裂构造的分形特征

基于分形理论,提出了一种快速测量多区断裂分维值的方法,并获得了研究区断裂分维值的平面等值图。研究结果表明,断裂分维值的大小较好地反映了断裂构造复杂程度的高低,它们之间存在着正相关关系。研究区花岗岩型铀矿田内约有86%的铀矿床位于断裂分维值D偏高(D>1.18)的区域内,表明断裂分维值越大,越有利于花岗岩型铀矿成矿,为建立该区花岗岩型铀矿新的预测标志提供了参考依据。     

确定裂陷盆地伸展量的分数维法

脆性断层群落的位移具有分数维牲特征，此特征可以用于建立一种裂陷盆地伸估算的新方法，即分数维法。这种方法可以用于在地震反射剖面上不可的小型断层之寂滑移造成的伸展量大小，计算结果可以约合不同计算方法之间的差异，阐明小型断层在区域裂陷作用变形过程听重要意义。以二连断陷盆地群伸展量的确定为例，详细地介绍了这种方法的使用原理和步骤。     

Particle-size distributions of low-angle normal fault breccias: Implications for slip mechanisms on weak faults

Slip on low-angle normal faults is not well understood because they slip at high angles to the maximum principal stress directions. These faults are considered weak and their motion cannot be explained using standard Byerlee friction and Andersonian fault mechanics. One proposed mechanism for weak fault slip is reduction of effective normal stress induced by high pore-fluid pressure. This mechanism is likely to allow dilation of the fault zone and, therefore, affect the particle-size distribution of fault breccia, which has been shown to differ for unconstrained versus constrained comminution. High pore-fluid pressure can cause dilation which leads to unconstrained comminution. We analyze samples from the footwalls of two low-angle normal faults in southern California (West Salton and Whipple detachment faults) to determine the fault-rock textures and grain-size distributions (GSDs). The GSDs are fractal with fractal dimensions ranging from ∼2.6 to 3.4. The lower end of this range is thought to reflect constrained comminution and only occurs in samples from the footwall of a small-offset “minidetachment” fault about 100 m below the Whipple detachment. The higher fractal dimensions are common in cataclasites related to the main faults and also reflect constrained comminution but are overprinted by shear localization. Our GSDs are similar to those from natural and laboratory-deformed fault rocks from strong faults. We conclude that if high pore-fluid pressure aided slip on these faults, it did not strongly affect mechanisms by which brecciation occurs, implying that fluid pressure generally was sublithostatic. Independent evidence exists for lithostatic fluid pressure that having dropped or cycled to hydrostatic levelsin the minidetachment, but our GSD results suggest that periods of high fluid pressure were too short or infrequent for unconstrained comminution to have been the dominant cataclastic mechanism. Fractal dimensions of ∼2.6 for these samples suggest that little subsequent abrasion occurred due to shear localization, consistent with minor offset on the minidetachment. Main detachment footwall samples with fractal dimensions ≥3 reflect constrained comminution followed by shear-related abrasion, and suggest that seismic cycling was important in formation of main detachment cataclasites.     

基于遥感技术的断裂构造分形特征及其地质意义研究

以九嶷山地区ETM+遥感影像数据为信息源,通过信息提取与解译快速获取该区断裂构造。运用分形理论的盒维数法对断裂构造体系进行分形研究,结果表明,区内断裂构造在0.05～2.75km尺度范围内具有良好的自相似性和分形特征,总体分维值D=1.1155、R2=0.9964,分维值接近中国大地构造单元稳定区分维值;不同走向断裂分维值D在0.9184～1.0441间、R2介于0.9983～0.9996间,各分维值D不仅定量描述了各走向断裂分布的复杂性和构造演化的成熟度,而且还反映了断裂的成矿作用:NE向断裂分维值最大,D值在1.0441附近时主要表现为导矿构造;SN向断裂分维值次之,D在0.9870附近时主要表现为控矿构造;NW向断裂分维值偏小,D在0.9502附近时主要表现为含矿构造。     

Fractal modeling and relationship between thrust faults and carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn mineralization in Alborz Mountains,Northern Iran

Central Alborz Metallogenic Belt is a major mineral province of northern Iran placed at the northern margin of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone. This study aimed to at recognition the affiliation between reverse/thrust faults and Pb-Zn carbonate-hosted mineral deposition using fractal modeling. Thrusting is the major mechanism of faulting in this region in terms of length, frequency and density. The carbonate-hosted Pb and Zn occurrence/deposit were classified using the concentration-number fractal method. All faults then are categorized based on fault density, and concentration-area fractal methods are utilized for the thrust faults. According to our analysis, main fault density zones are situated at the central and western parts of the Alborz Mountains. Relationship among the major fault density zones and the Pb-Zn carbonate-hosted occurrences/deposits using logratio matrix reveals that there is a proper connection between reverse/thrust faults and the Zn-Pb carbonate-hosted occurrences/deposits. Moreover, the results were controlled by four ore deposits/prospects in this region which shows high-grade ores directly relate to faults especially reverse/thrust faults based on their distribution. This research indicates that this method can be used for other various ore deposit types that have been distributed by faulting.     

新疆东准噶尔地区断裂的多重分形研究

结合东准噶尔地区强应变构造带的空间展布情况和断裂的空间分布特征 ,用多重分形模型测算了各带的多重分维值。研究结果表明 :强应变构造带在不同尺度上具有自相似性 ;断裂的空间分布为多重分形结构 ,断裂的演化有从复杂几何结构的次级断裂组合向单一连续的大断裂过渡而分维值逐渐减小的趋势 ;不同的大地构造单元有不同的分维值 ,而且有靠近板块缝合带 (或海沟 )分维值减小、远离板块缝合带 (或海沟 )分维值增大的趋势     

基于分形维的龙门山断裂对震后次生山地灾害 控制的定量研究—以北川县为例*

利用几何分形学的方法,测算了北川县及邻区区域内龙门山断裂的总体分形维和各分带的分形维.再分别对研究区灾害点分布进行总体分形维和各分带分形维测算.通过分析分形维测算结果以及灾害点分布密度,结果表明,断裂带各分带的分形维差异很好的体现了龙门山断裂的构造变形特征.并与各分带的灾害点分布密度呈正相关关系;灾害分布分形维是灾害点分布均匀程度的体现,与断层分布的复杂程度和灾害点分布密度无关.定量的证明了断层分形维、灾害分布分形维和灾害分布密度三者的关系,成功的以定量的形式分析了龙门山断裂对震后次生山地灾害分布的控制.     

鄂西清江上游及邻区活动断裂分形结构特征

本文利用分形理论,分析了清江上游及邻区活动断裂的分形结构特征,进而揭示单条活动断裂的分维值大小,反映了其结构复杂程度、构造发育阶段及构造活动性特性;而小范围地区线性构造分维值的大小反映了不同地区断裂构造的差异运动;同时,探讨了活动断裂分维值与其现今活动强度的关系。分维值可作为活动断裂的定量描述。      

海南岛中西部金矿集中区断裂构造的分形研究

利用数盒子法对海南岛中西部金矿集中区断层分布统计表明 :断层系统在 5～ 75km尺度内符合分形分布 ,其分维值为 1 .70。根据成矿系统的差异 ,将全区分为 9个子区块 ,各子区块断层系统在 2 .5～ 2 5km尺度内均符合分形分布 ,其分维值介于 0 .6 6～ 1 .72之间。断层分维值的大小可作为判断矿化强弱的指标 :断层的分维值≥ 1 .5 ,是矿化集中区的标志 ;分维值小于 1 .4 ,不利于规模成矿 ;断层的分维值较大 ,是形成金矿化的有利条件 ,若形成超大型矿床 ,则断层系统需处于临界分维状态(Dc≈ 1 .5 )。白沙元门地区断层分维 (D =1 .4 9)接近于临界分维 ,预示该区有良好的找矿前景。基于离散元方法 (UDEC)的数值模拟显示 :随着断层分维值增大 ,则变形趋强、连通性更好、渗透率增大 ;临界状态下断层间的连通性好 ,变形及渗透率突然增加且变形及流体流动局限于骨干断层中 ,即临界状态下最有利于形成含矿流体的局域化分布     

活动断裂的分形结构特征

依据分形理论分析了活动断裂带几断裂系，水系及断层泥粒度分布的分形结构特征，指出断裂系及水系分维值的大小体现了活动断裂的结构复杂程度和构造活动性特征，探讨论了断层泥分维值同断层运动特征与基物理力学性质的关系，分维是定量研究活动断裂的一种度量指标。     

杭州西湖区域断裂分形研究及其对岩溶塌陷分布的影响

以分形理论为基础,采用网格覆盖法,研究了杭州市西湖区的断裂分形特征,并对该区的岩溶塌陷易发程度进行了 分析。首先,简要介绍了研究区地质背景及断裂分数维的计算和分析方法,并计算出西湖周边区域断裂分布的总体分数维 及北东向、北西向的分数维,表明本区断裂分数维能很好的反映断裂分布的空间特征;其次,结合研究区的岩溶塌陷分布, 讨论了断裂分数维和岩溶塌陷之间的关系,表明北东向和北西向断裂分布在空间上互补;且岩溶塌陷分布情况和断裂分数 维呈正相关关系;最后,以定量的形式分析了该区断裂对岩溶塌陷分布的控制,对当地工程建设有一定的指导意义。     

Fractal Characteristics of Fault Structures and Their Use for Mapping Ore-prospecting Potential in the Qitianling Area, Southern Hunan Province, China

Quantitative analyses of the spatial distribution of fault structures can provide a theoretical basis for forecasting prospective ore deposits. Characteristics and complexity of fault structure distribution in the Qitianling area, Southern Hunan Province, China, were quantitatively calculated and appraised by fractal and multifractal methods to evaluate the relation between fault structures and ore-prospecting potential. The results show that the lengths of faults can be modeled as multifractals. Multifractal spectra evidently reflect the characteristics of the scaling of fault structures. The boxcounting dimension value(D) of fault structures is equal to 1.656, as indicates complexity of the spatial distribution of faults and favorable structural conditions for the formation of ore deposits. Moreover, the D values of sub-regions were calculated and isopleths of their fractal dimension values were plotted accordingly. Overlay analyses of isopleths of fractal dimension values and distributions of known ore deposits show that areas with the larger fractal dimension values of fault structures have more ore deposits. This spatial coupling relationship between D values and ore deposits can be used to forecast and explore other ore deposits. On the basis of complexity theory for ore-forming systems, three exploration targets with high D values were delineated as prospective ore deposits.     

断层体系的分形维数及其对深源气运移条件的指示作用

本文根据分形理论计算了松辽盆地北部大庆长垣以东地区T2、T3、T4反射层不同区域内断层体系的计盒维数和信息维数,通过对各区断层体系分维特征的分析,发现断层体系分维高值区域与深源气藏的分布存在较好的对应关系,这不仅表明断层是该区深源气的主要运移通道,同时也表明断层体系分维特征是定量描述深源气运移、聚集条件的一个重要参数。     

Comminution and fluidization of granular fault materials: implications for fault slip behavior

Whilst faulting in the shallow crust is inevitably associated with comminution of rocks, the mechanical properties of the comminuted granular materials themselves affect the slip behavior of faults. Therefore, the mechanical behavior of any fault progresses along an evolutionary path. We analyzed granular fault rocks from four faults, and deduced an evolutionary trend of fractal size frequency. Comminution of fault rocks starts at a fractal dimension close to 1.5 (2-D measurement), at which a given grain is supported by the maximum number of grains attainable and hence is at its strongest. As comminution proceeds, the fractal dimension increases, and hence comminution itself is a slip weakening mechanism. Under the appropriate conditions, comminuted granular materials may be fluidized during seismic slip events. In this paper, we develop a new method to identify the granular fault rocks that have experienced fluidization, where the detection probability of fragmented counterparts is a key parameter. This method was applied to four fault rock samples and a successful result was obtained. Knowledge from powder technology teaches us that the volume fraction of grains normalized by maximum volume fraction attainable is the most important parameter for dynamic properties of granular materials, and once granular fault materials are fluidized, the fault plane becomes nearly frictionless. A small decrease in the normalized volume fraction of grains from 1 is a necessary condition for the phase transition to fluidization from the deformation mechanism governed by grain friction and crushing by contact stresses. This condition can be realized only when shearing proceeds under unconstrained conditions, and this demands that the gap between fault walls is widened. Normal interface vibration proposed by Brune et al. [Tectonophysics 218 (1993) 59] appears to be the most appropriate cause of this, and we presented two lines of field evidence that support this mechanism to work in nature.     

小尺度断层定量预测及对注水开发的影响——以渤中34油田为例

大尺度断层往往控制了沉积盆地的形成和油气成藏,而小尺度断层则影响着注水开发效果和剩余油分布.大尺度断层可以通过二维或三维地震资料识别,而小尺度断层的识别则特别困难.本文提出了一种基于断层分形生长模式和三维地质力学模拟相结合来确定小尺度断层的数量、发育位置和方位的方法,并根据油田开发动态资料来确定小尺度断层对注水开发和剩余油分布的影响.将地震上识别的大尺度断层引入到三维数值力学模型中,模拟大尺度断层形成时期断裂带附近的应力扰动作用,然后结合破裂准则来建立最易发生破裂的方位和最大库伦剪切应力网格,以这两套网格和断层尺度的幂律分布确定的小尺度断层数量为约束条件来确定随机模型,对小尺度断层的密度、产状和发育位置进行定量预测.研究表明:利用分形理论和三维地质力学模拟可以对大尺度断层伴生小尺度断层进行有效预测;小尺度断层对注水开发效果和剩余油分布的影响取决于小尺度断层的规模(断距)以及小尺度断层方位和注采方向的关系.     

A model of characteristic earthquakes and its implications for regional seismicity

Regional seismicity (i.e. that averaged over large enough areas over long enough periods of time) has a size–frequency relationship, the Gutenberg–Richter law, which differs from that found for some seismic faults, the Characteristic Earthquake relationship. But all seismicity comes in the end from active faults, so the question arises of how one seismicity pattern could emerge from the other. The recently introduced Minimalist Model of Vázquez‐Prada et al. of characteristic earthquakes provides a simple representation of the seismicity originating from a single fault. Here, we show that a Characteristic Earthquake relationship together with a fractal distribution of fault lengths can accurately describe the total seismicity produced in a region. The resulting earthquake catalogue accounts for the addition of both all the characteristic and all the non‐characteristic events triggered in the faults. The global accumulated size–frequency relationship strongly depends on the fault length fractal exponent and, for fractal exponents close to 2, correctly describes a Gutenberg–Richter distribution with a b exponent compatible with real seismicity.