江汉油田储层地震反演结果解释中的几个关键问题

以江汉盆地蚌湖地区隐蔽油气藏的预测为例，说明了在反演结果的解释过程中应该注意的问题：如何判别反演结果的正确性，如何将反演得到的波阻抗等数据体转换成储层厚度平面图和储层物理性质变化平面图，如何通过反演结果识别岩性圈闭，如何通过反演结果区别波阻抗相同的不同地质体；提出可以通过波阻抗剖面和地震剖面叠合等方法来检验反演结果的正确性；在过滤砂岩过程中，对过滤门槛值进行压实校正等一系列的处理可以得到合理的砂岩等厚度平面图；通过砂岩等厚度平面图与构造图的叠合来圈定隐蔽油气藏的范围，在解释过程中通过对几个主要问题的解决，取得了比较好的效果，并获得了高产油流。     

TEM拟地震成像法在漠河地区探测永久冻土层的应用

利用瞬变电磁法（TEM）研究永久冻土层的分布规律,为中国东北天然气水合物远景调查的进一步研究提供依据。采用拟地震成像法反演瞬变电磁法野外数据,有效地划分出反射界面和电性层位,成功地推断出漠河地区永久冻土层的分布。反演结果表明,漠河SN（2）测线永久冻土发育良好,厚度较大,且具有一定的连续性,与直流电测深法揭示的结果相一致。     

线性方程组的正则化解法及其应用

在重力资料反演解释中，正则化法解线性方程组是一个行之有效的方法。这种方法的特点是引入正则化因子，求泛函极小和构组一族正则化近似并从中寻求最佳解。在求解过程中，要求对所求的解答预先有一个初步的推断解释。为此，要求对所解释的问题先进行一番研究，并对综合利用各种方法和手段所获得的先验资料进行对比，提出比较合适的基望值。本文给出了一个参数为已知的理论模型体的横剖面，与正则化法和其它线性方程解法的结果作对比，说明正则化法的有效性。文章也给出了利用正则化法对横穿吕宋岛、马尼拉海沟的一段地质地球物理剖面以及中国南黄海海域内─地质地球物理调查剖面进行反演解释的应用效果。     

稳态瑞利波法在中国的应用及进展

采用电磁震源的稳态瑞利波法在我国应用已有近10年的历史,是我国应用最早的面波勘探方法。近10年来,通过理论和试验两方面的研究,在资料采集、处理和解释方面都取得了显著进展;确定"拐点"和"之字型"异常为D-_vR曲线上地层界面的两种基本异常形态;根据单条曲线的形态,可以确定洞穴、裂隙、松软带等地质异常的基本类型;并获得了深达一二百米以上的实测资料。稳态瑞利波法成功地应用到许多大、中、小型工程项目之中,解决了一些复杂的工程地质问题,在勘探深度、解释精度和空洞判断准确率方面都达到了较高水平。稳态法所具有的优势是其它类似物探方法包括目前的瞬态面波法很难比拟的。可以预见,随着稳态和瞬态方法、仪器的发展,两者互相促进,互为补充,必将进一步提高瑞利面波勘探的水平和解决各种复杂地质问题的能力。      

线性方程组的正则化解法及其应用

在重力资料反演解释中,正则化法解线性方程组是一个行之有效的方法。这种方法的特点是引入正则化因子,求泛函极小和构组一族正则化近似并从中寻求最佳解。在求解过程中,要求对所求的解答预先有一个初步的推断解释。为此,要求对所解释的问题先进行一番研究,并对综合利用各种方法和手段所获得的先验资料进行对比,提出比较合适的基望值。本文给出了一个参数为已知的理论模型体的横剖面,与正则化法和其它线性方程解法的结果作对比,说明正则化法的有效性。文章也给出了利用正则化法对横穿吕宋岛、马尼拉海沟的一段地质地球物理剖面以及中国南黄海海域内─地质地球物理调查剖面进行反演解释的应用效果。     

Lithospheric magnetic anomalies in the territory of Siberia (from measurements by the CHAMP satellite)

The position of lithospheric magnetic anomalies, detected in total magnetic intensity and the vertical component of the magnetic field, has been determined for Siberia using data from the CHAMP satellite. The paper describes the technique for the satellite data processing and the ways of recognition of regional lithospheric magnetic anomalies from satellite-measured values of the total geomagnetic field, which are obtained from several sources (external and internal with respect to the Earth’s surface). Maps of magnetic-field anomalies of different scales have been constructed for several regions of Siberia depending on the method of areal averaging. The possible geologic and physical nature of the magnetic anomalies and their relationship with deep-seated crustal structures are considered. Preliminary interpretation of the magnetic-field maps shows that the anomalies are connected with the present-day large geologic and geophysical elements of the basement. The features of the lithospheric magnetic field, as a parameter reflecting the present position of tectonic structures and their physical properties, can be used for their contouring in combination with other geological and geophysical methods.     

用剩余信息量最小准则实现直流电测深数据的二维自动反演

自Pelton等发表第一篇直接电测深数据的二维反演文章以来，电测深数据的二维反演解释已广泛应用于资源勘探和环境监测，并取得一定效果。然而，由于该方法中加入了人为确定的平滑约束，其反演解释结果具有很大不确定性，使其在实际生产中普及应用受到限制。因此，如何在现有方法的基础上进一步改进完善成为该方法普及应用的关键。为了使反演解释结果既忠于实测数据，又合理地反映地下介质的变化，作者在本文中讨论了基于最大熵谱原理的剩余信息量最小准则实现电测深数据的二维自动反演。作者在文中还介绍了正演计算和偏导数求取中，提高精度和计算效率的技巧。用三个数值模式算例对本文的自动反演方法进行了验证。数值模拟结果表明，基于剩余信息量电小准则的二维自动反演给出的解释结果基本不受人为因素影响，能反映地下介质电阻率的详细变化。     

1D geoelectrical resistivity survey for groundwater studies in coastal area: A case study from Pearl city,Tamil Nadu

Geoelectrical resistivity method involving vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out in a sedimentary environment to determine the suitability of the method for sub-surface groundwater investigations. The EC and TDS hydrochemical data in the study area clearly showed the influence of seawater intrusion. The abundance of the major cations and anions are in the following order, Na⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg ²⁺ > K⁺ = Cl^- > HCO₃^- > SO₄^2- > CO₃ > NO₃ > PO₄. Results suggest that the groundwater in this study area is very hard and alkaline in nature. As indicated by Piper trilinear diagram, NaCl and Ca²⁺ - Mg²⁺–Cl^- - SO₄^2- facies are the dominant hydrochemical facies in the groundwater of Pearl city. The VES method by Schlamberger electrode array was applied in 12 locations, which is expected to represent the whole area. The resistivity meter (aquameter CRM 5OO) was used to collect the VES data by employing a Schlumberger electrode configuration, with half current electrode spacing (AB/2) ranging from 2 to 180 m and the potential electrode (MN) from 1 to 50 m. The resistivity data is then interpreted by WINSEV 1-D inversion program geoelectric software to entirely describe the aquifer system as well as the occurrence of groundwater. The outputs of sub-surface layers with resistivities and thickness presented in contour maps and 2-D views by using SURFER software were created. Accordingly, three zones with different resistivity values were detected, corresponding to three different formations: (1) a transition zone of sandy soil (aeolian deposits) thick formation, (2) strata’s saturated with fresh groundwater in the east disturbed by the presence of sandy shell limestone horizons, (3) a water-bearing formation in the west containing low saltwater horizons. The bedrock is encountered at an average depth of 95m. This study indicates that the groundwater reservoirs are mainly confined to the alluvial aquifer.     

Hydrogeological framework and estimation of aquifer hydraulic parameters using geoelectrical data: a case study from West Iran

Detailed local geological, geophysical, and hydrogeological investigations were carried out for the alluvial aquifer in the Kangavar basin, West Iran to delineate the architecture of different subsurface geological horizons using lithologs and generated vertical electrical sounding (VES) data. An attempt has also been made to estimate aquifer transmissivity from resistivity data. Forty VESs were recorded with the Schlumberger electrode configuration in the study area; 28 of these were selected for evaluation. The maximum current electrode spacing was 400–500 m. The data obtained were interpreted by computer iterative modeling with curve matching for calibration purposes. In order to ascertain the subsurface geological framework, the general distribution of resistivity responses of the geological formations was obtained and geoelectrical sections along a number of lines were prepared. Probable aquifer horizons from these sections were identified. The transmissivity of the unconfined aquifer was computed by determining the Dar-Zarrouk parameters (longitudinal unit conductance and transverse unit resistance) and were compared with the actual field transmissivity. The results showed a direct relation between aquifer transmissivity and modified transverse resistance.     

Comparison between 2D imaging and vertical electrical sounding in aquifer delineation: a case study of south and south west of Samawa City (IRAQ)

The vertical electrical sounding (VES) survey was carried out by using Schlumberger array in (12) points distributed along two profiles, except VES 6 was not located within any profile. The 2D imaging survey was carried out using Wenner array in four stations. The VES results revealed the presence of two groundwater aquifers. The first is Euphrates aquifer and the second is Dammam aquifer. While the results of 2D imaging survey distinguished two secondary aquifers in addition to previous aquifers located within Dammam formation. Also, 2D imaging gave a more accurate picture for the distribution of electrical horizons especially for the depths which ranges between 2.5 and 73 m. While the VES gives information for larger depths than that of 2D, which ranges between the earth’s surface and a depth 140 m. The geo-electrical sections of VES showed electrical horizons (layers) with sharp boundaries. But the 2D inverse models revealed the lateral and vertical variations of the resistivity within each horizon especially for shallow depths due to large volume of data available in 2D measurement. These variations were not shown in the geo-electrical sections of VES points. Comparison of VES and 2D imaging techniques revealed that the 2D imaging was the best for determined the shallow aquifers as observed from this study. It can be concluded that 2D resistivity imaging and VES can provide very useful guide for borehole drilling particularly where there is no existing well.     

北京千灵山生态修复边坡稳定性研究

开采形成的矿山岩质高陡边坡,造成山体缺损、水土流失、生态破坏,容易产生边坡失稳、崩塌滑落等地质灾害,急需进行生态修复治理。本文以北京市西郊千灵山生态修复岩质高陡边坡为例,根据地质雷达实测剖面分析及室内试验得到的岩体内部结构信息和岩石力学参数,建立了生态边坡的地质力学模型,并用有限元强度折减法对千灵山岩质高陡边坡生态修复前后的稳定性进行了模拟计算。结果表明,非降雨、降雨（饱水）条件下自然岩石边坡和生态修复后的边坡其安全系数分别为17、12.5、5、2;边坡变形以坡脚和生态带区域的中下部位最大,边坡潜在滑动面主要沿坡脚45＆#176;方向上扩展。因此,岩石边坡坡脚和生态带区域的中下部位应是重点加固区,需通过锚杆加固和有效排水对之进行处理。     

基于Excel数据表和极限分析法的滑坡抗剪强度参数反演分析

针对采用传统的确定性边坡稳定性分析方法进行滑裂面抗剪强度参数反演分析所需滑坡断面不少于两个的不足,基于概率可靠度理论,提出了一种结合Excel数据表和极限分析上限法的滑坡强度参数反演新方法。依托湘西朱雀洞特大滑坡进行算例分析,研究结果表明：结合Excel数据表法和极限分析上限法反演得到的滑裂面抗剪强度参数与工程现场实测数据吻合良好,验证了新分析方法的正确性和有效性;运用该法反演分析只需一个滑坡断面,可有效解决单一滑裂面抗剪强度参数反演问题,减少了计算工作量,具有广泛的适用性和良好的工程应用前景。     

Deep CMP seismic surveying along the Tatseis-2003 geotraverse across the Volga-Ural petroliferous province

The objective, methods, and main results of deep CMP seismic surveying along the Tatseis-2003 geotraverse are discussed. This geotraverse crosses the Volga-Ural petroliferous province from the northwest to the southeast for more than 1000 km and is linked with the well-known Uralseis-95 geotraverse by an additional profile. The main objective of this surveying was to study the structure of sedimentary cover and the Earth’s crust as a whole in the North Tatar Arch, Kazan-Kazhim Trough, Kotel’nich Arch, and the southeastern Moscow Syneclise in comparison with the petroliferous South Tatar Arch. The applied technology (telemetric stations, powerful vibrators, a 12-km spread, a common midpoint fold of 60, and a recording time of 20 s), the planning of seismic exploration with consideration of the available geological and geophysical information, and special processing of the data—all this provided the high-quality time sections that allowed solution of the geologic problems. The main scientific and applied results of the investigations are establishment of the links between petroleum resource potential of the sedimentary cover and the structure of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle. These data are of basic importance and testify to the considerable role of deep factors in the formation of hydrocarbon fields. After these factors are tested in other regions, the revealed indications may be used in petroleum exploration. The tectonic nature of inclined reflectors in the Earth’s crust and upper mantle is substantiated. It is shown that the near-vertical dynamic anomalies are caused by real geologic bodies. A complex of investigations is proposed for their further interpretation. The deep seismic surveying along the geotraverse fulfilled its task completely. At the same time, the results obtained allow recommending lines of further research and their methods. It would be expedient to perform generalizing scientific research aimed at coordinating the Uralseis-95 and Tatseis-2003 geotraverses in order to develop a common profile from the Urals to the Moscow Syneclise, provide complex interpretation of these data, and integrate the results of the previously performed deep CMP seismic surveying.     

AMT法在五大连池碳酸矿泉水

将音频大地电磁测深法（AMT）应用于五大连池地区的碳酸矿泉水勘查,以Occam（奥克姆）方法进行数据反演,揭示了研究区域深部电性特征,结果与地质资料的解释一致。研究区内实测三个AMT剖面的反演结果均显示,该区域深部存在多条明显的断裂带,其深度超过-2.5 km,走向北西,规模不一。这些深部断裂可能是CO2气体向上运移的通道,由此可以推断CO2储气层,并为最终圈定碳酸矿泉水范围提供依据。     

地面核磁共振-垂向电测深组合找水模式

地面核磁共振方法具有直接找水、提供水文地质参数、受地形影响小、垂向分辨率高、经济快速等优点,但它同时也具有易受电磁噪声干扰、横向分辨精度低、勘探深度小等缺点.垂向电测深方法具有技术成熟、不易受电磁噪声干扰、勘探深度大、横向分辨率高等优点,但它同时也具有反演解释存在多解性、定量解释不足、垂向分辨率低等缺点.通过比较地面核磁共振方法与垂向电测深方法的优缺点得知,2种找水方法具有优势互补的特点,合理配合使用上述2种找水方法,可形成地面核磁共振-垂向电测深组合找水模式.该组合找水模式在找水实践工作中的有效性已得到充分验证.     

Geoelectrical method in the investigation of groundwater resource and related issues in Ophiolite and Flysch formations of Port Blair, Andaman Island, India

Geoelectrical resistivity investigation using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique was conducted at Port Blair, South Andaman Island, to locate the fractures in different formations and to decipher its groundwater potential. A total of 40 VES were carried out covering the entire study area using Schlumberger electrode configuration out of which 34 VES fall in Andaman Flysch formations and the remaining VES in Ophiolite formations. The interpreted resistivity results were integrated with nine borehole lithologs for the subsurface analysis. The combination of VES with borehole litholog data has provided a close correspondence on subsurface hydrogeological conditions. The interpreted VES data of various formations showed drastic variations in the resistivity ranging from higher in Ophiolite, moderate in Andaman Flysch and very low in valleys of Andaman Flysch formations. The study further revealed that the weathered and fractured volcanics of Ophiolite groups of rocks and sandstone that occur in the Andaman Flysch formations constitute the productive water bearing zones categorized as good groundwater potential zone. Based on the geoelectrical parameters, viz., thickness of layers and the layer resistivity values, a groundwater potential map was prepared, in which good, moderate, and poor groundwater zones were demarcated. Further, numerical, spatial and litho-geoelectric models of resistivity were analyzed in terms of groundwater potential and these models have thus enabled to prepare a comprehensive groundwater development and management plans proving its efficacy in this art of exploratory investigations.     

Correcting the distortion of apparent resistivity pseudosection produced by 3D effect of the embankment geometry

Two-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography data acquired on the crest of the embankment are distorted by the 3D effect of the embankment geometry, reservoir water level and abutment. The distortion affects seriously the final solution of the 2D inverse problem. By comparing the apparent resistivity pseudosections from a 3D and 2D electrical resistivity model of the embankment, the distortion degrees of the apparent resistivity pseudosections along the axis on the crest were estimated for the cases of reservoir and which does not contain water. The obtained results indicate that the distortion degree acquired in the case of a reservoir that contains water was much less than that in the case of the reservoir that does not contain water. In the case of reservoir that contains water, the apparent resistivity pseudosections of the P–P and ED–ED arrays had the largest distortion degree and of D–D, W–S and P–D arrays had the smallest distortion degree. In the case of the reservoir that does not contain water, the apparent resistivity pseudosection of P–P array had the smallest distortion among all arrays. Through modeling investigation, a correction process to reduce the distortion of the apparent resistivity pseudosection was proposed. The correction process was tested in the embankment model, and two field works were carried out in the To Lich River in Hanoi and Khuan Cat embankment in Lang Son province, Vietnam. It is possible to bring the distortion of the apparent resistivity pseudosection down to 2.8–13.9%, depending on the type of electrode arrays and the type of reservoirs, containing or does not contain water. The distortion correction of the apparent resistivity pseudosection is strongly recommended before doing the 2D inverse interpretation.     

Integrated approach for identification of potential groundwater zones in Seethanagaram Mandal of Vizianagaram District,Andhra Pradesh,India

Identifying a good site for groundwater exploration in hard rock terrain is a challenging task. In hard rocks, groundwater occurs in secondary porosity developed due to weathering, fracturing, faulting, etc., which is highly variable within short distance and contributing to near-surface inhomogeneity. In such situations topographic, hydrogeological and geomorphological features provide useful clues for the selection of suitable sites. Initially, based on satellite imagery, topographical, geomorphological and hydrogeological features, an area of about 149 km² was demarcated as a promising zone for groundwater exploration in the hard rock tract of Seethanagaram Mandal, Vizianagaram District, Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 50 Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) were carried out using Wenner electrode configuration. An interactive interpretation of the VES data sharpened the information inferred from geomorphological and hydrogeological reconnaissance. Ten sites were recommended for drilling. Drilling with Down-The-Hole Hammer (DTH) was carried out at the recommended sites down to 50 to 70 m depths. The interpreted VES results matched well with the drilled bore well lithologs. The yields of bore wells vary from 900 to 9000 liters per hour (lph).     

利用ERT数据推求非均质多孔介质渗透系数初探

高密度电阻率成像法（ERT）能通过改变间距来对不同尺度上的地质体特征进行描述，近年来广泛地应用于地质、工程等领域。本文从电流场和渗流场的相似性出发来研究电阻率和渗透系数之间的关系，简要介绍了利用ERT技术所得的电阻率数据推求渗透系数的基本原理，并利用张家港大新和塘桥两处的ERT测量数据推求出渗透系数。与两地抽水试验结果和岩性取样分析的结果分别进行对比，结果较为吻合。