Attenuation relations of ground motion for rock and soil sites in eastern United States

This paper presents the attenuation relations of peak ground acceleration and spectral accelerations for rock and soil sites in the central and eastern United States (CEUS). For the bedrock site condition, 56 pairs of moment magnitude M and epicentral distance R are used to simulate ground motion, and for each pair of M and R, 550 samples of ground motion parameters are generated using a seismological model together with random vibration theory and distribution of extreme values. From the regression analyses of these data, the attenuation relations of ground motion parameters for the bedrock site are established. With the aid of appropriate site coefficients, these attenuation relations are modified for the site categories specified in the 1994 NEHRP Provisions. These attenuation relations are appropriate for the assessment of seismic hazards at far-field rock and soil sites in the CEUS.     

2017年6月3日内蒙古阿拉善左旗5.0级地震强震记录及特征分析

2017年6月3日内蒙古阿拉善左旗发生5.0级地震,位于甘肃天祝-古浪一带的"西部烈度衰减台阵"得到充分触发,甘肃强震动台网的50台强震仪获得了主震加速度记录。本文首先对150条强震动记录进行常规处理,计算出近场强震动记录的加速度峰值随震中距的分布情况;根据4个典型台站的加速度时程记录及其加速度反应谱,分析本次地震的基本特征;然后将实际观测数据与意大利新一代地震动衰减公式对比,分析峰值加速度（PGA）及谱加速度衰减关系;最后结合已有的工程场地地质资料,采用H/V谱比法对4个不同类别的典型台站进行分析,发现该方法能很好地反映实际台站场地的反应特征。     

Comparison of ground motions from the 2010 Mw 7.2 El Mayor–Cucapah earthquake with the next generation attenuation ground motion prediction equations

A total of 144 free-field ground motions with closest site-to-rupture distances (R_rup) less than 200 km recorded during the 2010 M_w 7.2 El Mayor–Cucapah earthquake are used to investigate predictive capabilities of the next generation attenuation (NGA) ground-motion prediction equations (GMPE). The NGA GMPEs underpredict observed spectral accelerations at sites with shear wave velocity in the upper 30 m of the site (V_s30) between 180 and 366 m/s with R_rup from about 10 to 50 km and overpredict at sites with R_rup from about 50 to 200 km. Intra-event residuals of the NGA GMPEs exhibit a noticeable negative trend for peak ground acceleration and 0.3, 1.0, and 2.0 s periods. Comparison of the inter-event residual between the 2010 M_w 7.2 El Mayor–Cucapah earthquake and the NGA dataset reveals that short-period inter-event residuals from the 2010 M_w 7.2 El Mayor–Cucapah earthquake is within the scatter of inter-event residuals from the NGA dataset but long-period inter-event residuals do not appear within of the scatter of inter-event residuals from the NGA dataset. Spectral accelerations predicted by the NGA GMPEs are generally unbiased against V_s30 and periods of less than 4.0 s. Observed spectral accelerations show a stronger V_s30 dependence for both short and long periods compared with the NGA GMPEs. The Boore and Atkinson (Earthq Spectra 24(1):99–138, 2008) and Chiou and Youngs (Earthq Spectra 24(1):173–215, 2008) GMPEs perform better in predicting observed short-period spectral accelerations at the sites with V_s30 between 180 and 250 m/s than the Abrahamson and Silva (Earthq Spectra 24(1):67–97, 2008) and Campbell and Bozorgnia (Earthq Spectra 24(1):139–171, 2008) GMPEs.     

Introduction of conditional mean spectrum and conditional spectrum in the practice of seismic safety evaluation in China

This paper aims at implementing and introducing the use of conditional mean spectrum (CMS) and conditional spectrum (CS) as the main input parameters in the practice of seismic safety evaluation (SSE) in China, instead of the currently used uniform hazard spectrum (UHS). For this purpose, a procedure for M-R-epsilon seismic hazard deaggregation in China was first developed. For illustration purposes, two different typical sites in China, with one to two dominant seismic zones, were considered as examples to carry out seismic hazard deaggregation and illustrate the construction of CMS/CS. Two types of correlation coefficients were used to generate CMS and the results were compared over a vibration period range of interest. Ground motion records were selected from the NSMONS (2007–2015) and PEER NGA-West2 databases to correspond to the target CMS and CS. Hazard consistency of the spectral accelerations of the selected ground motion records was evaluated and validated by computing the annual exceedance probability rate of the response spectra and comparing the results to the hazard curve corresponding to each site of concern at different periods. The tools developed in this work and their illustrative application to specific case studies in China are a first step towards the adoption of CMS and CS into the practice of seismic safety evaluation in this country.     

Attenuation characteristics of peak horizontal acceleration in Northeast and Southwest China

Regional seismic characteristics in northeastern and southwestern China are quite different. Earthquakes are more frequent in SW China than in NE China and intensity attenuates faster in SW China than in NE China. Through regression analyses of data from these two regions we have found the attenuation of peak horizontal accelerations also to be noticeably different. For northeastern China the regression is log₁₀(a) = ?0.474 + 0.613M ? 0.873 log₁₀ (R) ?0.00206R and for southwestern China, the regression is log₁₀ (a) = 0.437 + 0.454M ? 0.739 log₁₀ (R) ?0.00279R where a is acceleration in cm/sec², M is the Chinese surface wave magnitude (Institute of Geophysics, State Seismological Bureau), and R is the distance in kilometres. The formula for northeastern China has distance coefficients similar to those for Central United States as derived by Nuttli and Herrmann¹⁴.     

The ground motion excited by the Olyutorskii earthquake of April 20, 2006 and by its aftershocks based on digital recordings

We studied broadband digital records of the M _W = 7.6 Olyutorskii earthquake of April 20, 2006 and its aftershocks at local and regional distances. We have made a detailed analysis of data on peak ground motion velocities and accelerations due to aftershocks based on records of two digital seismic stations, Tilichiki (TLC) and Kamenskoe (KAM). The first step in this analysis was to find the station correction for soil effects at TLC station using coda spectra. The correction was applied to the data to convert them to the reference bedrock beneath the Kamenskoe station. The second step involved multiple linear regression to derive average relationshis of peak amplitude to local magnitude M_L and distance R for the Koryak Upland conditions. The data scatter about the average relationshis is comparatively low (0.22–0.25 log units). The acceleration amplitudes for M _L = 5, R = 25 km are lower by factors of 2–3 compared with those for eastern Kamchatka, the western US, or Japan. A likely cause of this anomaly could be lower stress drops for the aftershocks.     

新疆喀什原场地地震动频谱特性研究

2020年1月19日和2020年2月21日在新疆喀什地区先后发生M_S6.4和M_S5.1地震,针对新疆强震动台网收集到的128条强震动记录进行统计分析,研究2次地震记录的幅值及反应谱特性,并与两个现行规范设计反应谱进行对比,结果表明：(1)震级相同时,震中距越小加速度反应谱越大,且加速度反应谱衰减速度越慢;震中距相同时,震级越大加速度反应谱越大,且加速度反应谱衰减速度越慢;(2)震级越大加速度谱值、速度谱值、位移谱值越大;(3)M_S6.4、M_S5.1地震波加速度反应谱及其平均值曲线相近,与我国现行规范加速度反应谱相比差别很大。建议在新疆喀什地区采用基于当地强震记录的加速度反应谱进行结构抗震设计。     

Ground motion record simulation for structural analysis by consideration of spectral acceleration autocorrelation pattern

A novel approach is introduced to generate simulated ground motion records by considering spectral acceleration correlations at multiple periods. Most of the current reliable Ground Motion Record(GMR) simulation procedures use a seismological model including source, path and site characteristics. However, the response spectrum of simulated GMR is somewhat different when compared with the response spectrum based on recorded GMRs. More specifi cally, the correlation between the spectral values at multiple periods is a characteristic of a record which is usually different between simulated and recorded GMRs. As this correlation has a signifi cant infl uence on the structural response, it is needed to investigate the consistency of the simulated ground motions with actual records. This issue has been investigated in this study by incorporating an optimization algorithm within the Boore simulation technique. Eight seismological key parameters were optimized in order to achieve approximately the same correlation coeffi cients and spectral acceleration between two sets of real and simulated records. The results show that the acceleration response spectra of the synthetic ground motions also have good agreement with the real recorded response spectra by implementation of the proposed optimized values.     

新源、和静交界ML6.8级地震序列应力降和震源机制研究

Based on the digital waveform data recorded by Xinjiang Digital Seismic Network for the Xinyuan-Hejing M_L6.8 earthquake sequences of June 30,2012,this paper analyzes the stress drops of earthquake sequences and the correlation coefficients of focal mechanisms significant for strong aftershocks.Firstly,the source parameters of the Xinyuan-Hejing M_L6.8 earthquake sequences are obtained by applying the spectrum analysis and the Brunes source model.Then,the correlation coefficients of spectral amplitudes are calculated using the low-frequency spectral amplitude recorded by the same station for the different events.Finally,based on the results of the correlation coefficients of spectral amplitudes,the events with similar focal mechanisms are grouped using the clustering method.The results show that:(1)The stress drop values show a steady trend in the aftershock sequence calm period and the stress drop values show a rise-fall in strong aftershocks.(2)The moving average correlation coefficient of amplitude spectrum begins to spread after the main shock.It shows that the correlation decreases between the main shock and the aftershocks in mechanisms.(3)The results of focal mechanism groups show that the earthquake sequences are mainly strike slips.The stress distribution of the main pressure axis is nearly NS,which is the same as the structural stress field.(4)The magnitude and mechanism show that there is an agreement before the strong aftershock,which shows that the regional stress field is enhanced.     

Conditional spectrum‐based ground motion record selection using average spectral acceleration

The use of a seismic intensity measure (IM) is paramount in decoupling seismic hazard and structural response estimation when assessing the performance of structures. For this to be valid, the IM needs to be sufficient;that is, the engineering demand parameter (EDP) response should be independent of other ground motion characteristics when conditioned on the IM. Whenever non‐trivial dependence is found, such as in the case of the IM being the first‐mode spectral acceleration, ground motion selection must be employed to generate sets of ground motion records that are consistent vis‐à‐vis the hazard conditioned on the IM. Conditional spectrum record selection is such a method for choosing records that are consistent with the site‐dependent spectral shape conditioned on the first‐mode spectral acceleration. Based on a single structural period, however the result may be suboptimal, or insufficient, for EDPs influenced by different period values, for example, peak interstory drifts or peak floor accelerations at different floors, potentially requiring different record suites for each. Recently, the log‐average spectral acceleration over a period range, AvgSA, has emerged as an improved scalar IM for building response estimation whose hazard can be evaluated using existing ground motion prediction equations. Herein, we present a recasting of conditional spectrum record selection that is based on AvgSA over a period range as the conditioning IM. This procedure ensures increased efficiency and sufficiency in simultaneously estimating multiple EDPs by means of a single IM. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PREDICTION OF HORIZONTAL RESPONSE SPECTRA IN EUROPE

A large and uniform dataset is used to find equations for the prediction of absolute spectral acceleration ordinates in Europe and adjacent areas, in terms of magnitude, source-distance and site geology. The dataset used is shown to be representative of European strong motion in terms of the attenuation of peak ground acceleration. The equations are recommended for use in the range of magnitudes from M_S 4⋅0 to 7⋅5 and for source-distances of up to 200 km.     

2017年8月8日四川九寨沟7.0级地震强震记录及特征分析

2017年8月8日四川九寨沟县发生7.0级地震,中国数字强震动台网布设在四川、甘肃、陕西、宁夏的66个强震台获得主震加速度记录。本文首先对198条三分向强震记录进行常规处理,计算出近场强震记录的加速度峰值随震中距的分布情况;再根据2个典型台站的加速度时程记录,通过计算其加速度反应谱并与设计反应谱比较,分析本次地震的基本特征;然后将实际观测数据与意大利新一代地震动衰减公式对比,分析峰值加速度（PGA）及谱加速度的衰减关系;最后结合已有的工程场地钻探资料,采用H/V谱比法对2个不同类别的典型台站进行地场地效应分析,发现该方法能很好地反映实际台站场地的反应特征。     

Ground motion scenarios consistent with probabilistic seismic hazard disaggregation analysis. Application to Mainland Portugal

Probabilistic seismic hazard for Mainland Portugal was re-evaluated in order to perform its disaggregation. Seismic hazard was disaggregated considering different spaces of random variables, namely, univariate conditional hazard distributions of M (magnitude), R (source-to-site distance) and ε (deviation of ground motion to the median value predicted by an attenuation model), bivariate conditional hazard distributions of M–R and X–Y (seismic source latitude and longitude) or multivariate conditional hazard distributions of M–R–ε and M–(X–Y)–ε. The main objective of the present work was achieved, as it was possible, based on the modal values of the above mentioned distributions, to characterize the scenarios that dominate some seismic hazard levels of the 278 Mainland Portuguese counties. In addition, results of 4D disaggregation analysis, in M–(X–Y)–ε, pointed out the existence of one geographic location shared by the dominant scenario of most analyzed counties, especially for hazard levels correspondent to high return periods. Those dominant scenarios are located offshore at a distance of approximately 70 km WSW of S. Vicente cape. On the other hand, the lower the return period the higher is the number of modal scenarios in the neighbourhood of the analyzed site. One may conclude that modal scenarios reproduce hazard target values in each site with great accuracy enabling the applications derived from those scenarios (e.g. loss evaluation) to be associated to a hazard level exceedance probability.     

Statistical features of aftershock distribution size for moderate and large earthquakes in Chinese mainland

Based on data of earthquake sequences with MS≥5.0 in Chinese mainland from 1970 to 2004,for different se-quence types and different rupture modes of the main shock,the relationship between aftershock distribution size Rand the magnitude of the main shock M0 has been studied statistically.Considering the rupture mode of the mainshock,we give the quantitative statistical relationships between R and M0 under 95%confidence level for differentsequence types.Qualitatively,lgR,the logarithm of the aftershock distribution size,is positively correlative to theM0,but the data distribution is dispersed.Viewing from different sequence types,the correlation between R and M0is very weak for isolated earthquake type(IET)sequence,R distributes in the range from 5 to 60 km;For main-shock-aftershock type(MAT),lgR is positively correlative to M0;For multiple main shock type(MMT),the core-lation between lgR and M0 is not very obvious when M0≤6.2 and R distributes in the range from 5 to 70 km,whileit shows a linear correlation when M0≥6.3.The statistical results also show that the occupational ratios of differentsequence types for strike-slip and oblique slip are almost the same.But for dip-slip(mostly are thrust mechanisms),the ratio of MAT is higher than that of IET and MMT.Comparing with previous results,it indicates that,when M0is large enough,R is mainly determined by M0 and there is almost no relationship with the rupture mode of themain shock.     

Critical evaluation of strong motion in Kocaeli and Düzce (Turkey) earthquakes

Turkey was struck by two major events on August 17th and November 12th, 1999. Named Kocaeli (M_w=7.4) and Düzce (M_w=7.2) earthquakes, respectively, the two earthquakes provided the most extensive strong ground motion data set ever recorded in Turkey. The strong motion stations operated by the General Directorate of Disaster Affairs, the Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute of Bogazici University and Istanbul Technical University have produced at least 27 strong motion records for the Kocaeli earthquake within 200 km of the fault. Kocaeli earthquake has generated six motions within 20 km of the fault adding significantly to the near-field database of ground motions for M_w>=7.0 strike–slip earthquakes. The paper discusses available strong motion data, studies their attenuation characteristics, analyses time domain, as well as spectral properties such as spectral accelerations with special emphasis on fault normal and fault parallel components and the elastic attenuation parameter, kappa. A simulation of the Kocaeli earthquake using code FINSIM is also presented.     

An evaluation of strong motion records and a new parameter A95

From the past studies of acceleration records, it is generally recognised that peak acceleration is not a suitable measure of the ground motion for design purposes. Usually, peak accelerations are difficult to predict. They occur in high frequency pulses containing very little energy and therefore are of little consequence. On the other hand acceleration has direct and useful application in engineering design. A new parameter A₉₅ is introduced in this paper which is defined as that level of acceleration which contains up to 95 per cent of the Arias Intensity. From the study of 135 records, it is noticed that the variation of the fraction of Arias Intensity with acceleration level can be described by a very well defined relationship. It is also observed that A₉₅ and Arias Intensity bear a stable relationship. Furthermore, the Arias Intensity at a site correlates more closely with the earthquake magnitude and the distance of the site from the source in attenuation relationships. From the available data, relationships are derived which show that there is a difference between the near-field and the far-field attenuation laws. The following relationships are obtained: where E_s = Arias Intensity, E_x = fraction of Arias Intensity above an acceleration level A, M = surface wave magnitude, R = nearest distance to the energy source or focal distance in km.     

Calibration of Local Magnitude M<Subscript>L</Subscript> in the Azores Archipelago Based on Recent Digital Recordings

—The development of the digital seismic network in the Azores Archipelago during recent years made it possible to obtain the amplitudes (waveform) of recorded motion in a large set of stations. With this new data, maximum amplitudes of the Wood Anderson seismograph are computed, for each station/component, which, together with epicentral distances, allows for the estimation of local magnitude M _L . We used data recorded in 8 digital permanent three-component stations, with inter-stations distances up to 300 km, in the period June 1998 – June 2000, corresponding to a set of 1315 events with magnitude (M _L or M _D ) 2<M<5.8 and epicenters located in the Azores region, to estimate the coefficients of the equation to compute M _L , as well as to determine the corrections to be applied to each station. The new set of parameters, formed by attenuation coefficients and station corrections, were introduced in the calculations of the M _L , leading to smaller dispersions in the analyzed dataset. We also conclude that the attenuation in the first 150 km is similar to the California values, although higher for longer distances.     

Conditional simulation of spatially variable seismic ground motions based on evolutionary spectra

This paper proposes a computational procedure for the conditional simulation of spatially variable seismic ground motions for long span bridges with multiple supports. The seismic ground motions, with part of their time histories measured at some supports, are regarded as zero‐mean nonstationary random processes characterized by predefined evolutionary power spectral density. To conditionally simulate unknown seismic ground motion time histories at other supports, the Kriging method is first described briefly for the conditional simulation of a random vector comprised of zero‐mean Gaussian variables. The multivariate oscillatory processes characterized by the evolutionary power spectral density matrix are then introduced, and the Fourier coefficients of the oscillatory processes and their covariance matrix are derived. By applying the Kriging method to the random vector of the Fourier coefficients and using the inverse Fourier transform, unknown nonstationary seismic ground motion time histories can be simulated. A numerical example is selected to demonstrate capabilities of the proposed simulation procedure, and the results show that the procedure can ensure unbiased time‐varying correlation functions, especially the cross correlation between known and unknown time histories. The procedure is finally applied to the Tsing Ma suspension bridge in Hong Kong to generate ground accelerations at its multiple supports using limited seismic records. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spectral magnitude and seismic radiated energy computed from CDSN records

We have employed 10 digital records and computed the spectral magnitude and the seismic radiated energy for 18 large earthquakes (M _s≥6) occurred in Eur-asian belt during 1986–1989. The nine digital stations (CD-SN) distribute all over China and one in Germany. The spectral magnitudes of various period have different stability among stations. The stability is better for maximum spectral magnitudemi and seismic radiated energyE, their differences among stations are smaller, especially for the stations where the ray path main penetrates the low mantle. But the stability of corner period is usually not good. The relation between seismic radiated energy and seismic moment magnitudeM _w is lg (E)=1.5Mw+c, wherec is a constant. The maximum spectral magnitudemi=M _w+0.1, it is consistant with theoretical prediction. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 418–426, 1993. This work supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn, F. R. Germany. The support is grateful acknowledge.     

Near-field horizontal and vertical earthquake ground motions

Strong-motion attenuation relationships are presented for peak ground acceleration, spectral acceleration, energy density, maximum absolute input energy for horizontal and vertical directions and for the ratio of vertical to horizontal of these ground motion parameters. These equations were derived using a worldwide dataset of 186 strong-motion records recorded with 15 km of the surface projection of earthquakes between M_s=5.8 and 7.8. The effect of local site conditions and focal mechanism is included in some of these equations.