"数字海底"数据库:海底多源综合数据的集成与管理方法研究

回顾了近几年海底资料信息化的发展概况，在全面分析海底数据特点的基础上，结合先进的数据库管理系统ORACLE以及空间数据引擎SDE，对海底数据的存储组织结构、分布集中式数据库体系、归一化空问库技术以及海底元数据管理结构进行了分析和研究，系统地提出了一套海底综合数据的整合方法，在物理上和逻辑上对其进行有效的集成和表达，统一组织管理这些海底数据资源。同时，应用该海底数据集成与管理方法，建设以渤海工程地质数据为主的渤海范围内的海底综合数据库，实现了来自不同单位、不同专业领域的海量海底数据的整合，满足渤海油田工程地质环境探测和海洋工程建设的实际应用需求。     

海洋地质数据库数据的存储结构

区域海洋地质数据库是利用ORACLE9I和ARCSDE8．2实现对海量数据和空间数据有效存储、管理的企业级数据库，用于管理我国所属海区海洋地质调查获取的基础地质资料和研究成果资料。根据ORACLE系统的体系结构，结合我国区域海洋地质数据的特点，提出了区域海洋地质数据库的存储结构和数据库的用户管理模式，以实现ORACLE中海洋地质数据的优化存储与有效管理。     

基于GIS的渤海环境监测系统开发与应用

渤海环境监测系统是以渤海基础地理空间数据、常规环境监测数据以及船载动态监测数据为基础,综合利用计算机、地理信息系统、数据库等技术建设而成的,具有图层控制、成果输出、监测站点相关信息查询、主要环境监测要素时空分布统计分析、非排污口环境污染状况分析评价以及排污口污染状况分析评价等功能。本中主要从系统的建设目标、总体结构设计、数据库设计以及功能模块的设计与应用几个方面加以阐述。     

基于WebGIS技术开发浮标综合管理平台系统的研究

根据浮标综合管理平台系统建设的实际情况,从需求分析、系统结构设计、数据建模以及实现技术等几个方面,详细介绍了基于WebGIS技术开发接收浮标数据、存储浮标数据、多媒体查询及展示浮标数据的综合管理平台系统。在建设过程中,采用浮标数据中心数据库、GIS信息数据库、浮标数据展示3个组成部分进行系统软件设计,提高了系统的可维护性。采用关系型数据库来进行数据的存取,解决了各种浮标格式不统一的问题,使查询变得更为方便;利用OPENLAYER+GEOSERVER+ORACLE/MYSQL来开发WebGIS,实现了电子海图的漫游、数据查询以及数据统计结果输出;通过这个平台系统,可以自动化、多功能、大容量、形象化地展示及查询浮标的各种数据。     

基于Oracle的空间数据库元数据建模研究

分析了面向对象关系模型的数据结构，并对Oracle Spatial组件中空间数据存储结构及对象关系数据模型进行了分析，然后分别给出了Oracle数据库中使用对象关系数据模型和元数据表存储空间数据的构建方法，以及地图索引、元数据表的构建方法。     

三桩筒型基础平台的结构和拖航稳性分析与应用

以渤海湾应用的典型三桩筒型基础为例,通过结构静力分析和拖航稳性分析,推导出结构浮运重量与吃水对应关系,为结构设计和浮运施工方案提供理论依据。现场施工证明了计算分析的正确性,并对渤海近年该典型结构海上成功应用实例进行介绍,以期开阔工程技术人员海上简易平台设计思路,为极浅海海洋工程技术提供有益参考。     

海洋科技档案管理中的数据库设计

文章对目前海洋科技档案管理的现状和存在的问题进行了综合的论述和分析,针对海洋科技档案管理的特点和具体的应用需求,从数据库管理系统、数据分类、概念结构、逻辑结构和物理结构等方面对海洋科技档案数据库(marine science&technology archives management system,MSTADB)进行了设计和建设,旨在为用户提供便捷、高效的海洋科技档案管理、查询和获取服务.     

光谱信息数据库系统设计与开发

尽管我国已建立了地物波谱数据库系统,但针对地形图测制与更新中地形要素属性信息分类提取的实用化波谱数据库系统还未见报道。以地形信息波谱数据的知识化、定量化和实用化为目标,利用ORACLE数据库和VC＋＋编程技术,研制开发了集地物光谱数据采集、数据转换、检索查询、可视化分析及包络线消除等功能于一体的实用化数据库系统,为地形要素属性信息自动分类提供了技术支撑和实验环境。     

中国海洋油气田工程数据管理系统的数据分析建模及其实现

本文介绍一个面向海洋油气田开发概念设计的工程数据管理系统。首先分析了海洋油气田开发概念设计数据的特点,得到了数据的概念模型,然后提出了描述专业内数据结构的层次模型,并采用宏观层次模型和微观关系模型相结合的方式描述全部数据结构,分析了数据的组织形式和关系数据库的范式,设计了数据库结构和数据的存取路径,最后,应用先进的面向对象程序设计方法,采用事件驱动方式控制程序流程,实现了结构简洁、便于维护的应用数     

区域自动气象站市县级综合应用系统设计与应用

采用面向对象的程序设计方法,分模块设计了集区域自动气象站运行状况自动监控与分析、自动报警、数据查询与输出、要素等值分析等功能于一体的综合应用系统。在分析市县级气象部门对区域自动气象站应用需求的基础上,着重介绍了软件系统结构、主要功能及实现方法等内容。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.