地下水水质模拟中阻滞系数的实验研究

根据具体地下水污染问题研究的需要，从野外现场采集水样和土样，以Ｃｒ＾６＋为示踪剂，在室内进行渗流模拟试验、水质分析，并用解析法求得Ｃｒ＾６＋的阻滞系数（Ｒｄ）。本文将重点介绍实验原理、实验仪器、实验步骤和实验数据的处理方法。     

1:5万冲洪积扇含水层水质调查方法探讨

以豫北山前冲洪积扇含水层为研究对象,探讨1:5万冲洪积扇含水层水质调查方法。该方法由工作量预部署、野外调查和取样点布设3个阶段组成。工作量预部署阶段,以前期调查资料为基础,编制工作区地形地貌、潜在污染源、地下水流场和水化学类型演变图,并赋值叠加形成不同调查点密度分区的野外工作图,宏观控制调查工作量; 野外调查阶段,重视pH值、溶解氧、电导率和氧化还原电位的测定与质量控制,根据调查区块环境状况调整调查点密度,布点兼顾地下水点与非地下水点及不同深度水点间的比例; 取样点布设阶段,以地质环境对含水层进行分区,以不同深度水井地下水功能对含水层进行分层。利用调查点现场水化学参数,识别并圈定水质变异区,分别采用判断法和均布法布设水质变异区和水质正常演化区取样点。该方法可为类似地区开展高精度地下水水质或污染调查提供参考。     

佳木斯地区地下水弥散实验研究

佳木斯地区地下水弥散实验研究祁敏（地矿部九○四水文地质工程地质大队，双城１５０１００）在开展佳木斯城市环境地质勘察工作中，为了对野外地下水污染的水质运移规律进行模拟，计算弥散系数等水文地质参数，为野外现场弥散试验以及地厂水污染防治提供依据，我们进行了...     

水质污染损害指数评价的普适公式

在设定了各污染物的"基准"浓度情况下,用污染物的实测浓度相对值替代水质污染损害率公式中的浓度监测值,公式中的参数可视为与污染物的特性无关.采用遗传算法对公式中的参数优化,得到了多种水质污染物都能适用的水质污染损害率和污染损害指数公式.提出用广义模糊对比法对污染损害分指数进行赋权的新方法,计算水质综合污染损害指数.该法用于水质综合评价的物理意义明确、计算简单、使用方便,具有普适性和可比性.     

抽水试验确定中深层微咸水水文地质参数

在浅层地下水超采区,深层微咸水将会被作为部分地下水替代水源,水文地质参数是研究地下水运动情况的重要参数,确定该地下水层的水文地质参数将为下一步水资源论证工作提供科学依据。确定水文地质参数的方法一般分为经验数据法、经验公式法、室内试验法和野外试验法四种。由于野外试验法求得的参数精确度较高,供水水文地质勘察中主要采用野外试验法。通过野外试验法现场单孔稳定流及多孔非稳定流抽水试验数据,探讨本项目在水文地质参数的确定。     

大同地区地下水弥散实验研究

水动力弥散理论主要研究地下水可溶物质在时间、空间上的变化和弥散运移,预测地下水污染的发展趋势。本文通过对大同御河漫滩中细砂取样,模拟野外地下水水质污染的运移,进行了室内二维弥散实验研究,计算弥散系数,为制订有效的地下水污染防治措施提供科学依据。     

高精度重力测量三点联测法及其应用

<正>高精度重力测量经过野外测量、室内计算、整理发现异常后,采用作者三点联测法,于野外在异常中心测得异常区3个不同点重力场强度gA(进行地形改正,中间层改正和高程改正,未减去该测点正常重力值,下同)、gB和gC。运用重力场强度空间变化关系,求取异常源体质量中心埋藏深度;求取异常源体剩余质量;求取异常源体剩余密度、体积和矿石量。     

室内模拟试验确定横向扩散系数的研究--以吉林市第二松花江某江段为例

确定河流横向扩散系数的主要方法有经验公式法和河流示踪试验法.以室内模拟试验求横向扩散系数的方法是一种新的尝试,采用几何相似原理,通过不同流量、流速条件下的室内模拟试验,计算出与河流相应条件下的横向扩散系数,所得结果(0.086 m2/s)与同条件下现场分析计算的结果(0.079～0.088 m2/s)基本一致.模拟试验不仅克服了野外条件下示踪剂投放和测试条件的不便,还能够更好地研究不同水动力条件下污染物的扩散运移规律.     

青海野马泉矿区岩石可钻性的分析和应用

青海野马泉整装勘查矿区在以往的钻探生产中施工难度大,钻头寿命短,提下钻频繁,导致施工周期长,成本高。由于矿区岩石的可钻性不明,钻头适用效果差。通过现场调研、采集岩样,进行室内试验测试（包括薄片分析,XRD测试等）,获得了石英含量、石英粒度、长石含量、长石粒度等数据,通过分析计算确定了矿区的岩石可钻性,据此设计选用了钻头。野外试验表明,钻头钻进效果好、性价比高。     

基于蛙跳算法优化的地下水水质韦伯普适指数公式

为了建立科学合理、普适通用和计算简便的地下水水质评价模型,在适当设定指标参照值CjO和指标的规范变换式基础上,提出了一个适用于规范值的多指标地下水水质的韦伯指数公式的一般表达式.采用具有全局优化的混合蛙跳算法对公式中的参数进行优化,得出优化后对33项地下水指标皆共同适用的的地下水水质单指标评价的韦伯普适指数公式.该公式还被应用于地下水水质实例评价,其评价结果与其它方法的评价结果基本一致,从而表明:该指数公式为地下水水质评价提供了一个简便、实用的新公式.     

大回线源瞬变电磁技术在西藏山南地区探矿中的应用

对大回线源瞬变电磁非中心点场和中心点场响应进行对比讨论,认为核函数具有相似的函数形态和函数性质,因此对于非中心点各分量也可以表示成与中心点垂直分量类似的多项式形式,采用待定系数法,完成视电阻率定义,通过模型检验认为方法可行,结果可靠.使用这一技术时西藏山南地区的帕南、努日等两个矿区进行探测,解释结果与钻探验证一致,取得...     

圆形基础地基极限承载力计算

利用临界滑动场法计算了浅埋圆形基础的地基承载力,并提供了系数N、Nq和Nc的计算表格和曲线,同时分析了侧面土压力对N、Nq的影响。通过建立土体条块极限平衡方程,推导了计算地基承载力的递推关系式。首先,设定土体计算范围,并划分条块和设置状态点; 其次,根据递推公式和推力极值原理计算各个状态点的参数,并搜索临界滑面; 最后,根据搜索出的临界滑面计算地基承载力。通过与已有系数计算值或模型试验的比较,验证了该方法的合理性。研究结果表明:N、Nq和Nc与其他学者的计算值相近; 相同情况下侧面土压力越大系数N、Nq越小。该方法是临界滑动场法在地基承载力研究中的推广应用,原理简单、易于编程,可为深入研究圆形基础地基承载力的计算提供参考。     

Computationally efficient generation of gaussian conditional simulations over regular sample grids

The generation over two-dimensional grids of normally distributed random fields conditioned on available data is often required in reservoir modeling and mining investigations. Such fields can be obtained from application of turning band or spectral methods. However, both methods have limitations. First, they are only asymptotically exact in that the ensemble of realizations has the correlation structure required only if enough harmonics are used in the spectral method, or enough lines are generated in the turning bands approach. Moreover, the spectral method requires fine tuning of process parameters. As for the turning bands method, it is essentially restricted to processes with stationary and radially symmetric correlation functions. Another approach, which has the advantage of being general and exact, is to use a Cholesky factorization of the covariance matrix representing grid points correlation. For fields of large size, however, the Cholesky factorization can be computationally prohibitive. In this paper, we show that if the data are stationary and generated over a grid with regular mesh, the structure of the data covariance matrix can be exploited to significantly reduce the overall computational burden of conditional simulations based on matrix factorization techniques. A feature of this approach is its computational simplicity and suitability to parallel implementation.     

确定多重现期暴雨公式参数的二次优化算法

四参数非线性多重现期暴雨公式在城市排水规划设计中有着广泛的应用。搜索算法与最小二乘法是优化计算的两个简单有效的方法,不过单独直接用于求解四参数非线性多重现期暴雨公式的参数比较困难。提出耦合最小二乘法及搜索算法确定多重现期暴雨公式参数的二次优化算法,该方法可以一次得到多重现期暴雨强度公式的参数,参数优化过程不需要图解。研究表明,计算结果比较客观;成果精度高,例题的平均绝对均方差为0.035mm/min。与遗传算法、蚁群算法等比较,该方法计算原理容易理解,计算简便,可以用Excel进行参数优化计算。     

The impact of groundwater velocity fields on streamlines in an aquifer system with a discontinuous aquitard (Inner Mongolia,China)

Many numerical methods that simulate groundwater flow, particularly the continuous Galerkin finite element method, do not produce velocity information directly. Many algorithms have been proposed to improve the accuracy of velocity fields computed from hydraulic potentials. The differences in the streamlines generated from velocity fields obtained using different algorithms are presented in this report. The superconvergence method employed by FEFLOW, a popular commercial code, and some dual-mesh methods proposed in recent years are selected for comparison. The applications to depict hydrogeologic conditions using streamlines are used, and errors in streamlines are shown to lead to notable errors in boundary conditions, the locations of material interfaces, fluxes and conductivities. Furthermore, the effects of the procedures used in these two types of methods, including velocity integration and local conservation, are analyzed. The method of interpolating velocities across edges using fluxes is shown to be able to eliminate errors associated with refraction points that are not located along material interfaces and streamline ends at no-flow boundaries. Local conservation is shown to be a crucial property of velocity fields and can result in more accurate streamline densities. A case study involving both three-dimensional and two-dimensional cross-sectional models of a coal mine in Inner Mongolia, China, are used to support the conclusions presented.     

Free field ground motions at various depths derived from actual seismograph records by using elastodynamic infinite elements

This paper presents a method for the analysis of free field ground motions at various depths from actual seismograph records. The proposed method replaces the propagating rupture on the fault surface by a fictitious focal point and a seismograph station in the vicinity of the given soil site. A fictitious focal point and seismograph station scheme is used to calibrate the free field ground motion of the soil site. The harmonic vibration analysis of the half space, which elastodynamic infinite elements are adopted in the far field and finite elements in the near field, yields the Fourier transform of any constituent wave in terms of the amplitude of the forces applied at the focal point, thus in terms of the Fourier transforms of the accelerations in three orthogonal directions recorded at a seismograph station. If a seismograph station is in the far field (as it is usually), the recorded values there can be transformed into the values at the infinite element node by means of appropriate shape functions. The results can be more refined in case of the availability of simultaneous records at more seismograph stations. In case of N stations, we assume N fictitious focal points, and solve a set of 3N simultaneous equations of 3N forces, three orthogonal forces at each focal point. Naturally, only the results by the present method were ‘exact’ at the calibrated points, and should be accurate in-between and near those points. The accelerations at the points near seismograph stations at various depths can also be obtained. An appropriate inverse Fourier transform algorithm will properly yields all results as time functions.     

A developed technique for measuring water content in oil-contaminated porous media

Water content is an important physical parameter for soil, vadose zone, and porous aquifer. Accurate measurement of water content in oil-contaminated porous media is critical for the research on oil pollution process and remediation in soil and groundwater systems. In this study, an improved water content calculation formula for oil-contaminated porous media was proposed based on the theory of oven-drying method, and laboratory experiments were conducted to test the applicability and accuracy of the formula for several types of manually prepared oil-contaminated porous media with different water contents. Furthermore, the measuring method and calculation formula, which can be used to determine the water content of porous media sampled from the oil-contaminated sites, were proposed for the first time in this study based on the improved formula. The experimental results showed that the improved formula was very accurate when used to calculate the water contents of diesel-contaminated sand, gasoline-contaminated mild clay, and engine oil-contaminated sand, indicating that it was widely applicable to oils with different volatile ability as well as porous media with different texture. This study meets the urgent need for accurate determination of water content in oil-contaminated porous media, and it solves the technical problem that the existing water content measuring methods cannot be applied directly in the field study.     

Numerical Method for Conditional Simulation of Levy Random Fields

Stochastic simulations of subsurface heterogeneity require accurate statistical models for spatial fluctuations. Incremental values in subsurface properties were shown previously to be approximated accurately by Levy distributions in the center and in the start of the tails of the distribution. New simulation methods utilizing these observations have been developed. Multivariate Levy distributions are used to model the multipoint joint probability density. Explicit bounds on the simulated variables prevent nonphysical extreme values and introduce a cutoff in the tails of the distribution of increments. Long-range spatial dependence is introduced through off-diagonal terms in the Levy association matrix, which is decomposed to yield a maximum likelihood type estimate at unobserved locations. This procedure reduces to a known interpolation formula developed for Gaussian fractal fields in the situation of two control points. The conditional density is not univariate Levy and is not available in closed form, but can be constructed numerically. Sequential simulation algorithms utilizing the numerically constructed conditional density successfully reproduce the desired statistical properties in simulations.     

疏松砂岩储层窜流通道平面分布规律研究

国内大部分高含水油田,注入水窜流现象较为严重,已成为影响油田高效开发的主要矛盾,对窜流通道形成后渗透率场的计算与描述显得尤为迫切和重要。目前窜流通道参数计算方法,只能计算得到注采井点的渗透率数值,不能计算得到注采井间的渗透率分布状况,并且目前窜流通道渗透率计算方法没有将室内实验结果、数值模拟结果和油藏工程方法结果有效结合起来。以国内某高含水油田为例,通过长期注水冲刷实验,模拟了窜流通道的动态形成过程,归纳出了储层岩石注水冲刷倍数与渗透率之间的关系式。在常规数值模拟计算方法的基础上,将渗透率变化规律模型引入到数值模拟计算中,建立了计算窜流通道平面分布的新方法。以海上某油田的地质模型为基础,计算得到了该油田目前状态的窜流通道渗透率平面二维分布规律。综合对比动态数据法、概率密度模型法、经验公式法和示踪剂测试结果,证明本方法得到的结果真实可靠。     

数值流形法的T样条局部加密算法

在岩土工程分析中求解精度控制常常是必需的,在数值流形法中可以通过控制数学覆盖网格的稀疏和覆盖位移的阶数来达到精度的要求。提出了基于等几何分析的数值流形方法,定义了相应的数学覆盖的构造形式,推导了基于二次B样条的9节点数值流形方法分析格式;针对基于Lagrange插值函数的4节点数值流形方法提出了基于T样条思想的数学覆盖网格的局部加密方法。算例计算结果表明,相对于4节点的数值流形方法,基于非均匀有理B样条的9节点数值流形方法具有更高的精度;基于T样条思想的加密网格在保持计算精度的前提下降低了自由度的数量,表明T样条加密是一种自然的局部加密算法。