中国对虾(Penaeus orientalis Kishinouye)消化系统发生的初步研究

本文论述中国对虾消化道和肝胰脏(或称肝脏)在各幼虫期和早期仔虾的发育。 中国对虾的原始中胚层细胞是自原肠的顶壁分出移入囊胚腔中。 在发育过程中,口凹是在第三期无节幼虫时内陷形成,而原肛是在第六期无节幼虫时内陷形成的,所以口凹的发生早于原肛的发生。 在溞状幼虫第一期,消化道的腔才完全贯通。 在糠虾幼虫第一期,胃分为贲门胃和幽门胃两部分。胃磨和几丁质刚毛则出现于早期仔虾。 甲壳类动物的消化道包括前肠、中肠和后肠三个部分。前肠与后肠起源于外胚层,中肠则发生自内胚层。我们对中国对虾胚胎发育的观察,发现中肠远远长于后肠,而后肠将发育为成体的直肠。 两对肝盲囊分别发生自中肠的前段肠壁。在仔虾早期,前面一对逐渐退化消失,而后面的一对将发育为成体的肝胰脏。     

中国对虾（Penaeus orientalis Kishinouye）消化系统发生的初步研究

本文论述中国对虾消化道和肝胰脏(或称肝脏)在各幼虫期和早期仔虾的发育。中国对虾的原始中胚层细胞是自原肠的顶壁分出移入囊胚腔中。在发育过程中。口凹是在第三期无节幼虫时内陷形成．而原肛是在第六期无节幼虫时内陷形成的，所以口凹的发生早于原肛的发生。在溞状幼虫第一期，消化道的腔才完全贯通。在糠虾幼虫第一期，胃分为贲门胃和幽门胃两部分。胃磨和几丁质刚毛则出现于早期仔虾。甲壳类动物的消化道包括前肠、中肠和后肠三个部分。前肠与后肠起源于外胚层。中肠则发生自内胚层。我们对中国对虾胚胎发育的观察，发现中肠远远长于后肠。而后肠将发育为成体的直肠。两对肝盲囊分别发生自中肠的前段肠壁。在仔虾早期，前面一对逐渐退化消失，而后面的一对将发育为成体的肝胰脏。     

海蜇(Rhopilema esculenta)浮浪幼虫及早期螅状体摄食行为的研究

采用对比实验与显微观察的方法,对海蜇浮浪幼虫及早期螅状体的摄食行为进行了研究。结果表明,海蜇浮浪幼虫期不摄食外界食物;浮浪幼虫附着变态发育成海蜇螅状体1d后,开始摄食其它浮浪幼虫,螅状体发育到第3天摄食能力迅速增强,能够捕食卤虫无节幼体。海蜇早期螅状体的捕食实验结果表明,早期螅状体开始捕食主要受两方面影响,一方面是口的发育,另一方面是刺细胞的发育。     

细角滨对虾的幼体发育及形态特征

以细角滨对虾Litopenaeus stylirostris为实验对象,按时间顺序观察了胚胎各期的形态特征。通过解剖从无节幼体到仔虾第1天各期幼体的附肢,对其发育形态及其刚毛着生方式进行了描述和统计。比较研究了细角滨对虾和凡纳滨对虾L.vannamei无节幼体期形态差异以及色素的变化、溞状幼体期眼上棘形态的差异以及大颚齿数目。结果表明,无节幼体期细角滨对虾的色素明显多于凡纳滨对虾;两者溞状幼体期眼上棘的形态存在明显差异;两者在无节幼体至仔虾第1天各期大颚活动齿的数目变化一致。     

人工养殖条件下多齿围沙蚕亲体培育和繁殖生物学的初步研究

通过生态学及组织学方法对人工养殖条件下多齿围沙蚕(Perinereis nuntia Savigny)亲体培育条件及繁殖生物学进行了研究.结果表明,多齿围沙蚕雌雄异体,非成熟季节外观上无法辨别雌雄,性成熟时,雌(异沙蚕体)灰绿色,雄(异沙蚕体)红白色.生殖细胞起源于体腔膜上皮,不久就释放到体腔中,在体腔内卵原细胞和精原细胞http://ebook/成都,今夜请将我遗忘/index.htm分裂增殖形成卵原细胞群和精原细胞群,体腔中充满了外形不规则或近圆形的滋养细胞,细胞内可见嗜伊红颗粒,滋养细胞之间可见发达的微血管.卵原细胞群不断增殖发育,至初级卵母细胞后游离至体腔中继续发育为次级卵母细胞和成熟卵子;精原细胞群形成精子合胞体(syncytium),各级精母细胞在合胞体内发育,直至形成成熟精子时才分散游离.水温18℃以上,多齿围沙蚕的生长体经培育才可能形成异沙蚕体.特别是在经历了一定的低温期后,再提高温度可以有效的促进异沙蚕体形成.胚胎发育的适宜温度为18～25℃;适宜盐度为25～32.胚胎发育过程经历卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、担轮幼虫期、后担轮幼虫期、膜内游毛幼虫期等阶段,在水温25℃、盐度30条件下,从受精至孵出3刚节幼虫约需65 h.3刚节游毛幼虫至10刚节幼体约需28 d.     

日本新糠虾(Neomysis japonica)卵巢发育与卵子发生

结合日本新糠虾雌性生殖系统的解剖特征和组织结构特点,首次对日本新糠虾卵巢发育及卵子发生进行分期,并对各期卵巢发育时间及卵巢长与体长间相互关系进行分析。结果表明,日本新糠虾雌性生殖系统由卵巢和输卵管组成。卵巢呈“H”形,分左右两叶,两叶间有呈近三角形横桥连接,横桥内侧为生殖上皮。卵巢实质不分叶,卵细胞由横桥向两侧卵巢迁出并逐渐发育变大。卵子的发生经历5个阶段,分别为卵原细胞、卵黄合成前期卵母细胞、内源性卵黄合成期卵母细胞、外源性卵黄合成期卵母细胞和成熟期。滤泡细胞随着卵细胞的迁移而迁移,卵细胞发育后期出现滤泡细胞与卵母细胞相融合现象。卵巢发育分为5个时期,分别为未分化期（以卵原细胞为主,约为孵化后的18d）、小生长期（以内源性卵黄合成期卵细胞为主,约为孵化后的22d）、大生长期（以外源性卵黄合成期卵细胞为主,约为孵化后的25d）、成熟期（以成熟卵细胞为主,约为孵化后的28d）和退化期（为排卵后卵巢,约为孵化后的32d）。退化期卵巢中未见有结缔组织增生,而实质中存在着大量早期卵细胞,滤泡细胞呈多层分布于卵细胞周围。输卵管自卵巢末端生出,开口于第6胸肢基部内侧腹甲上,随卵巢发育,管腔渐增大。日本新糠虾卵巢长与体长间有正相关。     

魁蚶母源大防御素在子代发育早期的动态变化

母源免疫因子能够通过卵细胞、母乳等方式转移给子代,在免疫系统发育成熟之前发挥重要的免疫保护作用,但贝类中的相关报道较少。为探索贝类非特异性免疫因子在子代发育早期的表达规律,本研究以魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)为研究对象,通过qRT-PCR和ELISA分析了大防御素在魁蚶胚胎及幼虫早期发育过程中mRNA和蛋白质的动态变化特征。结果显示,魁蚶卵子受精后发育至壳顶幼虫期,大防御素mRNA和蛋白质的表达变化趋势基本相同,即从受精卵期开始下降,至囊胚期最低,自担轮幼虫期表达量开始上升;与对照组相比,幼虫发育至担轮幼虫期,鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)处理组的大防御素升高更为显著,mRNA和蛋白的表达水平都基本高于对照组,说明鳗弧菌刺激能够上调担轮幼虫期后魁蚶幼体体内大防御素的表达量。总的来说,研究结果表明魁蚶母源性大防御素能够通过卵子传递给后代,从卵细胞受精后开始被消耗,当幼虫发育至担轮幼虫可能开始自身合成。     

刺参幼虫的变态和习性

刺参幼虫的发育可分为浮游和底栖两个阶段。浮游生活阶段包括三个幼虫期。它的特征是体表具有分布不同的纤毛。在囊胚期为周身纤毛,耳状幼虫期为纵行纤毛带,樽形幼虫为五条围绕幼虫身体的环形纤毛带,自五触手幼虫开始,原来的纤毛环逐渐退化,即进入第二阶段底栖生活阶段。 从耳状幼虫期至樽形幼虫期,幼虫的体长发生急剧的缩短,形成了幼虫发育的一种特殊生长曲线(见图表)。从樽形幼虫变态成五触手幼虫的时间很短(在水温为20-24℃下为1-2天),这是幼虫发育的最关键时期。 水体腔的变化是幼虫发育正常与否的重要标志。本文对水体腔的变化作了详细的描述,并指出了它在幼虫发育中的意义,特别是在人工育苗中可作为鉴别幼虫发育正常与否的重要依据。     

刀额新对虾幼体的培育及特点

在水温26～28℃,pH8.1～8.3,海水盐度27.6～29.7的条件下,刀额新对虾幼体从无节幼体第一期(N_1)培育至仔虾幼体第一期(P_1),历时10d,成活率81.9%;至仔虾幼体第8～10天(P_(8～10)),成活率为80%。刀额新对虾幼体发育具有许多不同于其他对虾类幼体的发育特点,其糠虾期身体仅稍倾斜而不呈倒悬状态,极少摄食丰年虫无节幼体,直至P_(3～4)摄食丰年虫幼体现象才较多见。     

一种无芽孢杆菌和一种弧菌对对虾糠虾幼虫期的危害及其防治方法的初步研究

关于海洋甲壳类细菌病害的研究较少。Reed和Mcleod二氏在龙虾的肠内,发现假单孢杆菌、黄色无芽孢杆菌和芽孢杆菌的存在,并认为肌肉的腐败,是由于这些细菌的作用。孟庆显等,1979年曾报告了丝状细菌(Leucotnrix sp.)和弧菌对对虾幼体的危害。 1980年我们在进行对虾(Penaeus orientalis)人工育苗过程中,发生糠虾期幼虫在短时间内大量死亡的现象。经初步检查,在糠虾期幼虫的体内外发现大量细菌。为此,我们进行了菌种的分离、培养、进行了感染试验及防治方法的研究。     

江苏省宜兴西溪、骆驼墩篮蚬与环棱螺研究

江苏宜兴西溪、骆驼墩篮蚬(Corbicula)与环棱螺(Bellamya)计有10种,其中篮蚬8种,环棱螺2种,属种虽然不多,但是个体数量极多。可分成4个组合类群:一是Corbicula fluminea-Corbicula largillierti组合。这个组合类群地质历程长,适应性强,个体数量多,分布广泛;最早发现于青海柴达木盆地第三系,代表古老类群。二是Corbicula obrutschewi-Corbicula takasaga组合,这个组合类群壳体较大,轮廓三角形,壳长略大于壳高;C. obrutschewi产于河北张家口岔道村附近的下更新统;C. takasaga发现于台湾新竹的上新统苗栗组;但在中、上更新统时期未发现本组合代表,可是到全新世时,宜兴的西溪、骆驼墩又出现本组合代表,似乎是返祖现象。三是Corbicula celsusapica-Corbicula yixingensis组合。本类群壳体中等大小,厚而膨凸,轮廓高圆三角形,壳高大于壳长,壳顶宽大而高耸,铰板宽,壳顶腔很深;Corbicula celsusapica发现于浙江湖州上更新统,C. yixingensis到目前仅见于宜兴。本组合为长江下游的宜兴和浙江湖州新生代晚期的特有种。四是Bellamya quadrata-Bellamya viviparoides组合。本组合在上更新统至现在的河流、湖泊均有,其中B. quadrata化石发现于江苏新沂上更新统,B. viviparoides化石发现于江苏句容上更新统下蜀组。     

介甲目甲壳动物的研究——Ⅲ.中国的六种原蚌虫

本文对栖息在我国淡水鱼苗培育池及水稻田中的6种原蚌虫(隶属于甲壳门,鳃足纲,介甲目,蚌壳虫科)进行了分类记述。其中的兖州原蚌虫Eocyzicus yanzhouensis sp.nov.及拟莱阳原蚌虫E.paralaiyangensis sp.nov.系2新种。分别列表比较了新种与其近似种佩里原蚌虫E.perrieri Daday,1914,多刺原蚌虫E.spinfer Durga Prasad et al,1981及莱阳原蚌虫E.laiyangensis Hu,1985的主要形态区别特征。文中附有6种原蚌虫的检索表及形态特征图54幅。本文记述种的名录如次: 1.东方原蚌虫Eocyzicus orientalis Daday,1914; 2.蒙古原蚌虫E.mongolianus Ueno,1927; 3.戴维原蚌虫E.davidi(Simon,1886)Brtek et al,1984; 4.莱阳原蚌虫E.laiyangensis Hu,1985; 5.兖州原蚌虫,(新种)E.yanzhouensis sp.nov.; 6.拟莱阳原蚌虫,(新种)E.paralaiyangensis sp.nov.     

Impact of a scallop drag on the sediment chemistry, microbiota, and faunal assemblages of a shallow subtidal marine benthic community

Scallops are usually obtained by means of a heavy metal dredge that is pulled over the sea bottom. Most studies of the impact of this gear type have shown that larger invertebrates, in particular, are severely disturbed. These studies, however, have been conducted on coarse sediments, ranging from sands to cobble, and have dealt only with faunal changes. In this paper the impact of a New England type scallop dredge on the fauna and sedimentary nutritional characteristics of a silty sand community is detailed. The site, in the Damariscotta River, Maine, USA, was sampled during the fall and winter prior to, then again immediately following, the dragging event, and twice more over the ensuing six months. Loss of surficial sediment, lowered food quality of the sediment (as measured by microbial populations, enzyme hydrolysable amino acids, and chlorophyll a), and changes in the faunal composition of the dragged site were observed. While some taxa returned to the drag track relatively quickly, others such as the cumaceans, phoxocephalid and photid amphipods, and nephtyid polychaetes, were not seen in abundances comparable to those of the adjacent undragged site until the food quality also recovered.     

Composition, porosity, and reservoir potential of the Middle Jurassic Kashafrud Formation, northeast Iran

In the Kopet-Dagh Basin of Iran, deep-sea sandstones and shales of the Middle Jurassic Kashafrud Formation are disconformably overlain by hydrocarbon-bearing carbonates of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous age. To explore the reservoir potential of the sandstones, we studied their burial history using more than 500 thin sections, supplemented by heavy mineral analysis, microprobe analysis, porosity and permeability determination, and vitrinite reflectance.The sandstones are arkosic and lithic arenites, rich in sedimentary and volcanic rock fragments. Quartz overgrowths and pore-filling carbonate cements (calcite, dolomite, siderite and ankerite) occluded most of the porosity during early to deep burial, assisted by early compaction that improved packing and fractured quartz grains. Iron oxides are prominent as alteration products of framework grains, probably reflecting source-area weathering prior to deposition, and locally as pore fills. Minor cements include pore-filling clays, pyrite, authigenic albite and K-feldspar, and barite. Existing porosity is secondary, resulting largely from dissolution of feldspars, micas, and rock fragments, with some fracture porosity. Porosity and permeability of six samples averages 3.2% and 0.0023 mD, respectively, and 150 thin-section point counts averaged 2.7% porosity. Reflectance of vitrinite in eight sandstone samples yielded values of 0.64-0.83%, in the early mature to mature stage of hydrocarbon generation, within the oil window.Kashafrud Formation petrographic trends were compared with trends from first-cycle basins elsewhere in the world. Inferred burial conditions accord with the maturation data, suggesting only a moderate thermal regime during burial. Some fractures, iron oxide cements, and dissolution may reflect Cenozoic tectonism and uplift that created the Kopet-Dagh Mountains. The low porosity and permeability levels of Kashafrud Formation sandstones suggest only a modest reservoir potential. For such tight sandstones, fractures may enhance the reservoir potential.     

共栖于对虾体表的致病性纤毛虫Ⅱ.(纤毛动物门,缘毛目)

作为系列报道的第二部分记述了黄渤海区共栖于对虾体表的3属15种缘毛类纤毛虫,其中包括8种国内新记录及聚缩虫属的一新种——拟钩虾聚缩虫。文中对所涉种类的形态学特征做了概括性描述及图示,以期为对虾养殖中病原的调查鉴定及进一步的动物区系研究提供一基础资料。     

Trade secrets: Renaming and mislabeling of seafood

As the global trade and market for seafood has grown, so have the twin problems of renaming and mislabeling. Resource scarcity, the potential for greater profits, and weak legislation have all encouraged incorrect labeling, the results of which include consumer losses, the subversion of eco-marketing, further degradation of fisheries resources, and even adverse effects on human health. This paper examines the extent and consequences of renaming and mislabeling seafood, the state of current legislation, and the importance of future policies, with particular attention to the US, where 80% of the seafood is imported and more than one-third of all fish are mislabeled. Policy recommendations include governments’ support for a global mandate to label species, country of origin, and catching or production method on all seafood with high penalties for infractions. Chain of custody standards, such as those recently implemented by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), should also be considered for adoption worldwide. To garner support for this legislation, consumers must become better acquainted and concerned with their seafood and its origins.     

综述:对虾弧菌病及其免疫预防的研究进展

弧菌病是影响对虾养殖业最为常见、危害较重的一类疾病。其症状一般为红腿、黄鳃、烂尾、烂眼、甲壳溃疡、肌肉白浊等 ,常伴有败血症。副溶血弧菌Vibriopara haemolyticus是人们发现最早的对虾病原弧菌 ,随后溶藻弧菌V .alginolyticus,鳗弧菌V .anguillarum ,哈维氏弧菌V .harveyi,创伤弧菌V .vulnificus等十多种致病弧菌陆续被发现 ,但其致病机理仍未查清。多年来弧菌病主要采用抗生素治疗 ,但抗生素治疗带来一系列严重后果 ,主要是产生耐药菌株 ,造成水体污染 ,破坏虾体免疫力 ,因此探索新的治疗途径势在必行。以提高虾体自身免疫力的免疫预防研究是当前研究的热点之一 ,它以无毒无副作用 ,不会造成环境污染等优点而显示出广阔的前景。弧菌疫苗的研制已获初步成功 ,疫苗有灭活疫苗和减毒疫苗两种。免疫方式有浸泡、口服、注射和喷雾等 ,注射方式效果最佳但费时费力且易损伤虾体 ,浸泡疫苗需要量大 ,故探索一条好的免疫方式是当前工作的重点。要进行对虾的免疫预防研究 ,必须了解对虾的免疫机制 ,一般认为虾类的免疫主要以非特异性免疫为主 ,血细胞和酚氧化酶系统在其中起着重要作用。对弧菌病的病原、病理、诊断、对虾的免疫机制及免疫预防等方面的研究进展及趋势作一回顾     

壳寡糖及其全乙酰化衍生物的制备及结构表征

探讨了壳寡糖及全乙酰壳寡糖的制备方法,通过正交实验考察了原料、温度、时间对降解产物的影响.制备了八种寡糖（八乙酰壳二糖、十一乙酰壳三糖、十四乙酰壳四糖和十七乙酰壳五糖,以及N,N′-二乙酰壳二糖、N,N′,N″-三乙酰壳三糖、N,N′,N″,N′′′四乙酰壳四糖和N,N′,N″,N′′′,N′′′′-五乙酰壳五糖）,并通过IR、NMR及MS等确定了其化学结构.     

Food of snapper in western Bay of Plenty,New Zealand

Feeding was examined in 772 snapper, Chrysophrys auratus (Bloch and Schneider), from the western Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Occurrence, points (bulk), and numbers methods of food analysis were used in the study. Diet was extremely varied, and, by all methods of food analysis, crustaceans, polychaetes, echinoderms, molluscs, and teleosts formed the main snapper food groups, with crustaceans being the most important. Size of snapper, depth, sampling area, and time of day affected the occurrence, volume, and numbers of food items, while sex did not.

Seasonal feeding patterns on most species/categories of food varied locally within each sampling area, and there were no uniform seasonal feeding patterns for any food/category in the four sampling areas examined.     

Determination of Precious Metal Concentrations in a Polymetallic Nodule Reference Sample from the Indian Ocean by ICP-MS

A polymetallic nodule reference sample (No. 2388)collected from the Indian Ocean, and seven other samples, two from the United States Geological Survey, USA (Nod-A-1 and Nod-P-1), three from Russia (OOPE 601, OOPE 602, and OOPE 603), and two from China (GSPN-2 and GSPN-3), collected from different loca tions, are available for calibration purposes and as control samples in the analytical programs for polymetallic nodules and associated sediments to ensure accurate measurements. They are not certified for precious metal concentrations, however, and the data available are very scanty. An attempt has been made to provide working values for platinum, palladium, gold, and silver and indicative values for osmium, iridium, and ruthenium in these eight ferromanganese nodule reference samples, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). To assess the accuracy of the method, certified reference materials, WPR-1, WMS-1, WMG-1, and WGB-1 Canadian Certified Materials Project (CCRMP, Canada) were analyzed, and the data obtained were compared with the certified values. The estimate of analytical reproducibility was found to be better than 15 % RSD for most elements with comparable accuracy. The data presented for this set of manganese nodule reference samples may be useful in geochemical studies of manganese nodules and associated sediments.