新疆塔什库尔干县达布太尔地区二叠纪孢粉化石的发现及其地质意义

新疆维吾尔自治区塔什库尔干县达布太尔地区位于印度板块与欧亚板块结合部的西昆仑造山带,是研究喀喇昆仑山-昆仑山地质演化的重要地区之一。由于西昆仑地区处于中亚腹地的高寒缺氧地带,自然条件差,交通不便,野外地质调查研究十分困难,区域地质研究程度较低,达布太尔地区沉积地层中一直没有获得可靠微体化石证据。经笔者的室内、外地质调查与研究,在达布太尔地区发现了内点囊三缝孢Endosporites punctatus Gao,雅致韦氏粉 Wilsonites delicatus (Kosanke) Kosanke,多孔柯达粉 Cordaitina spongiosa (Luber ) Samolovich,马什阿里粉 Alisporites mathalensis Clarke,卵形侧囊粉 Sulcatisporites ovatus (Balme and Hennelly) Balme,以及光面和点状孢子Leiotriletes 和Punctatisporites 等二叠纪孢子花粉化石。从上述化石组合特征看,这些孢子花粉化石基本属于华夏植物地理区类型。结合前人对该区生物地层和同位素年代学的研究,笔者认为塔什库尔干县达布太尔地区原划为二叠纪的碎屑岩沉积地层可能为包含了志留纪、二叠纪及其它时代岩层的混杂地层体。     

Tectonics of the Siberian Craton: Interpretation of geological, geophysical, geochronological, and isotopic geochemical data

The tectonic scheme of the Siberian Craton proposed in this paper is compiled on the basis of a geological map of the craton prepared from numerous magnetometric maps and gravity measurements on various scales, the scheme of axes of magnetic anomalies, and the synthesis of geological information on the exposed territories. The shields and platform territories of the ancient Siberian Craton comprises Archean blocks and Paleoproterozoic foldbelts. The granite-greenstone terranes and granulite-gneiss domains were formed in the Meso- and Neoarchean. The granite-greenstone terranes exposed and overlapped by sedimentary cover are identical, although they generally differ in internal structure and rock compositions both at the infra- and supracrustal levels. The Archean granulite-gneiss domains are recognized either as special tectonic units or as deep sections of granite-greenstone terranes. Two groups of the Paleoproterozoic collisional belts that amalgamated separate Archean blocks of the Siberian Craton into a common stable structural unit evolved 2.1–1.9 and 1.9–1.8 Ga ago. Three types of deep faults arose in the Paleoproterozoic: (1) translithospheric fault zones as boundaries of tectonic blocks and collisional belts, (2) intracrustal fault zones that originated as a result of nonuniform uplift of particular segments of the common plate, and (3) transcrustal zones formed in a plate that overrode another, plunging plate.     

中国东北地区主要地体古地磁学研究

东北地区由多个地体组成,其运动特征与邻区西伯利亚和华北等板块具有明显差异,有其独特的演化历史。古地磁资料支持将其划为独立构造单元,称之为东北地体群。古地磁资料表明,东北主要地体古生代处在南纬低纬度地区,中生代诸地体共同快速北移,其纬向运移的平均速度约为３．８ｃｍ／ａ。于白垩纪中期就位于现今位置。     

Late Quaternary faulting along the western margin of the Poronaysk Lowland in central Sakhalin, Russia

Sakhalin Island straddles an active plate boundary between the Okhotsk and Eurasian plates. South of Sakhalin, this plate boundary is illuminated by a series of M_w 7–8 earthquakes along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan. Although this plate boundary is considered to extend onshore along the length of Sakhalin, the location and convergence rate of the plate boundary had been poorly constrained. We mapped north-trending active faults along the western margin of the Poronaysk Lowland in central Sakhalin based on aerial photograph interpretation and field observations. The active faults are located east of and parallel to the Tym–Poronaysk fault, a terrane boundary between Upper Cretaceous and Neogene strata; the active faults appear to have reactivated the terrane boundary at depth in Quaternary time. The total length of the active fault zone on land is about 140 km. Tectonic geomorphic features such as east-facing monoclinal and fault scarps, back-tilted fluvial terraces, and numerous secondary faults suggest that the faults are west-dipping reverse faults. Assuming the most widely developed geomorphic surface in the study area formed during the last glacial maximum at about 20 ka based on similarities of geomorphic features with those in Hokkaido Island, we obtain a vertical component of slip rate of 0.9–1.4 mm/year. Using the fault dip of 30–60°W observed at an outcrop and trench walls, a net slip rate of 1.0–2.8 mm/year is obtained. The upper bound of the estimate is close to a convergence rate across the Tym–Poronaysk fault based on GPS measurements. A trenching study across the fault zone dated the most recent faulting event at 3500–4000 years ago. The net slip associated with this event is estimated at about 4.5 m. Since the last faulting event, a minimum of 3.5 m of strain, close to the strain released during the last event, has accumulated along the central portion of the active strand of the Tym–Poronaysk fault.     

The terrane concept and its manifestation by deep reflection studies in the Variscides

The terrane concept is understood as an important extension of plate tectonics and is based on the recognition of allochthonous, mobile geological units. The concept is successfully applied to the Variscides with their wide range of collisional belts. It is mainly supported by the dense deep-seismic network of DEKORP, which reveals certain reflectivity patterns and succeeds in mapping old and new deep fault zones between the terranes. Variscan terranes are rooted in the ductile lower crust and seem to consist of continental crust only, partly exclusively of rigid upper crust. Oceanic terranes, on the other hand, are always rooted in the asthenosphere. The development of continental terranes and their boundaries depends strongly on their thermal and rheological history. In the case of post-orogenic collapse with heating and extension of the lower crust, seismic lamellae develop and often truncate former thrust faults.     

中亚大陆古生代构造形成及演化

西伯利亚、塔里木及哈萨克斯坦诸古板块中的微陆和地体构造了中亚十分复杂的拼贴构造图案。古生代时，南天巴准洋－阿萨伊锡弧沟弧系和额尔齐斯洋－成田弧沟弧系构成了哈萨克斯坦板块的原型，塔里木板块陆壳块体在泥盆纪相对于阿萨伊锡岛弧的左行低角度斜俯冲和碰撞，造成此弧的解体、走滑堆叠和山弯构造。与此同时，成田岛弧南北两侧分别受到南天巴准洋和额尔齐斯洋的俯冲。在晚古生代晚期这两个沟弧系演变为哈萨克斯坦板块的基本构     

山东半岛的地体构造及金矿成矿的区域地质背景

本文以不整合面的发现及同位素年龄为依据,重新厘定了本区早前寒武纪的地层,从而搞清了本区的大地构造格架,认为它类似于加拿大地盾的“洋葱构造”。本文将山东半岛划分为４个地体：胶北地体,鲁西地体,胶南地体,胶东南－苏东北－黄海地体。认为胶北地体成矿的大地构造背景与南克拉通成矿背景十分相似。胶南地体,黄海地体对胶北地体的俯冲作用为胶北地体提供了成岩成矿物质。根据胶北群和齐山群的地质及及地球化学特征,认为胶     

Cadomian terranes,wrench faulting and thrusting in the central Europe Variscides: geophysical and geological evidence

Sixty five per cent of the Paleozoic basement of western and central Europe is hidden by a sedimentary cover and/or sea. This work aims to remove that blanket to detect new structures which could used to build a more comprehensive model of the Variscan orogeny. It is based on the interpretation of various forms of data: (a) published gravity maps corrected for the effects of the crust-mantle boundary topography and light sedimentary basins; (b) aeromagnetic maps; (c) measurements of densities; and (d) induced and remanent magnetizations on rocks from Paleozoic outcrops of the upper Rhenish area. From the northern Bohemian Massif to the eastern Paris Basin, the Saxothuringian is characterized by a 500 km long belt of gravity highs, the most important being the Kraichgau high. Most of the corresponding heavy bodies are buried under a post-early Viséan cover. They are interpreted as relics of Late Proterozoic terranes overlain by an Early to Middle Paleozoic sequence, equivalent to the Bohemian terrane in the Bohemian Massif. The most probable continuation of these dense Bohemian terranes toward the west is the Southern Channel-Northern Brittany Cadomian terrane. The gravity lows are correlated with Variscan granites and pre- and early Variscan metagranites.Gravity and magnetic maps demonstrate large-scale displacement in Devonian-Early Carboniferous times along the parallel and equidistant, NW-SE striking, Vistula, Elbe, Bavarian, Bray and South Armorican dextral wrench faults. In the Vosges-Schwarzwald and Central Massif the faults continue with the east-west striking Lalaye-Lubine-Baden-Baden and Marche faults and with south vergent thrusts. The Bavarian faults shift the Kraichgau terrane by 150 km relative to the Bohemian terrane, whereas the offset of the Northern Brittany Cadomian relative to the Northern Vosges-Kraichgau terranes is estimated at 400 km along the Bray fault. Sinistral wrench faults are the NE-SW striking Sillon Houiller, Rheingraben, Rodl, Vitis and Diendorf faults. The southern Vosges-Schwarzwald Devonian-Dinantian basin is interpreted as a pull-apart basin at the south-easterly extremity of the Bray fault. The Bohemian and Kraichgau body form allochthonous terranes which were thrust over the Saxothuringian crust. Thrusting to the north-west was accompanied by back-thrusting and led to the formation of pop-up structures. Contemporaneous dextral and sinistral wrench faulting resulted in transpressive strain during collision. The zonal structure of the Variscides in the sense of Kossmat (1927) is relevant only to the Rhenohercynian Foreland Belt. Kossmat (1927) already spoke of a Moldanubian Region because it displays no real zonal structure. The Saxothuringian Zone was formed by terrane accretion. Their apparent zonal structure is not a pre-collisional feature, but only the result of accretion and collision.     

Deep neogene structure and modern seismicity of the southern part of the Koryak Highland academician

The Northern Kamchatka and southern part of the Koryak Highland is considered to be an accretion-collision system in the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic the development of which was caused by the subsequent accretion of various large terranes to the Asian continental margin. The Paleogene Goven Terrane accreted in the Miocene closes this system. Its boundary with the Olyutor Terrane is hidden under the Cenozoic sediments of the Il’pino-Pakhachino interarc trough. The destructive Khaily (March 8, 1991) and Olyutor (April 20, 2006) earthquakes are characterized by an aftershock area extended in the northeastern direction along the axial part of the Il’pino-Pakhachino trough. The aftershock area was intersected by a profile of the earthquake converted-wave method (ECWM) the interpretation of which reveals a correlation loss of the deep reflecting horizons under this area and three faults dipping to the southeast on seismograms.     

沿阿穆尔板块西边界的活动断层(蒙古领土)

阿穆尔板块西部边界在蒙古境内的空间位置尚不清楚,并且活动断层构造及其沿线地壳的应力状态研究较少。本文在沿此边界的三个区域——杭爱—肯特构造鞍部、布尔古特地块(鄂尔浑—土拉交汇处)和色楞格地块(包括色楞格凹陷和布伦—努鲁隆起),利用空间图像解译、地形起伏度分析、地质构造资料以及构造压裂和沿裂缝位移资料重建构造古应力,对活动断层进行研究。研究表明,活动断裂继承了古生代和中生代古构造的非均质性。这些断层沿着板块边界并不是单一的带,而是成簇的。它们的运动取决于走向:亚纬向断层是具有一定逆分量的左旋走滑断层,北西向断层是逆断层或逆冲断层,通常具有右旋走滑分量,海底断层是右旋走滑断层,北东向断层是正断层。位于色楞格凹陷和杭爱东部的断裂构造的活动始于上新世。逆断层和走滑断层与上新世情况不符,但多与更新世地貌相符,表明其活动年代较晚,为更新世时期。利用构造断裂和沿断裂的位移,重建活动断裂带变形末阶段的应力应变状态,结果表明断裂在最大挤压轴的北北东和北东方向上以压缩和走滑为主。只有在色楞格凹陷内,以扩张和走滑类型的应力张量为主,且在最小挤压轴的北西走向尤为显著。在南部,杭爱东部(鄂尔浑地堑)内有1个以扩张机制为主的局部区域,说明蒙古中部断裂在更新世—全新世阶段的活动以及现代地震活动主要受与印度斯坦和欧亚大陆汇聚过程相关的东北方向的附加水平挤压的控制。使研究区地壳产生走滑变形、贝加尔湖裂谷发散活动以及阿穆尔板块东南运动的另一个因素是东南方向软流圈流动对岩石圈底部的影响。阿穆尔板块和蒙古地块之间的边界在构造结构上是零碎的,代表了覆盖整个蒙古西部变形带的边缘部分。     

塔里木盆地基底卷入扭压构造与巴楚隆起的形成

在板块斜向碰撞中,与走滑断层相伴生的隆升是弯曲挤压的必然结果。印度板块与欧亚板块的斜向碰撞使得塔里木盆地边界和内部发育的基底卷入构造大多表现出逆冲与走滑断裂的双重特征。本文通过地震、钻井和构造几何学、地面资料约束研究表明,巴楚隆起两侧的阿恰-吐木休克和色力布亚-玛扎塔格断裂是由基底卷入构造和扭压构造复合而成的基底卷入扭压构造。这种构造样式的组合包括3个部分,即两端的基底走滑断裂和中段的基底卷入逆冲断裂。巴楚隆起的形成主要与阿恰-吐木休克断裂的基底卷入扭压构造活动有关。巴楚隆起的形成过程具有“跷跷板”特点,可分两个阶段:巴楚隆起前石炭纪沿南缘的玛扎塔格断裂抬升,地层最大剥蚀厚度至少530m;前古近纪,主要剥蚀区沿吐木休克断裂以南展布,推测最大剥蚀厚度超过1100m。巴楚隆起南段的主变形期是在前石炭纪完成的,地层缩短量约占55%;北段推迟到前古近纪,缩短量占55%;而中段的地层缩短量一直在逐步增强,前上新世达到最大,占52%。     

The Yadong-Golmud Geoscience Transect in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau1

Abstract On the basis of abundant geological and geophysical data, 6 terranes have been distinguished on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The plateau is a single integrated lithospheric unit although it is divided into blocks. With Amdo as a boundary, the crust may be divided into two parts with different crustal structures. The struc-ture in the southern part is complex, while that in the northern part is simple, The current study has revealed that 8 factors such as slab subduction, overthrust and superimposition are responsible for crustal shortening and thickening in the region. The uplift of this region is possibly due to northward compression of the Indian plate and southward compression of the Eurasian plate with the former predominating. The compression led to the asthenospheric movements which were also influenced by thermal activity caused by doming at the boundary between the core and mantle.     

青藏高原构造动力及变形机制的弹性有限元分析

利用现今青藏高原地质和地球物理研究成果,本文建立了垂直高原总体构造走向的南北向直立剖面的有限元模型,其根据实际资料,划分成分层和有限单元。在此模型基础上进行弹性材料的计算模拟和分析。 印度板块向北运动挤压、高原北部岩石圈阻碍及软流圈拖曳是青藏高原北移变形、隆升和地壳增厚的动力机制;重力及其均衡调整作用是地体间相对运动和地体内差异运动的主要动力,另外青藏高原还受地壳和上地幔结构构造的影响。计算模拟还得到了一些有实际意义的结果,如活动的地质构造和地球物理现象的分带集中、主边界和雅鲁藏布江等地体边界断裂的逆冲性质、各地体南部地表的南倾正断层及喜马拉雅山南坡向南的重力推覆等。     

Stress and deformation patterns in the Aegean region

The Aegean region constitutes the overriding plate of the Africa–Eurasia convergent plate system, in the eastern Mediterranean. To explain the fault kinematics and tectonic forces that controlled rift evolution in the Aegean area, we present fault-slip data from about 900 faults, and summarise the structural analyses of five key structural “provinces”. Five regional tectonic maps are used as the basis for a new stress map for the Aegean region and for discussions on regional geodynamics.Since the Late Miocene, the central Aegean has been affected by WNW- and NE-trending faults which transfer the motion of the Anatolian plate to the southwest, synchronous with arc-normal pull acting on the boundary of the Aegean plate. At the same time, the Hellenic Peninsula has suffered moderate extension by NW-trending grabens formed due to collapse of the Hellenic mountain chain.During intense extension in the southern Aegean in the Plio-Quaternary the arcuate shape of the Hellenic Trench was established. Arc-normal pull in the Aegean plate margin, combined with transform resistive forces along the Hellenic subduction gave rise to widespread strike-slip and oblique-normal faults in the eastern segment and moderate oblique extension in the western segment of the arc. To the north, subduction involves more continental crust and consequently the push of subduction is transmitted to the overriding plate (Hellenic Peninsula), resulting in the formation of NE-trending grabens. WNW-trending grabens in this area are considered to have propagated westward from the Aegean Sea to the Ionian Sea during Plio-Quaternary times, probably acting as pull-apart structures between stable Europe and the rapidly extending southern Aegean area.     

孕震构造块体与相应地震区划分方法

可靠地划分地震区可奠定地震预测与地震危险性评价的地质基础,具有十分重要的意义。笔者等通过研究分析指出板内孕震构造块体侧向边界可由区域性大断层或由区域性大断层与板块边界界定,底边界为康拉德面或低速高导层;板间孕震构造块体为俯冲板块,可由区域性大断层和(或)板块边界约束;在同一个孕震构造块体和同一轮地震周期的地震具有内在联系。因此,地震区可定义为代表相应孕震构造块体地震活动的区域,其可表征该块体内源自锁固段破裂的地震活动。基于笔者等提出的孕震构造块体和相应地震区边界确定原则,把全球两大地震带(环太平洋地震带和欧亚地震带)划分为62个地震区;每个地震区的分区方案均通过了多锁固段脆性破裂理论的检验,这说明方案可靠。进而,笔者等归纳总结了地震区划分方法。     

甘肃北山旧井地区晚第四纪活动断裂分布及其构造意义

通过对甘肃北山地区遥感影像分析、地质填图和断裂活动性研究,探讨了北山地区晚第四纪以来的变形机制。结合青藏高原北部区域构造应变、应力场,认为北山地区现今构造格局是在印度板块与欧亚板块相碰撞形成的北东向挤压构造应力场的作用下,重新激活东西向的晚古生代、中生代断裂,并产生北东向新生断裂。说明印度板块与欧亚板块相碰撞并持续向北运移所产生的构造变形不仅局限于青藏高原内部及其边界,更影响到青藏高原以北的地区。     

内蒙古中部早古生代地体的拼合与增置

内蒙古中部布龙山、温都尔庙一带的蛇绿岩套、蓝门石片岩及其南邻的华北地台两者在空间上以川井－布鲁台庙深大断裂带为界，在时间上具有截然不同的地质演化特点。其内部在构造演化史上也不尽相同，可进一步划分为布龙山－哈拉地层地体和白乃庙－温都尔庙混杂地体。这两个曾分离着的地体，经长时期的运移，于晚志留世之前拼合联为一体，构成早古生代联合地体。直到早二叠世才增置于中朝古板块北缘（或华北地台北缘）。     

地体构造对研究地台和地盾区域成矿规律的重要性

３０年前板块构造理论的建立引起所有相关的地球科学的革命，其中包括区域成矿学。然而随着地球科学理论的发展，板块构造理论对于解释地壳，特别是早前寒武的地盾、地台和克拉通区的复杂构造现象显得不完备，因此，近２０年来地体构造理论的发展补充了板块构造理论的不足。近年来，各国地质学家相继发现世界上各地盾、地台和克拉通区，如华北地台、乌克兰地盾、阿尔丹地盾、加拿大地盾、非洲地台、澳大利亚耶尔冈克拉通等是由多个地体所组成。每一个地体是一个独立的和基本的地质构造单元，彼此间由地缝合线或深断裂隔开。由于每个地体的地质特征、构造环境和成矿作用各不相同，因而地体构造成为区域成矿学的一个重要组成部分。     

Neoproterozoic magmatic complexes of the Songino block (Mongolia): A problem of formation and correlation of Precambrian terranes in the Central-Asian Orogenic Belt

An important role of the early Neoproterozoic juvenile crustal growth in the formation of the Khangai group of Precambrian terranes in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt was demonstrated by the example of the Holbo Nur Zone of the Songin Block. Magmatic complexes of this zone correspond to different settings of the Early Neoproterozoic ocean: oceanic islands, mid-ocean ridges, intraoceanic island arcs, and turbidite basins. Obtained data on volcanic rocks and associated granitoids constrain a timing of the island-arc magmatic complexes, at least within the interval of 888–859 Ma. The comparison of structures of the Songino and Tarbagatai blocks of the Khangai group of terranes showed that they share many common features in their geology and evolution and may be united into the single Songino–Tarbagatai terrane. This terrane was formed owing to the Early Neoproterozoic (~800 Ma) accretion of the ocean island, spreading, island-arc, and turbidite complexes of the oceanic plate to a stable continental massif represented by the Early Neoproterozoic Ider Complex of the Tarbagatai Block. The involvement of the Dzabkhan terrane into a Khangai collage of terranes is constrained between the formation of the volcanic rocks of the Dzabkhan Formation (~770–755 Ma), which are unknown in the Songino–Tarbagatai terrane, and the Tsagaan-Olom carbonate cover (~630 Ma), overlying both the Dzabkhan and Songino–Tarbagatai terranes. It was proposed that the formation of the Precambrian terranes of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt began from the Early Neoproterozoic accretion to the Rodinia supercontinent. The fragmentation of the latter above a mantle superplume at the end of the Early Neoproterozoic spanned also the newly formed fold area. This led to the formation of terranes, which included both fragments of the Paleoproterozoic craton and Early Neoproterozoic structures. Subsequent amalgamation of these Precambrian crustal fragments into composite terranes possibly occurred at the end of the early Baikalian tectonic phase.     

青藏高原区域重磁异常的东西向分区及其构造地质特征

自从大陆整合以来作为一个整体的青藏高原继续受着印度板块向北俯冲的影响,也必定不断地改造着原各地体的结构构造,形成了高原整体意义上东西向的差异。这种差异与原本各地体的组成、结构和东西向延伸不一致。这不仅表现在南北向断裂构造跨各单个地体范围的出现,而且,逐步形成了东西的分区。这种分区突出地表现在区域重力与磁场的特征上,这不仅是局部的岩石磁性与密度变化的结果,而且是由于印度板块向北俯冲过程中,在其前缘的不同部位上经受的压力不同,以及地块的隆升与扩张作用的差异造成了高原东西各区段的地壳组分与厚度的变化。青藏高原的南北向断裂构造并非地壳上层的局部断裂,它具有深层的原因。由于印度板块向北推进的过程中不是均匀地齐头并进,而是在帕米尔高原以东的青藏高原范围内存在着推进速度和俯冲深度的差异,随着高原隆升的加剧高原本身出现断裂,自中新生代以来就存在着一定差异,所以南北向的断裂构造比目前地表见到的多些,而且具有较大的深度,Moho面的深度和地壳厚度都受南北向断裂的控制,并形成了区域重磁场的变化。同时,高原的东西向拉张作用也使南北断裂带发育加剧。