南极冰下基岩热水驱动快速取心钻具研究

南极大陆冰下基岩岩心对研究南极大陆地质构造及成因具有重要意义,目前尚没有任何一个国家在南极内陆成功钻取冰下基岩样品,研制可快速钻至冰岩界面并完成基岩采样的钻进设备迫在眉睫。针对极地冰下基岩取样技术难题,提出了一种可结合热水钻系统使用的采用热水驱动的冰下基岩取心钻具概念设计。该钻具系统采用常规热水钻完成南极大陆上覆冰层钻进,然后更换热水取心钻具穿过已有钻孔快速到达冰岩界面,完成冰下沉积物和基岩取心钻进,大大缩短基岩取心时间,提高钻进效率。结合中国自主研发的热水钻系统参数,对螺杆马达压力损失和输出扭矩进行理论计算,提出了螺杆马达选择依据。该技术有望在未来极地冰下基岩取心钻进中发挥重要作用。     

科奇喀尔冰川夏季表碛区热量平衡参数的估算分析

利用能量平衡原理、热传导理论和通量传输理论建立了一个热量平衡参数的估算模型,对西天山的科奇喀尔冰川夏季消融区中部表碛区的热量平衡参数进行估算与分析.结果表明:净辐射是表碛面热量收支的主要热源,吸收的热量主要以潜热和感热的形式向大气输送水汽和热量,剩余部分用于表碛增温耗热.与消融区上部的冰面和表碛面相比,在消融区中部表碛面热量收入中感热输送减小,同时向上的地热输送增加.热平衡支出项中,感热交换、蒸发耗热和地热通量的比例分别为39.1%、39.9%和21%,其中感热通量与蒸发耗热的比例比消融区上部有所提高,蒸发耗热的增加比较显著.在总的热量支出中,平均只有7.8%的热量可以用于表碛下部的增温和向深层传导.     

辽东湾红沿河附近海域2017—2018年冬季气温-水温-冰情关系研究

辽东湾是我国冰情最严重海域,每年冬季都会受到海冰的显著影响,冰情预测评估可为辽东湾涉海活动提供防冰抗冰的技术依据。建立气温-水温-冰情的相关性,结合便于获取的现场高精度连续气象数据和高精度冰情预测模型,可实现局地小尺度的冰情快速预测评估。基于2017—2018年冬季辽东湾东岸红沿河附近海域实测气象-水温-冰情同步观测数据,结合辽东湾大尺度整体冰情（浮冰面积）,推演局地气温、水温与不同尺度冰情评价参数（浮冰范围与冰厚）的相关关系,提出基于不同气温区间的气温变化规律的冰底热通量选取方法,进而建立适用于辽东湾的气温-水温-冰情评估方法。相关性分析结果显示：观测点气温与水温存在明显相关性;浮冰范围与气象数据存在明显相关性,临界温度为 -5 ℃的累计负气温能很好拟合本年度盛冰期浮冰范围。基于HIGHTSI进行数值模拟后发现：水温与块体积法计算冰底热通量时,冰水间的热传递系数取2.2×10^-5是可行的;水温对冰情的影响表现在海冰冰厚最大值与冰期长短。为弥补辽东湾其他海域因缺少实测海水温度观测数据欠缺、冰底热通量选取不准选取导致的冰情模拟预测评估困难的问题,本文依据水温与气温的相关性,将水温随气温变化划分为结冰区（气温小于-10 ℃时水温维持冰点附近）、过渡区（气温为-10~-5 ℃时水温处于-1.4~-0.4 ℃）、融冰区（气温高于-5 ℃时水温随气温的增大逐渐增大）,进而提出适用于辽东湾所有海域的冰底热通量计算方法和冰情评估方法。     

黑龙江呼玛段炸药破冰试验研究

黑龙江几乎每年开河期都有不同程度的冰坝发生, 由此引发的洪水泛滥给人们生命财产带来了巨大损失, 而防凌爆破是预防冰坝发生的主要手段之一。为了确保开河期间不发生因冰坝造成的凌汛灾害, 2018年开河前在黑龙江呼玛段实施防凌爆破。通过冰厚、 水深同步测量的冰水情数据分析, 找到河道狭窄、 流速缓慢的地方为冰坝潜在发生的位置, 采取针对性的爆破。分析了爆破坑实测直径与炸药用量、 冰厚、 水深间的关系, 并将爆破后呼玛段测量数据带入本项目组提出的爆破坑半径计算新公式中, 计算值和实测值较为接近, 可为北方高寒区河流冰下爆破提供参考。     

短期水文气象资料估算哈尔滨至同江冰厚度

为估算松花江干流哈尔滨至同江段相距660 km的河冰厚度分布,用松花江干流短期实测水文和气象资料,在静态水域斯蒂芬冰厚计算公式基础上,引入水流流速的动能效应。假设河流内水流量相等,建立流速同河流宽度的简单关系,估算了一些调查断面的冰下平均流速;用地表温度资料,对干流域内缺少气象资料的调查断面,在证明结冰期间属于同一天气系统的前提下,用距离平方反比法进行空间插值。最后获得松花江干流河冰厚度统计关系式。用计算的哈尔滨至同江河冰厚度与有限的实测数据比较,发现该方法能够体现人为调节流速对冰生长速率的影响,对计算长距离河冰厚度具有一定精度。     

Mechanism of Varve Formation and Paleoenvironmental Research at Lake Bolterskardet, Svalbard, the Arctic

On the basis of observation of thin sections and 137Cs data, laminations in sediment are interpreted to be varves in Bolterskardet Lake (78°06' N, 16°01' E), Svalbard, the Arctic. Varves appear under a petrologic microscope as couplets of dark-silt and light-clay layers. The mechanism of varve formation is surmized as follows: each silt layer is the production of sediment inflow interpreted as mainly derived from snowmelt during summer; each clay layer was deposited in a stillwater environment during an ice-cover period. A light -clay layer provides an important index bed to identify the annual interface. The high accumulation rates, long period of ice cover, and topographically closed basin are probably all critical factors in forming and preserving varves. Varve thickness is known to be controlled mainly by summer temperature. The variation of varve thickness in Lake Bolterskardet can then be used to reconstruct summer temperature. The varve series show that there has been distinct decade-scale variability of summer temperature over the past 150 years. Warm periods occurred in the 1860s, around 1900, the 1930s, 1950s, and 1970s, and in the last 20 years. The varved sediments of Lake Bolterskarde preserve an ideal record for high-resolution paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental research in this data-sparse area.     

A morphometric analysis of tunnel valleys in the eastern North Sea based on 3D seismic data

A 1250 km² 3D seismic volume is used to provide a detailed spatial and geometrical analysis of fifteen Pleistocene tunnel valleys in the Danish North Sea. All the valleys are buried; they are up to 39 km long, 3–4 km wide and up to 350 m deep. The valleys are part of a vast tunnel valley province covering an area of some 0.5 million km² of the formerly glaciated lowland areas of North West Europe. The valleys consist of non‐branching, non‐anastomosing troughs; they exhibit strongly undulating bottom profiles with numerous sub‐basins and thresholds, and are characterised by adverse end slopes. Cross‐cutting relationships and theoretical considerations suggest the occurrence of seven major episodes of valley incision attributed to ice marginal oscillations within a few glacials. Calculations considering the valley end gradients and theoretical ice‐surface profiles suggest that the valleys were formed by pressurised subglacial meltwater erosion. Given a range of theoretical ice‐surface profiles, the adverse end slopes are well beyond the supercooling threshold, which suggests that the water was not in thermal equilibrium with the basal ice and that flow was concentrated in substantial conduits with sufficient mass and flux to maintain water temperature well above the freezing point. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Submarine sediment and landform record of a palaeo‐ice stream within the British−Irish Ice Sheet

This paper examines marine geophysical and geological data, and new multibeam bathymetry data to describe the Pleistocene sediment and landform record of a large ice‐stream system that drained ～3% of the entire British?Irish Ice Sheet at its maximum extent. Starting on the outer continental shelf NW of Scotland we describe: the ice‐stream terminus environment and depocentre on the outer shelf and continental slope; sediment architecture and subglacial landforms on the mid‐shelf and in a large marine embayment (the Minch); moraines and grounding line features on the inner shelf and in the fjordic zone. We identify new soft‐bed (sediment) and hard‐bed (bedrock) subglacial landform assemblages in the central and inner parts of the Minch that confirm the spatial distribution, coherence and trajectory of a grounded fast‐flowing ice‐sheet corridor. These include strongly streamlined bedrock forms and megagrooves indicating a high degree of ice‐bed coupling in a zone of flow convergence associated with ice‐stream onset; and a downstream bedform evolution (short drumlins to km‐scale glacial lineations) suggesting an ice‐flow velocity transition associated with a bed substrate and roughness change in the ice‐stream trunk. Chronology is still lacking for the timing of ice‐stream demise; however, the seismic stratigraphy, absence of moraines or grounding‐line features, and presence of well‐preserved subglacial bedforms and iceberg scours, combined with the landward deepening bathymetry, all suggest that frontal retreat in the Minch was probably rapid, via widespread calving, before stabilization in the nearshore zone. Large moraine complexes recording a coherent, apparently long‐lived, ice‐sheet margin position only 5–15 km offshore strongly support this model. Reconstructed ice‐discharge values for the Minch ice stream (12–20 Gt a^?1) are comparable to high mass‐flux ice streams today, underlining it as an excellent palaeo‐analogue for recent rapid change at the margins of the Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheets.     

西藏阿里地区嘎尼冰川厚度特征及冰储量估算

冰川厚度和冰下地形是冰川学研究中相当宝贵的数据。2018年5月,利用探地雷达（GPR）对西藏阿里地区喀喇昆仑山脉南部的嘎尼冰川进行了冰川厚度测量。基于ArcGIS中的地统计分析模块,运用Kriging插值方法对冰川非测厚区进行插值计算,结合差分GPS数据、遥感影像数据和地形数据,分析了嘎尼冰川横、纵剖面厚度特征,绘制了冰川冰下地形图和冰川厚度分布图,并估算了该冰川冰储量。结果表明：嘎尼冰川冰下地形存在空间差异,东支冰下地形起伏较大,西支相对平缓,冰川作用以下蚀作用为主,冰川面积为4.31 km²,平均厚度51.2 m,最大厚度出现在东支海拔5 970 m处,约为136.6 m,冰储量为0.218 km³。     

Modeling the subglacial hydrology of the James Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet

To investigate the drainage conditions that might be expected to develop beneath soft-bedded ice sheets, we modeled the subglacial hydrology of the James Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet from Hudson Bay to the Missouri River. Simulations suggest the James Lobe had little effect on regional groundwater flow because the poorly conductive Upper-Cretaceous shale that occupies the upper layer of the bedrock would have functioned as a regional aquitard. This implies that general northward groundwater flow out of the Williston Basin has likely persisted throughout the Quaternary. Moreover, the simulations indicate that the regional aquifer system could not have drained even the minimum amount of basal meltwater that might have been produced from at the glacier bed. Therefore, excess drainage must have occurred by some sort of channelized drainage network at the ice–till interface. Using a regional groundwater model to determine the hydraulic conductivity for an equivalent porous medium in a 1-m thick zone between the ice and underlying sediment, and assuming conduit dimensions from previous theoretical work, we use a theoretical karst aquifer analog as a heuristic approach to estimate the spacing of subglacial conduits that would have been required at the ice–till interface to evacuate the minimum water flux. Results suggest that for conduits assumed to be on the order of a tenth of a meter deep and up to a meter wide, inter-conduit spacing must be on the order of tens–hundreds of meters apart to maintain basal water pressures below the ice overburden pressure while evacuating the hypothesized minimum meltwater flux.     

Ice thickness,volume and subglacial topography of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Tianshan mountains,central Asia,by ground penetrating radar survey

The results of radar survey for three times are presented, aiming to determine ice thickness, volume and subglacial topography of Urumqi Glacier No. 1, Tianshan Mountains, central Asia. Results show that the distribution of ice is more in the center and lesser at both ends of the glacier. The bedrock is quite regular with altitudes decreasing towards the ice front, showing the U-shaped subglacial valley. By comparison, typical ice thinning along the centerline of the East Branch of the glacier was 10–18 m for the period 1981–2006, reaching a maximum of ～30 m at the terminus. The corresponding ice volume was 10296.2 × 10 ⁴ m ³, 8797.9 × 10 ⁴ m ³ and 8115.0 × 10 ⁴ m ³ in 1981, 2001 and 2006, respectively. It has decreased by 21.2% during the past 25 years, which is the direct result of glacier thinning. In the same period, the ice thickness, area and terminus decreased by 12.2%, 10.3%, and 3.6%, respectively. These changes are responses to the regional climatic warming, which show a dramatic increase of 0.6°C (10 a) ^?1 during the period 1981–2006.     

Basaltic subglacial sheet-like sequences: Evidence for two types with different implications for the inferred thickness of associated ice

Subglacially-erupted volcanic sequences provide proxies for a unique range of palaeo-ice parameters and they are potentially highly useful archives of palaeoenvironmental information, particularly for pre-Quaternary periods. They can thus be incorporated by climate and ice sheet modellers in the same way as other environmental proxies, yet they remain largely under-utilised. Basaltic volcanic sequences erupted subglacially consist empirically of two major types, corresponding to eruptions under “thick” and “thin” ice, respectively. The latter are called subglacial sheet-like sequences and only one generic type of sequence has been described so far. However, there is now evidence that there are at least two generic types, with significantly different implications for interpretations of associated palaeo-ice sheet thicknesses. One type, which is relatively well described, is believed to be a diagnostic product of eruptions associated with a relatively thin glacial cover (< c. 150–200 m), probably corresponding most commonly to mountain glaciers but also conceivably thin ice caps or sheets, of any thermal regime (temperate, sub-polar, polar). It is here called the Mount Pinafore type. By contrast, a second subglacial sheet-like sequence, described in this paper for the first time and called the Dalsheidi-type, represents products of eruptions under much thicker ice (probably > 1000 m). Eruptions that form the Dalsheidi-type of sequence commence with the injection and inflation of a sill along the ice:bedrock interface. Such “interface sills” were predicted theoretically but had no known geological example, until now. Subsequent evolution commonly involves floating of the ice cover, catastrophic meltwater drainage and emplacement of widespread sheets of hyaloclastite, as cohesionless mass flows and hyperconcentrated flows. The water-saturated hyaloclastite is characteristically intruded by apophyses sourced in the underlying “interface sill”. Eruptions are commonly not explosive until their later stages. Dalsheidi-type deposits are outflow sequences probably linked to subglacial pillow volcanoes, which in Iceland were erupted along fissures. They only provide an indication of minimum thicknesses of the associated overlying ice, although theoretical considerations suggest substantial ice thicknesses in excess of 1000 m. However, they are likely to be characteristic products of eruptions under the thick West Antarctic Ice Sheet, but are currently inaccessible. Such eruptions may be capable of destabilising that ice sheet.     

Temporal changes in subglacial meltwater activity: field evidence from the late Devensian in the north of Ireland

Temporal changes in meltwater abundance, distribution and characteristics (controlling subglacial processes and ice sheet dynamics) can be inferred from subglacial sediment successions. Field evidence for changes in subglacial meltwater characteristics over time is presented from two sites (Doonan, Drummee) near a former late Weichselian (Devensian) ice centre in the north of Ireland. On a macroscale, both sites investigated show subglacial diamicton overlying glacially planated bedrock platforms. In more detail, primary sedimentary structures and facies variability show a complex relationship between depositional processes and meltwater characteristics at the ice/bed interface (IBI). Sedimentary evidence suggests sediment transport and deposition took place by low-viscosity subglacial slurries (mobile sediment–meltwater admixtures), which are part of a continuum between the processes of subglacial sediment deformation and subglacial meltwater flooding. Subtle changes in meltwater abundance and distribution at the IBI controlled slurry rheology, mechanisms of particle support and detailed sediment depositional processes.     

Reconstructions of long-term ground surface heat flux changes from deep-borehole temperature data

Based on analysis of geothermal data from the Ural superdeep borehole (SG-4) and Onega parametric borehole, the first reconstructions of ground surface heat flux changes for the last 40 kyr have been made. The increase in heat flux during the Pleistocene-Holocene warming (20-10 ka) proceeded ~ 2 kyr earlier than the growth in surface temperature; reaching the maximum value of 0.08-0.13 W/m² at ~ 13 ka, the heat flux was reduced. The coordinated changes in heat flux and average annual insolation at 60° N at 5-24 ka indicate that the orbital factors were the main cause of climatic changes in this period. The correlations between the changes in heat flux and CO₂ content in the Antarctic ice cores and the temperature changes are analyzed.© 2014, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.     

Soft-bedded subglacial meltwater channel from the Welzow-Süd opencast lignite mine, Lower Lusatia, eastern Germany

An excellent section in the Welzow-Süd open-cast lignite mine in Lower Lusatia, eastern Germany, provided a rare opportunity to study a small (5 m deep), buried subglacial meltwater channel of Saalian age. The channel is steep-sided and distinctly U-shaped. It is separated from undeformed outwash deposits in which it is incised by a sharp erosional contact and it is filled with meltwater sand and till. The till was possibly squeezed into the channel from the adjacent ice/bed interface. Directly beneath the channel, there is a partly truncated diapir of clayey silt, evidencing sediment intrusion into the channel from below. During channel formation, the pressure gradient was oriented from the surrounding sediments into the channel, so that the channel served as a drainage conduit for groundwater from the adjacent subglacial aquifer. The substratum consists largely of sandy aquifers with a total thickness of about 100 m, separated by two aquitards. Channel formation was initiated when hydraulic transmissivity of the bed did not suffice to evacuate all the subglacial meltwater as groundwater flow. As the Welzow-Süd channel belongs to a dense network of subglacial channels in eastern Germany, temporary ice-sheet instability in this region prior to channel formation seems possible.     

Numerical simulations of ice accumulation under ice cover along a river bend

In this paper, the k-? two-equation turbulence model has been used to simulate ice accumulation under ice cover along a river bend. A 2D depth-averaged numerical model has been developed in a nonorthogonal coordinate system with nonstaggered curvilinear grids. In this model, the contravariant velocity has been treated as an independent variable. To avoid the pressure oscillation in the nonstaggered grids, the momentum interpolation has been introduced to interpolate variables at the interface. The discretization equations have been solved by using pressure correction algorithms. An equation has been developed for describing the deformation of ice jam bottom. The thickness distribution of ice accumulation (ice jam) along the bend has been simulated. The developed model has been applied to the experimental studies under different conditions carried out at the Hefei University of Technology. Results indicate that all simulated thickness of ice accumulation agrees reasonably well with the measured thickness of ice accumulation in laboratory.     

Glacial and volcanic history of Icelandic table mountains from cosmogenic 3He exposure ages

Basaltic table mountains in the neovolcanic zones of Iceland have been interpreted as subglacial volcanoes that emerged through an ice sheet. Using their distinctive morphological and lithostratigraphic characteristics, the approximate surface elevation and thickness of the ice sheet at the time of eruption can be determined. We measured cosmogenic ³He concentrations in olivine phenocrysts from subaerially erupted basaltic lava caps of table mountains to determine their exposure ages. We argue that these exposure ages closely approximate eruption ages; the possibility of past snow cover is the main uncertainty. The resulting ³He exposure (eruption) ages, calculated using a locally derived ³He production rate calibration, and comprising 42 individual ages from 13 table mountains, allow reconstruction of ice sheet surface profiles through time. The new ³He chronology indicates that 12 of the 13 dated table mountains experienced their final eruptive phase during the last deglaciation. This eruptive chronology is broadly consistent with the hypothesis that melt production in Iceland is enhanced by pressure release from ice sheet unloading during deglaciation. The clustered distribution of table mountain ages suggests that distinct episodes of ice sheet thinning may have coincided with, or closely followed, the two strongest warming events in the North Atlantic region during the last deglaciation: the Bølling warming (ca 14.5 ka) and the warming at the end of the Younger Dryas.     

冰川冰内及冰下水系研究综述

冰内及冰下水系的形成与演化具有时空变化性,对冰川汇水储水及径流过程产生影响,与之紧密联系的冰下水文过程(水力状况)与冰川运动、冰川侵蚀及冰川洪水形成等过程息息相关。冰内及冰下水系空间结构和形态复杂,且不同于一般喀斯特水文系统,具有明显的季节变化性,其空间分布和水力状况会因外界水体输入(降水和冰雪融水)的变化而改变。冰内及冰下水系的变化通过影响汇流对冰川融水的径流过程产生影响,冰川区一些溃决洪水事件的发生与冰内及冰下蓄水的突然释放有很大关系。冰川蓄排水还通过改变冰下水力条件来影响冰川运动,反之冰川运动不仅影响蓄排水过程的转换效率,且通过改变冰川消融强度(冰体向下游消融区输送速率的变化)影响冰川排水系统的空间分布范围。在气候变暖及冰川变化的背景下,研究冰内冰下水系演化的时空特征及其影响具有重要科学意义。综述了目前国内外针对冰川冰内及冰下水系相关研究的进展及主要成果,并对该领域的研究前景进行了展望。     

Peculiarities of hydrocarbon distribution in the snow-ice cover of different regions of the white sea

This paper presents data on the content of hydrocarbons (HCs) in the snow-ice cover of the coastal regions of the Dvina and Kandalaksha gulfs, White Sea, in 2008–2012 in comparison with the content of organic carbon, lipids, and the suspension. The accumulation of HCs in the snow-ice cover depends on the degree of pollution of the atmosphere, formation conditions of ice, and intensity of biogeochemical processes at the ice-water boundary. Thus, the highest concentrations in the water basin of Arkhangelsk are identified in snow and in the upper part of the ice. The peculiarities of formation of the snow-ice cover in Rugozero Bay of the Kandalaksha Gulf leads to the concentration of HCs in different snow and ice layers. The decreased HC content in the snow-ice cover of the White Sea, in comparison with previous studies, is caused by recession of industrial production in recent years.