重庆地区岩溶地下河发育与分布的基本特征

岩溶地下河是我国西南岩溶地区地下水资源赋存的主要形式,是重要的水源地。本文以重庆市域范围内1∶20万水文地质普查报告为基础,结合大量的野外调查工作,从岩性、构造、地貌等角度总结了重庆岩溶区地下河发育、分布的基本特征。结果表明在质纯层厚的石灰岩中地下河最为发育,而在其它碳酸盐岩层组中,由于碳酸钙含量下降,岩溶率下降,地下河弱发育或不发育。在重庆地区,受到区域构造条件的影响,岩溶地下河管道多沿构造线展布。区域褶皱（向斜、背斜、褶皱转折部位）、构造复合部位、断裂等地质构造特征均影响了岩溶地下河的发育和分布。重庆地区的层状夷平面地貌,控制了岩溶地下河的补给和排泄,地下河多在低一级夷平面形成的河谷、沟谷中出露。根据重庆地区岩溶水的水动力特征和循环条件,将地下河分为汇流型、分流型和平行流型3种类型。      

西南岩溶地区某高速公路隧道穿越地下河水患治理措施

广西大部分地区属典型的喀斯特地貌,地下河发育。本文以西南岩溶地区某高速公路隧道穿越地下河为例,分析岩溶地下水动态特征及计算推测最大洪水位标高,提出几条经济可行的治理隧道水患的措施。     

典型岩溶区地下水系统重金属元素分布特征浅析——以广西坡月地下河为例

地下河为岩溶地下水系统的重要组成部分,为查清典型岩溶区地下水系统中重金属指标的含量变化及空间分布特征,文章以广西坡月地下河系统为例,通过不同断面两次采样分析,重点剖析地下河系统在水文地球化学作用下,地下水中以“五毒”元素及Zn、Al和Mn为代表的重金属元素含量。分析结果表明:坡月地下河水体pH值在7.34～8.10 之间,水体中“五毒”元素、Zn、 Al和Mn的检出含量极低或未检出,质量浓度均远小于国家地下水环境质量标准中的Ⅲ类水质标准,适合各种用途。检出含量较高的点主要为地下河明流段或补给区地表水,含量最高分布在坡心地下河出口水体,其原因是坡心地下河系统区内工矿企业和其它经济活动干扰相对较强,特别是工矿企业的矿石和尾矿渣的露天堆放（如金矿）是引起地下水中重金属元素的检出或超标的重要因素。      

利用氮氧同位素研究桂林寨底地下河硝酸盐来源

工农业生产的迅速发展使地下水硝酸盐氮(NO3-—N)污染成为世界性的环境问题。地下水中硝酸盐的来源研究在水文地质结构特殊的西南岩溶地区就显得尤为重要。稳定氮同位素和氧同位素在地下水硝酸盐的来源示踪研究中有着广泛的应用。本研究选取岩溶地区典型地下河——广西桂林寨底地下河为研究对象,通过氮氧同位素数据,判断寨底地下河硝酸盐来源是以动物粪便为主的农家肥,为该区地下水的保护和利用提供科学依据。     

济南某地区裂隙岩溶地下水硝酸盐污染现状及溯源浅析

通过对历史资料的对比,揭示了济南某地裂隙岩溶地下水中硝酸根污染现状,并通过三线图法对硝酸根进行溯源分析,显示研究区地下水硝酸根含量受人类活动影响明显,并有进一步发展的趋势。相关性分析法分析结果显示地下水硝酸根含量与Cl相关,说明其与工业废水联系密切,而土壤剖面中硝酸根含量显示,土壤中硝酸根含量的顺序为:禽畜粪便污染类污水排放污染类垃圾堆放污染类。分析认为,研究区裂隙盐溶承压水硝酸根污染的来源主要为补给区及径流区强烈渗漏携带牲畜粪便及氮肥和农家肥的施用、生活污水、工业废水及浅层水混入。     

云贵高原岩溶地下河的研究

岩溶地下河是云贵高原重要的岩溶形态,它不但分布广,而且地下水资源丰富,因此地下河已成为高原岩溶地下水研究的中心环节与主要供水水源。     

岩溶地区地下河系统水资源定量评价的问题与出路

岩溶地区含水介质的多重性和高度复杂性,给地下河系统的水资源量评价带来许多难题。在分析地下河系统水资源形成、分布和运移特征基础上,认为目前用于地下水评价的主要方法都不太适用来解决地下河系统水资源量的评价和预测问题。作者在比较地下河与地表水多方面的相似性后,建议引入现代水文学的理论方法和模型来解决岩溶地区地下河系统水资源评价问题,并分析了可能需要解决的若干关键问题。针对岩溶水资源的特征,作者认为,改变传统定量评价的思维、引进现代水文学理论方法和充分利用3S技术,是解决地下河系统水资源定量评价的主要出路。      

重庆岩溶地下河水文地球化学特征及环境意义

岩溶地下河系统是岩溶地区重要的地下水资源,重庆地区分布有岩溶地下河380条,是重庆市重要的地下水资源。为宏观掌握重庆地区岩溶地下河水化学特征,了解区域岩溶地下河水化学影响因素及分布规律,研究了重庆不同地区61条岩溶地下河水文地球化学特征。结果表明,重庆地区岩溶地下河的溶解组分主要来源于碳酸盐岩的溶解,水化学类型为Ca-HCO₃型或Ca(Mg)-HCO₃型,但部分地下河水化学受到人类活动影响变为Na+Ca-HCO₃型、Na+Ca-SO₄型、Na+Ca-Cl型或Ca-SO₄+HCO₃型,且农业活动或城市废水对地下河水化学的影响比工矿业活动普遍。地下河水温度随海拔升高而逐渐降低。在相同的地质背景下,地下河Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO₃-等离子由于受不同区域岩溶作用强度差异的影响呈现出明显的区域性,SO₄2-、NO₃-、Cl-等指标由于受不同区域人类活动强度和方式的影响也显示出明显的区域性。总体来看,岩溶地下河水质正在恶化。     

西南岩溶石山地区不同类型地下河开发利用模式探讨

西南岩溶石山地区岩溶发育规律复杂, 给地下河的有效开发利用带来了困难。在近年来西南岩溶区地质调查成果的基础上,系统总结不同岩溶地貌类型区地形地貌条件、岩溶发育特征,提出了6种典型地下河开发利用模式:（1）峰丛洼地区地下河溶洼成库模式;（2）岩溶深切河谷区地下河堵洞成库模式;（3）岩溶槽谷区地表-地下联合成库模式;（4）岩溶垄脊褶皱区隧洞引水模式;（5）峰林平原（谷地）区地下河机井提引利用模式;（6）断陷盆地边缘地区地下河地表-地下联合成库模式。这6种模式的提出,为因地制宜、合理高效开发利用地下水资源,提供了切实可行的方法借鉴,可有效服务国家精准扶贫战略。      

滇东断陷盆地南洞岩溶地下水系统地下河水文动态特征与资源量评价

本文对滇东断陷盆地南洞岩溶地下水系统各地下河的水文动态特征进行了分析,推断了南洞岩溶地下水系统的结构特征.根据岩性构造、地下河发育以及补径排关系,将其划分为四个子系统.分别采用降雨入渗系数法和径流模数法对南洞岩溶地下水系统的天然资源量进行计算,计算结果分别为35610.7万m3/a和33460.2万m3/a.用枯季径流...     

Nitrate source and fate at the catchment scale of the Vibrata River and aquifer (central Italy): an analysis by integrating component approaches and nitrogen isotopes

The aim of this study is to apply an integrated approach to determine nitrate sources and fate in the alluvial aquifer of the River Vibrata (Abruzzi, central Italy) by coupling the Isotope and the Component approaches. Collected data include concentration and nitrogen isotope composition of groundwater samples from the alluvial aquifer and nitrogen loads arising from agricultural and non-agricultural sources. The adopted methodology identified synthetic fertilizers as main sources of nitrate in the Vibrata alluvial aquifer. At the catchment scale, two different zones have been identified: the Upper Valley, where infiltration to groundwater is dominant and nitrogen easily migrates into the aquifer; in this area, nitrate content in groundwater is stable and normally higher than EU requirements. Moreover, streamwaters are fed by groundwater with a nitrate content likely lowered by denitrification processes occurring in the hyporheic zone. In the Lower Valley, runoff processes dominate and the nitrate content in surface waters is higher. Nevertheless, groundwater is locally affected by denitrification that breaks down the nitrate content, which often reaches values consistent with law limits.     

北京西山岩溶水中硝酸盐来源及迁移特征

西山岩溶水作为北京市重要的供水水源,在区域水文地质调查过程中发现西山岩溶水补给区一些样品硝酸盐浓度偏高,然而其周围岩溶水中硝酸盐浓度并未见明显变化（浓度均值为18.81 mg/L）,具点状硝酸盐源特征。岩溶含水层中硝酸盐分布特征和影响因素具有重要的研究意义。文章利用岩溶水化学和同位素分析结果研究了岩溶水硝酸盐分布和来源,利用IsoSource软件计算各来源的贡献率。结果表明:军庄—永丰屯径流区和军庄—古城—玉泉山泉径流区岩溶水中硝酸盐主要来源于生活废水、土壤有机氮矿化和大气沉降,贡献率值分别为37.1%、36.3%、26.6%;潭柘寺—四季青岩溶水中硝酸盐在潭柘寺补给区有养殖场废水下渗影响,径流区中硝酸盐含量低并发生反硝化降解作用。永定河水源硝酸盐不是岩溶水硝酸盐的主要来源。研究成果对西山岩溶水中硝酸盐的控制具有重要参考价值。     

Isotope analysis of nitrate pollution sources in groundwater of Dong'e geohydrological unit

As nitrate pollution in groundwater has become increasingly serious in recent years, nitrogen isotope was adopted in this paper to define its sources in a typical agricultural area of Dong'e hydrogeological unit. The results show that: Higher content of NO_3~- detected in shallow groundwater is 27.77 mg/L on average and δ15 N content ranges from 7.8‰ to 12 ‰, indicating that shallow groundwater is mainly contaminated by sewage or feces. In contrast, less NO_3~- in deep groundwater(karst water) has an average value of 12.81 mg/L and δ15 N content is between 7.2‰ and 14.3‰, which is closely related to human disturbance as mentioned above. In addition, considering relatively low groundwater quality at some monitoring sites, reasonable fertilization is a better choice in the study area to reduce nitrate source in groundwater.     

区域浅层地下水埋深和水质的空间变异性特性

对华北冲积平原曲周县的139个观测点取样分析,测定了其浅层地下水埋深、地下水含盐量以及硝酸盐含量。应用地质统计学的方法对所取的数据进行了分析,结果表明,地下水埋深服从正态分布,地下水含盐量服从对数正态分布,硝酸盐含量既不服从正态分布也不服从对数正态分布。并且按一定的精度和置信水平确定了这三项的合理取样数目。通过半方差函数分析,发现这三者在一定范围内存在空间相关性。采用Kriging方法对未测点进行了估值,绘制了等值线图,这对于合理利用浅层地下水资源、防治土壤的次生盐渍化及地下水的硝酸盐污染有着直接的现实意义。     

Nitrate in groundwater and surface water related to land use in the Karup Basin,Denmark

The content and distribution of nitrate in groundwater and surface water in the Karup Basin area have been investigated and analyzed. In addition to existing analyses, chemical profiles of the groundwater of the upper part of the water table sand aquifer were measured at a number of sites. The profiles indicate, in general, an upper oxidation zone with nitrate and a lower reduction zone free of nitrate. However, below plantation areas, the nitrate content in the oxidation zone is significantly low as well. The eight profiles are graphed separately, and all results are finally plotted on a single map by a graphic method that takes into consideration both the concentration and the level of the sampled water. The great variation in the nitrate content of the water from one water-supply well to another can easily be explained by plotting the values on maps using this graphing procedure, in conjunction with an examination of the nitrate zonation found in the profiles. The influence of agricultural activities is significantly related to the concentration of nitrate in surface water and groundwater under such water table conditions and circumstances as are found in the Karup Basin.     

Isotope analysis of nitrate pollution sources in groundwater of Dong’e geohydrological unit

As nitrate pollution in groundwater has become increasingly serious in recent years, nitrogen isotope was adopted in this paper to define its sources in a typical agricultural area of Dong’e hydrogeological unit. The results show that: Higher content of NO3- detected in shallow groundwater is 27.77 mg/L on average and δ15N content ranges from 7.8‰ to 12 ‰, indicating that shallow groundwater is mainly contaminated by sewage or feces. In contrast, less NO3- in deep groundwater (karst water) has an average value of 12.81 mg/L and δ15N content is between 7.2‰ and 14.3‰, which is closely related to human disturbance as mentioned above. In addition, considering relatively low groundwater quality at some monitoring sites, reasonable fertilization is a better choice in the study area to reduce nitrate source in groundwater.     

Nitrate in groundwater and the unsaturated zone in (semi)arid northern China: baseline and factors controlling its transport and fate

Knowledge of the baseline of groundwater nitrate is essential for water quality management. As large-scale anthropogenic activities, especially utilization of chemical fertilizers began from the 1950s in most countries, such as China, the baseline of groundwater nitrate can be determined from pre-modern water using tritium and statistical analysis. In the (semi)arid northern China, the median values of nitrate baseline for the three large regions (Tarim river basin, TRB; Loess Plateau of China, LPC; North China Plain, NCP) range from 2 to 9 mg/L (as NO₃). Several main factors control nitrate content in the unsaturated zone moisture and in groundwater, e.g., nitrate input, sediment moisture movement (direction and rate), and depth of water table at the macroscopic scale in (semi)arid areas, where nitrate loss by denitrification can be limited. Sixteen unsaturated zone profiles (638 sediment samples in total) with depths ranging from 5 to 18.25 m were sampled to demonstrate how those factors affect groundwater nitrate. As sediment moisture moves upward from the water table in the TRB case, a large inventory of nitrate in the unsaturated zone with evapo-transpired origin would never enter groundwater and groundwater nitrate contents remain at the baseline level. On the contrary, in the LPC and NCP, nitrate from fertilizers may pass through the unsaturated zone and eventually reach the water table to pollute groundwater. It is also noticed that there is a time lag between land-use change and groundwater quality response, due to the buffering capacity of the thick unsaturated zone, to which attention should be paid regarding water quality management.     

The role of sediment denitrification in reducing groundwater-derived nitrate inputs to Nauset Marsh estuary, Cape Cod, Massachusetts

The Nauset Marsh estuary is the most extensive (9.45 km²) and least disturbed salt marsh/estuarine system within the Cape Cod National Seashore, even though much of the 19 km² watershed area of the estuary is developed for residential or commercial purposes. Because all of the Nauset watershed is serviced by on-site individual sewage disposal systems, there is concern over the potential impact of groundwater-derived nutrients passing from these systems to the shallow receiving waters of the estuary. The purpose of this study was to determine whether denitrification (the bacterial conversion of nitrate to gaseous nitrogen) in estuarine sediments could effectively remove the nitrate from contaminated groundwater before it passed from the watershed to the estuary. Rates of denitrification were measured both in situ and in sediment cores, in areas of active groundwater discharge, in relatively pristine locations, and in areas situated down-gradient of moderate to heavily developed regions of the watershed. Denitrification rates for 47 sediment cores taken over an annual cycle at 5 stations ranged from non-detectable to 47 μmol N₂ m⁻² h⁻. Mean denitrification rates were positively correlated with sediment organic content, and varied seasonally due to changes in sediment organic content and to the effect of water temperatures on sediment oxygen penetration depths. There was no correlation between observed denitrification rates and corresponding nitrate concentrations in groundwater. A comparison of in situ denitrification rates (supported by groundwater nitrate) with denitrification rates observed in sediment cores (supported by remineralized nitrate) showed that groundwater-driven denitrification rates were small, and not in excess of denitrification rates supported by remineralized nitrate. Most of the denitrification in Nauset sediments was apparently fueled by remineralized nitrate through coupled nitrification/denitrification. Denitrification did not contribute significantly to the direct loss of nitrate from incoming groundwater at Nauset Marsh estuary. Groundwater flow was rapid, and much of it occurred in freshwater springs and seeps through very coarse, sandy, well-oxygenated sediments of limited organic content. There was little opportunity for denitrification to occur during groundwater passage through these sediments. These results have important management implications because they suggest that the majority of nitrogen from contaminated groundwater crosses the sediment/water interface and arrives at Nauset Estuary, where it is available to primary producers. Preliminary budget calculations suggest that while denitrification was not an effective mechanism for the direct removal of nitrate in contaminated groundwater flowing to Nauset Marsh estuary, it may contribute to significant nitrogen losses from the estuary itself.     

柳江盆地浅层地下水硝酸盐背景值研究

为探索地下水硝酸盐背景值获取方法,文章以柳江盆地为研究对象,在对比分析国内外研究方法的基础上,首先采用绝对含量和毫克当量百分位数双因子法从宏观上剔除硝酸盐异常数据,然后再利用层次聚类分析结合主成分分析法,分析地下水水化学特征及识别异常分类,进一步剔除异常数据。最后剩余数据进行分布类型检验,采用浓度累计频率法确定地下水硝酸盐背景值范围。研究结果表明,绝对含量和毫克当量百分位数双因子法虽然不能完全剔除异常值,但可为后续层次聚类分析异常识别减少异常信息和子集;层次聚类分析法注重对各亚类的水化学特征分析来识别分析异常数据,具有识别人为异常和天然异常的优势。对比分析常用的数理学方法计算表明,2种方法结合,更能有效识别异常,计算出的地下水硝酸盐背景值更合理。异常数据剔除分析表明,柳江盆地浅层地下水硝酸盐异常与农业化肥的超量施用和居民生活污水与垃圾粪便的下渗污染具有密切的关系。     

Groundwater nitrate pollution in an alluvium aquifer, Eskişehir urban area and its vicinity, Turkey

 A large amount of the water requirement (municipal, industrial, etc.) of Eskişehir city, Turkey, is supplied from groundwater via wells in the urban area. The groundwater in the Eskişehir Plain alluvium has been polluted by municipal and industrial wastewater, and agricultural activities. The nitrate concentrations at nine sampling points on Porsuk River, the main water course in the plain, ranged from 1.5 to 63.3 mg/l during the period from July 1986 to August 1988. In the same period, the nitrate concentrations measured in water from 51 wells ranged between 2.2–257.0 mg/l. The nitrate content of the groundwater samples was 34.2% above 45 mg/l, the upper limit for nitrate in drinking water standards. High nitrate levels were observed in water from wells in the central and eastern parts of the urban area. The nitrate content of the well water is subject to seasonal fluctuation. In general, low nitrate concentrations were observed in wet seasons, and high ones in dry seasons. Received: 16 April 1996 · Accepted: 2 October 1996