常见绿松石品种特征及充填处理的鉴定

总结了我国市场上大量常见的不同产地的天然绿松石的特征,同时对比我国市场常见的充填处理绿松石的特征,研究了天然与充填处理绿松石的一般鉴别特征,发现处理绿松石的颜色深浅、颜色分布、包裹体、外观与天然绿松石均有较大的区别。还利用红外光谱对天然的和充填处理的绿松石进行了测试,发现充填处理绿松石在1 735、1 600、1 500 cm^-1附近可见吸收峰,表明绿松石内部充填了人工类树脂,可作为鉴定充填处理绿松石的有力证据。     

峨眉山高钛玄武岩物源的不均一性研究

对二滩地区高钛玄武岩物源研究表明,该区岩石可分为高钛-1和高钛-2两种岩石类型。其反映了二滩高钛玄武岩浆物源的不均一性,这种不均一性主要表现在:1)微量元素Zr,Sr含量明显不同;2)部分熔融程度和熔融压力不同;3)岩浆的结晶分异不同;4)Pb同位素比值不同。这可能是深源地幔柱(来自核-幔边界或下地幔)在上升过程中携带的不同物质发生部分熔融所致。     

Response of streamflow to projected climate change scenarios in an eastern Himalayan catchment of India

Snowmelt run-off model (SRM) based on degree-day approach has been employed to evaluate the change in snow-cover depletion and corresponding streamflow under different projected climatic scenarios for an eastern Himalayan catchment in India. Nuranang catchment located at Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh with an area of 52 km² is selected for the present study with an elevation range of 3143–4946 m above mean sea level. Satellite images from October to June of the selected hydrological year 2006–2007 were procured from National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad. Snow cover mapping is done using NDSI method. Based on long term meteorological data, temperature and precipitation data of selected hydrological year are normalized to represent present climatic condition. The projected temperature and precipitation data are downloaded from NCAR’s GIS data portal for different emission scenarios (SRES), viz., A1B, A2, B1; and IPCC commitment (non-SRES) scenario for different future years (2020, 2030, 2040 and 2050). Projected temperature and precipitation data are obtained at desired location by spatially interpolating the gridded data and then by statistical downscaling using linear regression. Snow depletion curves for all projected scenarios are generated for the study area and compared with conventional depletion curve for present climatic condition. Changes in cumulative snowmelt depth for different future years are highest under A1B and lowest under IPCC commitment, whereas A2 and B1 values are in-between A1B and IPCC commitment. Percentage increase in streamflow for different future years follows almost the same trend as change in precipitation from present climate under all projected climatic scenarios. Hence, it was concluded that for small catchments having seasonal snow cover, the total streamflow under projected climatic scenarios in future years will be primarily governed by the change in precipitation and not by change in snowmelt depth. Advancing of depletion curves for different future years are highest under A1B and lowest under IPCC commitment. A2 and B1 values are in-between A1B and IPCC commitment.     

地球化学异常再现性与可对比性

不同密度采样是否可以获得稳定的和可追索的地球化学模式是检验采样是否具有代表性，分析技术是否成熟的重要依据。笔者选择新疆哈密大南湖地区约6400km^2面积，进行了从超低密度(1个样／100km^2)，甚低密度(1个样／25km^2)直到低密度(1个样／4km^2)地球化学采样，对比了3种密度地球化学采样所获得的地球化学数据和异常分布模式。得出如下结论：超低密度、甚低密度、低密度地球化学调查获得的元素含量平均值和背景值非常接近；超低密度、甚低密度、低密度调查所圈定的地球化学省在形态上和变化趋势上非常相似，浓集中心的位置重合，表明不同调查阶段可获得稳定的和可追索的地球化学模式；采样密度越大数据离散程度越高，即最小值更小，最大值更大，表明元素分布的局部不均匀性，正是这种局部的不均匀性才能通过加密采样刻画出地球化学模式的细节变化，为逐步追踪矿化体奠定了基础；超低密度和甚低密度采样可以有效圈定矿集区所形成的大规模地球化学异常，低密度地球化学调查不仅可以圈定矿集区异常，同时可以圈定分散矿化的小规模局部异常。     

In Situ Resonance Raman Spectra of Organic Pigments in Momo Coral

In this study, Raman scattering measurements were obtained for momo corals covering their typical range of colors. Three different excitation wavelengths (785, 633, 514 nm) are used for the same samples at the same points. All the samples show the two major Raman features of polyenic compounds assigned to double carbon-carbon (C=C) stretching vibration at approximately 1 500 cm-1 and single carbon-carbon (C--C) stretching vibration at approximately 1 130 cm-1 bond stretching mode. These peaks are not detected in the corresponding white parts of momo corals. However, somechanges in intensities, shape, and position of C=C stretching vibrations of the same point are observed by using different excitation wavelengths. The exact position of C-C stretching vibration of polyenic molecules depends strongly on the number of double bonds contained in their polyenic chain. In addition, the number of double bonds contained in the polyenic chains shows that different colors of the red momo coral are caused by different mixtures of polyenic compounds.     

低密度地球化学填图在热带雨林区的适用性探索：以印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛巴东明古鲁地区为例

不同尺度地球化学填图能否获得稳定的和可追索的地球化学模式,能否真实反映元素含量背景,是检验填图方法是否可行的重要依据。笔者选择印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛巴东—明古鲁地区热带雨林区为研究对象,对比该区1:100 万（1 个样/100 km2）和1:25 万（1 个样/4 km2）两种不同比例尺的地球化学采样所获得的地球化学数据和异常分布模式,发现二者获得的元素含量背景值和中位数非常接近,所圈定的地球化学省在形态和变化趋势上非常类似,浓集中心的位置几乎完全重合,证明低密度地球化学填图也能获得稳定的和可追溯的地球化学模式,认为该方法在热带雨林区也是适用的。低密度地球化学填图圈出的地球化学省基本涵盖了研究区大的矿床和花岗岩体,真实的反映了研究区元素的分布情况,在这些地球化学省内开展更大比例尺的地球化学填图工作,能进一步圈定局部异常直接找矿,降低企业勘查投资风险。     

库水压力作用下砂岩破坏形式的探究

为了解砂岩在库水压力作用下的破坏形态特征,选取三峡库区秭归某滑坡区域砂岩为研究对象进行浸泡试验。试验采用自主设计的YRK-1型岩石溶解试验仪,设定0、0.4、0.8 MPa三种不同浸泡水压,并进行对比。对不同水压力下浸泡的砂岩在不同浸泡周期进行单轴和三轴压缩试验,得出了砂岩试样在不同情况下的宏观破坏形态特征。研究表明,随着浸泡时间增长,砂岩试样试验破坏时呈现如下规律：（1）砂岩试样在不同围压时都表现出破坏角逐渐减小并趋近于某一稳定值的规律,而且浸泡压力越大,减小的趋势越明显;（2）单轴压缩破坏时砂岩试样表面剪切裂纹逐渐变短,张拉裂纹逐渐变长,而且浸泡压力越大,变化趋势越明显     

贵州省兴仁县紫木凼金矿床地球化学勘查模型

系统研究了紫木凼金矿床不同比例尺勘查结果的地质、地球化学资料，建立了紫木凼金矿床的区域(1：20万)、矿田(1:5万)和矿床(1：1万)3种尺度的地球化学勘查模型。对1：20万区域化探异常评价具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Statistical model of silicate analysis and results of investigation of G-1 and W-1 samples

An analysis of the results of investigation of the G- 1 and W- 1 samples are given and differ from F. Chayes’ point of view. Results of the samples can be evaluated by comparison of frequency-distribution properties of determinations for chemical elements from different laboratories with some standard distribution, which gives the idea of a statistical model. The comparative results indicate that oxides from minerals of the same density have positive correlations and that oxides from minerals of different density have negative correlations. The different results therefore are not from the precision of analysis, but rather from differentiation of sample powder particles by density and shape in the course of preparation.     

Characterisation of dispersed organic matter from lower Palaeozoic metasedimentary rocks by organic petrography, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman spectroscopy analyses

Dispersed organic matter (DOM) concentrates of C-rich rocks from areas with different metamorphic characteristics were studied by organic petrography, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman spectroscopy analysis. The concentrates contain several types of DOM with different morphologies, reflectance, X-ray diffraction and micro-Raman characteristics.Four different morphological types were identified in the two studied areas. The different types have different distributions and their reflectance is quite variable in the four types, with a dominance of the highest reflectance values in the DOM from the area with the highest metamorphic grade.XRD analyses of samples from the areas reveal the presence of fine graphite together with non-graphitised carbons.The Raman spectral profiles show the usual bands G (1582 cm⁻¹) and D1 (1350 cm⁻¹), on the first-order Raman spectrum, and S1 (2700 cm⁻¹) on the second-order spectrum. Additional weaker bands, D2 (1620 cm⁻¹), and more rarely D3 (1500 cm⁻¹) and S2 (2900 cm⁻¹), are present. These are characteristic for disordered carbons in the different types of DOM and in both studied areas. However, the Raman parameters (D1/G intensity area ratio and the frequency and width of G band) indicate variable degrees of organisation in all DOM types.The existence of different types of DOM with different degrees of ordering in the same lithologies and metamorphic grade seems to be related to different organic precursors, as they are graphitised to different extents under the same metamorphic conditions. However, in the same lithologies and metamorphic grade, the existence of various stages of graphitisation within the same type of DOM can only be explained though the interaction of DOM with the metamorphic fluids present in the rocks. The ordering graphitisation process may be due to the existence of metamorphic fluid circulation events with a variety of compositions.     

深层地铁盾构施工地层水平位移动态分析

针对盾构掘进过程中引起的两相水平位移,对广州地铁2、8号延长线某区间进行现场实测,将实测结果与数值模拟相结合,计算表明,在盾构通过的不同阶段,平行于隧道方向的水平位移U1与垂直于隧道方向的水平位移U2呈现出不同的变化规律,在1倍隧道直径的区域内,U1位移最大值大于U2位移最大值,两相位移均不可忽略。     

不同风化程度花岗岩动力特性实验研究

采用6种不同风化程度的花岗岩试样,在相同围压下进行了不同加载速率（1～105 MPa/s）的动三轴压缩实验。研究发现,不同风化程度花岗岩试件的抗压强度、弹性模量均随加载速率的增加而增加,泊松比随加载速率的增加而减小。抗压强度的增加幅度随风化程度的增加而增加,弹性模量的增加幅度基本保持不变     

Investigation of GLONASS performance in differential positioning

With GLONASS completed its full constellation and the rapid increasing number of GNSS receivers, it is worthwhile to investigate the availability of GLONASS-only in positioning. In this paper, two networks of different baseline length, located in two different regions are analyzed. For both networks, GLONASS and GPS observations are processed respectively for 175?days since GLONASS recovered FOC. The RMS and STD of the coordinates minus those from the International GNSS Service weekly solutions are analyzed. The statistics over a long period empirically demonstrate that the averaged coordinate repeatabilities of GLONASS are slightly worse than that of GPS results. The estimated ZTDs of GLONASS is about 1?C2?mm worse than GPS results. For both networks, the GLONASS coordinates show some systematic effect as a function of antenna + radome type, caused by the using of GPS derived PCC models. The systematic effect varied form several mm to 1?cm for different stations with different antenna + radome types, which indicates that GLONASS-specific PCC models are mandatory in GLONASS high precision positioning.     

歧口凹陷沙河街组一段层序格架和储层质量分析

层序地层格架与储层质量之间具有明显的关联,不同沉积体系域具有不同的岩性组合,经历了不同的成岩过程,造成了储层质量差异。本文综合利用地质和地球物理资料,以歧口凹陷沙一段为研究对象,重点讨论了沙一段层序地层格架、成岩演化和储层质量之间的关系,指出沙一段可划分成三个三级层序,每个层序均发育低位、湖侵和高位体系域。低位和高位体系域多发育三角洲和水下扇成因的砂砾岩,这些沉积砂砾岩目前处于成岩演化的中期。受原始沉积环境和成岩环境等因素的影响,不同沉积体系的储层质量存在明显的不同。高位体系域多发育三角洲和重力流成因的、相对较粗的砂砾岩,加之埋深相对较浅,所以相对于低位体系域储层来说,具有较好的储层质量。最后,依据层序格架、沉积类型和成岩作用综合研究,指出歧北次凹沙一段储层的储集物性比歧南次凹好,沙一上层序的储层物性比沙一下层序和沙一中层序的好,从而评价预测了沙一段有利储层的空间分布。     

构造坡折带对白云岩储层的控制作用

构造坡折带．在陆相断陷湖盆的研究中已得到广泛应用，它对油气聚集具有重要的控制作用．但在海相盆地研究中还知之甚少．天1井和天2井同处于鄂尔多斯盆地西缘天环坳陷的天池构造上，两井相隔不远．天1井获高产气流．而天2井却未见油气显示．从高产气层段的岩性上来看，两井并未发生较大的变化．从孔隙类型来看．天1井以溶洞、溶缝发育；而天2井以晶间孔为主．次为裂隙和压溶缝，少量溶孔．多被充填．造成储集性能差异的根本原因在于两井分处于断裂坡折的不同位置，天1井位于坡折带之上，天2井位于坡折带之下，从而在沉积演化过程中受到孔隙流体的改造作用存在明显的差异．天1井的储集性能明显优于天2井，为后期油气运聚提供了有利的场所．     

江心洲头部冲淤动力临界特性

不同流量级下,分汊河段进口主流摆动导致江心洲头部的平面冲淤分布呈现出复杂变化特征。为探究江心洲头部冲淤与来流过程之间的响应关系,借助长江中下游多个分汊河段内水沙、地形资料,对江心洲头部水动力特征实施了数值模拟,并对不同流量级下的河床变形强度进行综合比较。研究表明:江心洲头部低滩的冲淤动力随着流量涨落呈现出明显的临界特性,冲淤过程中存在大、小两个临界流量Q₁与Q₂,在介于两个临界流量之间的流量级持续作用下,洲头低滩发生冲刷;流量大于Q₁或小于Q₂时,洲头低滩表现为淤积。由于不同流量级造成的冲淤效果不同,因而水文过程中各级流量的持续时间,是影响洲头低滩年内、年际变形的主要因素。     

考虑不同尺度孔隙压缩敏感性的砂岩渗透特性研究

以往的研究多是从宏观层面建立孔隙压缩敏感性与渗透率之间的关系,缺乏砂岩不同尺度孔隙结构改变对渗透率演化规律的认识。从细观孔隙层面来看,不同尺度孔隙在应力作用下闭合程度差异明显,考虑不同尺度下孔隙压缩敏感性对准确预测渗透率演化至关重要。因此,利用多场耦合核磁共振试验平台开展了砂岩渗流-应力耦合试验,获得了不同应力作用下砂岩渗透率以及孔径分布曲线的变化规律,将孔径分成大孔(>1μm)、中孔(0.1～lμm)、小孔(<0.1μm)3类,计算了砂岩不同尺度孔隙压缩系数及其转化因子,提出了考虑不同尺度孔隙压缩敏感性的砂岩渗透率计算公式。结果发现:砂岩不同尺度孔隙的压缩性差异明显,大尺度孔隙的压缩敏感性更强;考虑不同尺度孔隙压缩敏感性的渗透率公式与试验值具有较好的一致性。     

热处理红-黄色翡翠的红外光谱分析

红-黄色翡翠是否经过热处理,其价值相差悬殊。随着市场对红-黄色翡翠的需求增加,鉴别其是否经过热处理是目前宝玉石鉴定的难点和热点问题。通过加热实验,利用红外光谱测试技术对加热前、后的红-黄色翡翠样品的红外光谱进行对比分析。结果表明,加热前、后的红-黄色翡翠样品的红外光谱具有不同的特征,主要表现为硬玉结构中OH的四组吸收峰强弱的变化：（1）吸收峰的强变化是在3 000～4 000 cm-1之间的峰型从加热前呈U型到加热后呈V型;（2）吸收峰的弱变化则是谱线略有改变,出现3 622～3 628 cm-1或3 670 cm-1附近的吸收峰,这些特征可作为红-黄色翡翠是否经过加热处理的辅助性诊断指标。     

塔里木盆地志留系层序地层特征及其勘探意义

基于塔里木盆地典型露头剖面及钻揭地层的系统研究,建立了各区块志留系层序地层基准剖面.志留系可划分出SQ1-SQ5五个层序,不同地区因残留程度不同而层序划分有所差别.志留系层序边界除SB1全盆易于追踪外,其他均不易追踪.根据地震相响应特征,志留系各个层序内部进一步划分体系域均比较困难.SQ1、SQ3为基准面上升半旋回型层...     

中国小岩体镍铜(铂族)矿床的区域成矿规律

文章进一步提出中国小岩体镍铜(铂族)矿床产出于三种地质背景,即古大陆内的小侵入体、造山带内小侵入体和与大陆溢流玄武岩有关的小侵入体,分别介绍了金川、喀拉通克和白马寨三个典型矿床的地质情况。从成矿的三个必要条件(①岩浆应达到硫化物饱和;②硫化物与岩浆之间应有足够的质量比;③硫化物聚集到有限的空间成矿)出发,结合矿床实例,阐述了成矿的深部过程和深部熔离-贯入成矿模式。论述了不同尺度的区域成矿规律:①三种地质背景;②邻近深大断裂;③三种岩体-矿床的分布结构形式;④矿集区往往是由一个同源多期次上侵的岩体群组成;⑤矿床由含矿岩浆上侵的终端岩浆房组成;⑥含矿岩浆贯入成矿往往伴随一定的流动分异作用或重力分异作用。