Characterization of dipping fractures in a transverselyisotropic background

Although it is believed that natural fracture sets predominantly have near‐vertical orientation, oblique stresses and some other mechanisms may tilt fractures away from the vertical. Here, we examine an effective medium produced by a single system of obliquely dipping rotationally invariant fractures embedded in a transversely isotropic with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI) background rock. This model is monoclinic with a vertical symmetry plane that coincides with the dip plane of the fractures. Multicomponent seismic data acquired over such a medium possess several distinct features that make it possible to estimate the fracture orientation. For example, the vertically propagating fast shear wave (and the fast converted PS‐wave) is typically polarized in the direction of the fracture strike. The normal‐moveout (NMO) ellipses of horizontal reflection events are co‐orientated with the dip and strike directions of the fractures, which provides an independent estimate of the fracture azimuth. However, the polarization vector of the slow shear wave at vertical incidence does not lie in the horizontal plane – an unusual phenomenon that can be used to evaluate fracture dip. Also, for oblique fractures the shear‐wave splitting coefficient at vertical incidence becomes dependent on fracture infill (saturation). A complete medium‐characterization procedure includes estimating the fracture compliances and orientation (dip and azimuth), as well as the Thomsen parameters of the VTI background. We demonstrate that both the fracture and background parameters can be obtained from multicomponent wide‐azimuth data using the vertical velocities and NMO ellipses of PP‐waves and two split SS‐waves (or the traveltimes of PS‐waves) reflected from horizontal interfaces. Numerical tests corroborate the accuracy and stability of the inversion algorithm based on the exact expressions for the vertical and NMO velocities.     

Scattering of plane P waves by a semi-cylindrical hill： analytical solution

An analytical solution for scattering of plane P waves by a semi-cylindrical hill was derived by using the wave function expansion method, and convergence of the solution and accuracy of truncation were verified. The effect of incident frequency and incident angle on the surface motion of the hill was discussed, and it was shown that a hill greatly amplifies incident plane P waves, and maximum horizontal displacement amplitudes appear mostly at the inclined incidence of waves, which are located at the half-space; and maximum vertical displacement amplitudes emerge mostly at the vertical incidence of waves, which are situated at the hill.     

5跨连续中承式钢管混凝土拱桥抗震性能分析

钢管混凝土拱桥由于桥型优美在城市桥梁中得到广泛应用,对某正在设计的5跨连续巾承式钢管混凝土拱桥进行了动力特性和抗震性能分析,根据该桥的结构特点,建立了’该桥的空间有限元分析模型,计算桥梁的自振特性,基于反应谱方法计算了该桥在横向、纵向水平地震反应,计算结果表明：该桥拱肋的面外刚度相对较小,在桥梁振动中首先出现拱肋的面外振动;桥梁的竖向振动表现为拱肋与桥面的整体竖向振动,其基频明显比拱肋面外振动大;主拱肋的轴力由横桥向地震动控制,其他内力由纵桥向地震动控制;地震作用对弯矩的影响较大,故主拱的内力计算应考虑地震力的影响;在设计计算中除常规关键点应作为控制点外,内外拱连接处也应作为控制点。计算结果已为该桥的抗震设计提供了参考。     

Transient electromagnetic vs. seismic prospecting—a correspondence principle1

A correspondence principle is derived that relates the Green's functions (point-receiver responses to point-source excitations) for 2D transient diffusive electro-magnetic fields with electric field in the vertical plane to 2D seismic waves (in the acoustic approximation) with particle velocity in the vertical plane in arbitrarily inhomogeneous media. The constituent medium parameters in the two cases are related via two global proportionality constants. The kernels in the integral operators that express the diffusion phenomenon in terms of the wave phenomenon are of a smoothing nature. The fact that they are explicitly known can be of importance to the inverse operation. The correspondence principle is the fundamental tool in comparing the spatial resolving powers in the two methods of geophysical prospecting.     

Experimental investigation of the earthquake response of a model of a marble classical column

Experimental results concerning the earthquake response of a marble model of a classical column are reported herein. The model was a 1: 3 scale replica of a column of the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens, made from the same material as the original. Several earthquake motions, scaled appropriately in order to cause significant rocking but no collapse of the column, were used as the excitation. The base motion was applied in plane (in one horizontal and the vertical direction) or in space (in two horizontal and the vertical direction), using the shaking table facility at the Laboratory for Earthquake Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens. It was found that the column might undergo large deformations during the shaking, which are not necessarily reflected by the residual displacements at the end of it. For planar excitations, significant out‐of‐plane displacements can happen, triggered by the inevitable imperfections of the specimen. It was also verified that the response is very sensitive, even to small changes of the geometry or the input motion parameters. For this reason, the experiments were not repeatable and ‘identical’ experiments produced different results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of the multimode surface wave response in structures with and without a low velocity channel (part I: Dip-slip sources on a vertical fault plane)

Summary A comparison is made between the multimode Rayleigh wave response to dip-slip motion along a vertical fault plane in structures with and without a low-velocity channel. The use of the higher mode amplitude spectra is proposed as a discriminant between the two types of structure.     

框架结构水平和竖向地震耦合作用时程分析

一般情况下,地震波分量中的水平分量和竖向分量是造成框架结构破坏的重要因素。本文中以框架结构为研究对象,将空间框架结构简化为平面框架结构,基于平面杆系模型并忽略平面框架体系的水平杆件——梁的轴向变形,建立体系水平和竖向耦合振动的运动微分方程,并对结构进行了水平和竖向地震波耦合激励下的弹性动力时程计算。与体系单维输入竖向地震波之弹性动力响应进行对比后,发现耦合激励下框架边柱竖向响应变大而中柱竖向响应变小,在结构抗震设计中宜适当考虑地震的耦合影响。     

Dip and anisotropy effects on flow using a vertically skewed model grid

Darcy flow equations relating vertical and bedding-parallel flow to vertical and bedding-parallel gradient components are derived for a skewed Cartesian grid in a vertical plane, correcting for structural dip given the principal hydraulic conductivities in bedding-parallel and bedding-orthogonal directions. Incorrect-minus-correct flow error results are presented for ranges of structural dip (0 < or = theta < or = 90) and gradient directions (0 < or = phi < or = 360). The equations can be coded into ground water models (e.g., MODFLOW) that can use a skewed Cartesian coordinate system to simulate flow in structural terrain with deformed bedding planes. Models modified with these equations will require input arrays of strike and dip, and a solver that can handle off-diagonal hydraulic conductivity terms.     

THE INSENSITIVITY OF REFLECTED SH WAVES TO ANISOTROPY IN AN UNDERLYING LAYERED MEDIUM1

Propagation in the plane of mirror symmetry of a monoclinic medium, with displacement normal to the plane, is the most general circumstance in anisotropic media for which pure shear-wave propagation can occur at all angles. Because the pure shear mode is uncoupled from the other two modes, its slowness surface in the plane is an ellipse. When the mirror symmetry plane is vertical the pure shear waves in this plane are SH waves and the elliptical SH sheet of the slowness surface is, in general, tilted with respect to the vertical axis. Consider a half-space of such a monoclinic medium, called medium M, overlain by a half-space of isotropic medium I with plane SH waves incident on medium M propagating in the vertical symmetry plane of M. Contrary to the appearance of a lack of symmetry about the vertical axis due to the tilt of the SH-wave slowness ellipse, the reflection and transmission coefficients are symmetrical functions of the angle of incidence, and further, there exists an isotropic medium E with uniquely determined density and shear speed which gives exactly the same reflection and transmission coefficients underlying medium J as does monoclinic medium M. This means that the underlying monoclinic medium M can be replaced by isotropic medium E without changing the reflection and transmission coefficients for all values of the angle of incidence. Thus no set of SH seismic experiments performed in the isotropic medium in the symmetry plane of the underlying half-space can reveal anything about the monoclinic anisotropy of that underlying half-space. Moreover, even when the underlying monoclinic half-space is stratified, there exists a stratified isotropic half-space that gives the identical reflection coefficient as the stratified monoclinic half-space for all angles of incidence and all frequencies.     

球体内点位错产生的球型位移场：Ⅰ．理论

本文研究了ＳＮＲＥＩ模型内点位错产生的球型位移场．讨论了在用源函数表示的点力作用下的非奇次平衡方程的积分方法．通过定义位错Ｌｏｖｅ数，讨论了４种独立的位错解，并由此描述３种基本位错问题，即剪切位错、引张位错和爆破．导出了这３种位错产生的位移场的计算公式，可以用来计算任意位错源在任意点处的位移场．     

Influence of boundary conditions on the out‐of‐plane response of brick masonry walls in buildings with RC slabs

In modern unreinforced masonry buildings with stiff RC slabs, walls of the top floor are most susceptible to out‐of‐plane failure. The out‐of‐plane response depends not only on the acceleration demand and wall geometry but also on the static and kinematic boundary conditions of the walls. This paper discusses the influence of these boundary conditions on the out‐of‐plane response through evaluation of shake table test results and numerical modelling. As a novum, it shows that the in‐plane response of flanking elements, which are orthogonal to the wall whose out‐of‐plane response is studied, has a significant influence on the vertical restraint at the top of the walls. The most critical configuration exists if the flanking elements are unreinforced masonry walls that rock. In this case, the floor slabs can uplift, and the out‐of‐plane load‐bearing walls loose the vertical restraint at the top. Numerical modelling confirms this experimentally observed behaviour and shows that slab uplift and the difference in base and top excitation have a strong influence on the out‐of‐plane response of the walls analysed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic analysis of a transversely isotropic multilayered half-plane subjected to a moving load

In this paper, the analytical layer-element method is utilized to analyze the plane strain dynamic response of a transversely isotropic multilayered half-plane due to a moving load. We assume that the studied system moves synchronously with the moving load, then the moving load relative to the moving system is considered to be motionless. Therefore, the vertical stress and the vertical displacement under the moving load need not update for the variation of the load position. Based on the governing equations of motion in the moving system, the analytical layer-element solutions for a finite layer and a half-plane in the Fourier transform domain are derived by using the algebraic operations in Ref. [7]. The global matrix of the problem can be obtained by assembling the analytical layer-elements of all layers. The corresponding solution in the frequency domain is further recovered by the inverse Fourier transform. Several examples are given to confirm the accuracy of the proposed method and to illustrate the influence of material properties.     

单层模型对GNSS海啸电离层扰动探测的影响分析

本文全面分析了电离层单层模型高度以及投影函数对GNSS海啸电离层扰动探测的影响.利用GNSS计算的电离层扰动绝对空间分布位置随单层高度变化而变化,但对同颗卫星而言,其相对空间分布位置随单层高度变化较小.采用投影函数将倾斜方向的电离层扰动转化到垂直方向上,可以消除海啸传播方向垂直平面外的不一致性;由于电离层扰动存在水平梯度,不能消除海啸传播方向垂直平面上的不一致性.为了减弱单层模型参数对GNSS海啸电离层扰动探测的影响,在数据处理时,除了选择最大电子密度高度作为单层模型高度,还应当对每颗卫星单独进行分析.     

海洋地磁场的垂直空间变化分析

将海洋磁力测量数据归算到统一的基准面上可以提高测量和成图的精度.由于归算方法本身存在误差,并不是所有的测量数据都必须归算到统一的基准面上.本文首先理论分析地磁异常的垂直空间变化,然后采用曲面向上延拓技术,利用两个典型海洋磁场数据分析海洋地磁异常的垂直空间变化,研究了海洋地磁异常随高度变化的规律.最后得出海洋磁力测量数据进行归算的阈值条件.     

SH波冲击下浅埋任意形孔洞的动力分析

求解了稳态SH波垂直弹性半空间水平表面入射时,浅埋任意形孔洞的动力响应。采用复变函数和多极坐标方法构造了一个能够自动满足水平表面上应力自由边界条件的散射波函数。应用这一波函数,将半空间中的问题转化为求解一个全空间中任意形孔洞的散射问题,最终将问题归结为对一组无穷代数方程组的求解。作为对抗爆问题的研究,给出了浅埋椭圆孔和方孔附近的动应力集中系数的数值结果,并对算例进行了讨论。     

垂直应变的研究意义及模型分析

近20多年来国内垂直应变领域一直无人涉及.垂直应变量的获取可将应变固体潮从平面应变观测提升到三维空间应变观测.本文说明了垂直应变观测的必要性,建立了垂直应变观测系统的原始模型,并提出了研制的难点和理论上的解决方法.     

Dynamic pressures on a pair of rigid walls retaining poroelastic soil

This work deals with the evaluation of the dynamic pressures and the associated forces on a pair of rigid vertical cantilever walls retaining a uniform, fully saturated poroelastic layer of soil. Hysteretic damping in the soil skeleton may also be present. Wall pressures and forces are induced by horizontal ground shaking harmonically varying with time and spatially invariant. The problem is solved analytically under conditions of plane strain. The governing partial differential equations of motion, after separation of variables and the simplifying assumptions of zero vertical normal stresses and zero horizontal variation of vertical displacements, reduce to a system of two ordinary differential equations for the amplitudes of the solid skeleton horizontal displacement and the pore water pressure, which are easily solved. The parameters examined include the ratio of the distance between walls to the height of the retained soil material and the soil material properties such as porosity, permeability and damping. The comprehensive numerical data presented indicate that the displacements, wall pressures and resultant forces are highly dependent on the distance between the walls for any values of porosity and permeability.     

线性连续变化非弹性介质中地震波射线轨迹与走时研究

地球内部非弹性介质广泛存在,垂向线性连续变化非弹性介质模型具有重要理论与实际意义,本文利用复速度概念推导得到了复速度随深度线性连续变化的非弹性介质中地震波射线轨迹与等时线方程.理论结果表明:在线性连续变化非弹性介质中,射线轨迹呈圆形,等时面的形状为椭圆.最后对射线轨迹与等时线方程的适用性条件进行了讨论.     

Response of a double‐wedge base‐isolation device

A novel base‐isolation device is described and its performance is compared with that of a friction pendulum bearing. In its simplest form, the device consists of two wedges sliding on a horizontal plane in opposite directions and constrained from retreating by ratchets or bilinear dampers. The superstructure rests at the intersection of the two wedges. For a sufficiently large horizontal acceleration of the base, the structure starts to move up the inclined plane of one of the wedges, which remains fixed while the second wedge is slaved to follow the structure. As the direction of the base acceleration reverses, the process is reversed and the structure starts to climb on the second inclined plane while the first wedge follows. The overall result is that the horizontal acceleration of the structure is reduced with respect to that of the base and that kinetic energy associated with horizontal velocities is systematically transformed into potential energy. In the case of motion in a vertical plane, the device has the following advantages over a friction pendulum: (i) the sliding surface is linear instead of curved, (ii) kinetic energy is systematically transformed into potential energy during the strong ground motion, and (iii) the device is slowly self‐centering. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.