西藏南部岗巴—定日地区花岗岩地球化学特征及其构造环境

通过对出露于西藏南部岗巴—定日地区花岗岩体的地球化学研究表明,岩石中SiO2,Al2O3,Na2O和FeO,MgO等的含量均高,贫CaO和Fe2O3;w(SiO2)介于71.40%～73.06%,A/CNK在1.17～1.34之间,为铝和硅过饱和类型的强过铝质花岗岩。岩石的稀土元素总量(ΣREE)为56.80×10-6～89.12×10-6,(La/Yb)N=6.30～18.26,(La/Sm)N=2.62～3.40,ΣLREE/ΣHREE=2.41～4.66;稀土元素配分曲线呈右倾型,具有弱的负铕异常。Nb,Ti等高场强元素具有明显的亏损,而Rb,U,La,Nd,Hf,Eu,Y等大离子亲石元素具有明显的正异常。岩石的87Sr/86Sr初始比值较高,87Sr/86Sr为(0.738 71～0.751 12)。综合研究认为,本区花岗岩的成因为陆壳部分熔融作用形成的,属陆壳改造型强过铝质花岗岩。本区花岗岩岩浆源区岩石成分主要为砂屑岩,其次为泥质岩,是上地壳部分熔融作用的结果。岩石的微量元素标准化曲线图、岩石地R1-R2图解、Rb-(Yb+Ta)和Rb-(Nb+Yb)图解均显示本区岩体形成于同碰撞构造环境的花岗岩,具有同碰撞岩浆活动的特征,是喜马拉雅早期印度板块与冈底斯板块的俯冲碰撞导致的地壳增厚,上地壳部分熔融的产物;为形成于同碰撞构造环境的花岗岩。     

西藏则学地区古特提斯残留洋盆沉积充填及源区构造背景

古特提斯残留洋盆沉积学和构造背景研究对于揭示青藏高原形成演化及其成矿规律具有重要意义.综合野外实测剖面、典型露头、岩石薄片、生物地层学和沉积地球化学等资料,开展了西藏则学地区晚古生代古特提斯残留洋盆的深水盆地地层学、沉积学、沉积演化和物源区构造背景研究.研究结果表明,研究区发育的晚古生代地层以含砾粉砂岩和泥岩、细砂岩为主,砂体以席状和透镜状为主,沉积构造丰富,晚古生代饱粉组合特征明显.残留洋盆经历了陆坡-深水盆地-陆架三角洲-滨浅海盆地-滨岸三角洲-海湾盆地的沉积充填演化历程.主量元素组成和比值具有较低的Fe₂O₃+MgO（5.1%~10.0%）、TiO₂（0.44%~0.84%）、Al₂O₃/SiO₂（0.12~0.26）,以及较高的K₂O/Na₂O.微量和稀土元素组成和比值具有较高的∑REE、LREE明显富集、较高的La/Yb、（Gd/Yb）_N、（La/Yb）_N比值、弱的Eu负异常特征.碎屑岩主量、微量和稀土元素组成均指示物源区具有活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧性质,研究区晚古生代处于伸展背景下的陆缘裂陷环境,构造-岩浆活动和隆升作用较为强烈,且具有较为稳定的继承性演化特征.盆地沉积充填和演化记录了海平面逐渐下降、古特提斯残留洋盆逐渐封闭的过程.      

Geochemical constraints on the origin of Mesozoic alkaline intrusive complexes from the North China Craton and tectonic implications

Mesozoic alkaline intrusive complexes are widespread in the southern portion of the North China Craton and can provide some important constraints on the evolution of the Mesozoic lithosphere beneath the region. Three selected intrusive complexes (Tongshi, Hongshan, and Longbaoshan) are generally high in alkalis (K₂O+Na₂O=913 wt.%) and Al₂O₃ (1421.6 wt.%) and low in CaO and TiO₂ (<0.6 wt.%), with high and variable SiO₂ contents. Rocks from these complexes are all enriched in LREE and LILE (Cs, Rb, Ba, U, Th), depleted in Nb and Ti, have a highly positive Pb anomaly, and are characterized by lack of a clear Eu anomaly despite trace element abundances and isotopic ratios that vary greatly between complexes. The Tongshi complex has high Cs (2.68.5 ppm) and REE abundances (∑REE=112.6297 ppm, (La/Yb)_N=13.130.9) and MORB-like Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic ratios ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i<0.704; ε_Nd>0; (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i>18). The Hongshan complex has low REE concentrations (∑REE=28.2118.7 ppm, (La/Yb)_N=4.614.7) and is moderately enriched as demonstrated by their Sr–Nd isotopic ratios ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i>0.706; ε_Nd<−7). The Longbaoshan complex is extremely REE enriched (∑REE=211.3392.6 ppm, (La/Yb)_N=32.460.9) and has an EM2-like Sr–Nd isotopic character ((⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i>0.7078; ε_Nd<−11). We suggest that the Tongshi complex originated from the asthenosphere and the Hongshan complex and the Longbaoshan complex were derived from the partial melting of previously subduction-modified lithospheric mantle, in response to post-collisional lithospheric extension and asthenospheric upwelling. The occurrence of these alkaline intrusive complexes demonstrates that the lithosphere beneath the region must have been considerably thinned at the time of intrusion of these complexes. This study also shed light on the temporal evolution of the Mesozoic lithosphere and the timing of the lithospheric thinning.     

甘肃北山新元古代侵入岩的厘定及其对北山盆山演化格局的制约

北山地区是中亚造山带的组成部分,记录了重要的新元古代构造演化信息。对甘肃北山咸水沟原1:25万区域地质调查所划的泥盆纪侵入岩开展研究,新解体出新元古代二长花岗岩体,对该二长花岗岩进行LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,其²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U加权年龄为(787 ±15)Ma。岩石富SiO₂、低TiO₂、高Al₂O₃、富碱,里特曼指数σ和铝饱和指数A/CNK均大于1.05,轻稀土相对于重稀土富集,(La/Yb)_N值为15.20~23.28,表明轻重稀土高度分异,(La/Sm)_N比值为3.14~4.22,指示轻稀土分馏较大,具明显的负Eu异常,富集Rb、Th、La,亏损Nb、P、Ti、Sr,表现出S型花岗岩特征。北山地区的新元古代二长花岗岩形成于大陆碰撞构造环境,位于Rodinia超大陆边缘,该期岩浆事件反映了新元古代北山地区发生了板块碰撞。     

内蒙古东部碧流台地区辉长岩锆石U-Pb测年、地球化学特征及其成因

对内蒙古东部碧流台辉长岩进行了岩石学、地球化学与锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb测年分析研究.测年结果显示辉长岩形成时代为早三叠世早期（249±2.9 Ma）.岩石地球化学特征显示该辉长岩为一套钙碱性系列岩石：SiO₂含量为46.43%~50.77%,Al₂O₃ 11.27%~16.32%,TiO₂ 0.20%~0.37%;富钠（Na₂>K₂O,K₂O/Na₂=0.18~0.56）;高Mg^#,含量为75.08~78.93;轻重稀土分异较弱,（La/Yb）_N=2.32~3.99,（Ce/Yb）_N=2.45~3.45;岩石富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th、U、K,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Zr,具有俯冲带构造背景特征.结合区域资料,碧流台辉长岩母岩浆应该是古亚洲洋闭合后,西伯利亚古板块和中朝古板块碰撞造山带受流体交代过的岩石圈地幔部分熔融作用的产物.     

康滇古陆东缘筇竹寺组地球化学特征及意义

云南省昭通市昭阳区锌厂沟位于康滇古陆东缘,在剖面测量及样品系统采集分析基础上,建立了该区下寒武统筇竹寺组泥页岩地球化学剖面,为该区筇竹寺组沉积环境、物源分析提供了定量的地球化学数据。研究结果显示:1）筇竹寺组物源主要来自康滇古陆中元古界东川群、会理群砂泥岩、海相玄武岩,并可能有少许同时代花岗岩,形成于康滇古陆东缘大陆坡或边缘海,自西向东呈康滇古陆—潮坪—浅水陆棚—深水陆棚—水下隆起有序变化,工区位于浅水陆棚相;2）稀土元素δCe值、δEu值及微量元素Mo、V含量、（V）_N/（V+Ni）_N比值、（Cu）_N/（Zn）_N比值反映筇竹寺组底部为深水陆棚环境,上部总体为浅水陆棚沉积环境,局部水体加深为深水陆棚沉积环境。总体上该区以浅水陆棚为优势相,并具酸性还原环境特点;3）微量元素Rb、Ba、Ga、V、Zn、Mo、Cd、Sn、Zr有明显的富集。主量元素（SiO₂）_N/（Al₂O₃）_N比值及微量元素Ba、U含量、Zn-Ni-Co三角图、U/Th比值、Co/Zn比值表明有生物或热水作用的参与。     

The nature of the sub-continental mantle: constraints from the major-element composition of continental flood basalts

Many continental flood basalts (CFB) have isotope and trace-element signatures that differ from those of oceanic basalts and much interest concerns the extent to which these reflect differences in their upper mantle source regions. A review of selected data sets from the Mesozoic and Tertiary CFB confirms significant differences in their major- and trace-element compositions compared with those of basalts erupted through oceanic lithosphere. In general, those CFB suites characterised by low Nb/La, high (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i and low εNd_i tend to exhibit relatively low TiO₂, CaO/Al₂O₃, Na₂O and/or Fe₂O₃, and relatively high SiO₂. In contrast, those which have high Nb/La, low (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i and high εNd_i ratios, like the upper units in the Deccan Traps, have major- and trace-element compositions similar to oceanic basalts. It would appear that those CFB that have distinctive isotope and trace-element ratios also exhibit distinctive major-element contents, suggesting that major and trace elements have not been decoupled significantly during magma generation and differentiation.

When compared (at 8% MgO) with oceanic basalt trends, the displacement of many CFB to lower Na₂O, Fe₂O₃^*, TiO₂ and CaO/Al₂O₃, but higher SiO₂, at similar Mg#, is not readily explicable by crustal contamination. Rather, it reflects source composition and/or the effects of the melting processes. The model compositions of melts produced by decompression of mantle plumes beneath continental lithosphere have relatively low SiO₂ and high Fe₂O₃^*. In contrast, the available experimental data indicate that partial melts of peridotite have low TiO₂, Na₂O and Fe₂O₃^*CaO/Al₂O₃, if the peridotite has been previously depleted by melt extraction. Moreover, melting of hydrated, depleted peridotite yields SiO₂-rich, Fe₂O₃- and CaO-poor melts. Since anhydrous, depleted peridotite has a high-temperature solidus, it is argued that the source of these CFB was variably melt depleted and hydrated mantle, inferred to be within the lithosphere. Isotope data suggest these source regions were often old and relatively enriched in incompatible trace elements, and it is envisaged that H₂O±CO₂ were added at the same time as the incompatible elements. An implication is that a significant proportion of the new continental crust generated since the Permian reflected multistage processes involving mobilization of continental mantle lithosphere that was enriched in minor and trace elements during the Proterozoic.     

东天山阿拉塔格花岗岩体地球化学特征及其构造意义

位于中天山地块南缘大黑山地区的阿拉塔格花岗岩体,岩性主要由花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩、似斑状花岗岩组成,岩石具有高硅(w（SiO₂）为66.29%~77.47%)、富碱(w（Na₂O+K₂O）为6.75%~9.93%)、高铝(w（Al₂O₃）为10.97%~14.40%)、低Sr(w（Sr）为（28.78~153.00）×10^-6,平均为99.23×10^-6)、低Ti（w（TiO₂）为0.09％~0.77％）的特征。岩石的A/CNK值为1.19~1.50,为钙碱性过铝质岩石;岩石Eu亏损（δEu＝0.19~0.51）、LREE富集(LREE/HREE= 6.80~8.45,(La/Yb)_N= 6.06~9.03),明显富集Rb、Th、K、Hf(Zr) 等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE);岩石的Ba含量较低,并具有明显的Sr负异常。结合区域地质特征,通过岩石的地球化学和Sr、Nd同位素综合分析,认为该花岗岩形成于后碰撞环境,且为壳幔混源的岩浆多期次侵位的复合岩体。     

峨眉山大火成岩省底部枕状玄武岩的地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

云南上沧二叠纪枕状玄武岩位于峨眉山大火成岩省内带底部。该玄武岩全岩SiO₂含量为49.36%～51.36%,TiO₂含量为1.28%～1.91%,MgO含量为6.08%～10.79%,Mg^#值为53～69,Al₂O₃含量为13.91%～16.31%,Na₂O含量为1.59%～3.72%,K₂O含量较低,为0.18%～0.76%,并且Na₂O/K₂O比值较高,为4.27～10.48,属拉斑系列玄武岩。具有右倾斜型稀土元素配分模式,重稀土和部分高场强元素与N-MORB接近,轻稀土和部分大离子亲石元素介于N-MORB和上地壳之间。(La/Sm)_N比值大多数低于2.0(1.4～2.2),(Ce/Yb)_N比值介于2.2～3.4之间,明显低于OIB,不具有OIB的地球化学特征,在Th/Hf-Ta/Hf构造环境判别图解中位于陆缘裂谷玄武岩区域,推测上沧枕状熔岩是古特提斯洋俯冲到扬子板块边缘形成的初始裂谷扩张的产物。     

Melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle by the Emeishan mantle plume; evidence from the basal alkaline basalts in Dongchuan, Yunnan, Southwestern China

The Emeishan continental flood basalt (ECFB) sequence in Dongchuan, SW China comprises a basal tephrite unit overlain by an upper tholeiitic basalt unit. The upper basalts have high TiO₂ contents (3.2–5.2 wt.%), relatively high rare-earth element (REE) concentrations (40 to 60 ppm La, 12.5 to 16.5 ppm Sm, and 3 to 4 ppm Yb), moderate Zr/Nb and Nb/La ratios (9.3–10.2 and 0.6–0.9, respectively) and relatively high _{Nd (t)} values, ranging from − 0.94 to 2.3, and are comparable to the high-Ti ECFB elsewhere. The tephrites have relatively high P₂O₅ (1.3–2.0 wt.%), low REE concentrations (e.g., 17 to 23 ppm La, 4 to 5.3 ppm Sm, and 2 to 3 ppm Yb), high Nb/La (2.0–3.9) ratios, low Zr/Nb ratios (2.3–4.2), and extremely low _{Nd (t)} values (mostly ranging from − 10.6 to − 11.1). The distinct compositional differences between the tephrites and the overlying tholeiitic basalts cannot be explained by either fractional crystallization or crustal contamination of a common parental magma. The tholeiitic basalts formed by partial melting of the Emeishan plume head at a depth where garnet was stable, perhaps > 80 km. We propose that the tephrites were derived from magmas formed when the base of the previously metasomatized, volatile-mineral bearing subcontinental lithospheric mantle was heated by the upwelling mantle plume.     

闽西南早侏罗世火山岩的锆石U-Pb年龄和Sr-Nd同位素特征及其地质意义

华南陆缘在湘南、湘东南、赣南及闽西南地区早中生代发育一条呈近EW向展布的火山岩带,闽西南永定堂堡和五湖藩坑组火山岩是其中的典型代表之一,利用锆石U-Pb测定其形成年龄分别为（189±6）~（195±2）Ma和184±2 Ma,是早侏罗世火山喷发形成的.为了解闽西南早侏罗世火山岩岩浆来源及形成构造背景等信息,对火山岩进行了岩石学鉴定、主量、微量元素地球化学特征和Sr-Nd同位素测试分析.藩坑组火山岩基性和酸性端员戴里间断达20左右,是典型的双峰式火山岩.基性端员玄武岩（碱玄岩）主量元素高TiO₂、高TFe₂O₃（全铁）,（Rb/Sr）_N、（La/Nb）_N、（Ba/Nb）_N和（Rb/Yb）_N的比值均高于原始地幔值,具有∑REE较高、轻稀土富集,δEu有微弱异常的特征,I_sr值在0.704 4~0.707 5之间,ε_Nd（t）介于-1.19~4.30,说明岩浆源可能为较深的软流圈地幔,同时存在部分来自岩石圈地幔的组分.酸性端员流纹岩（英安岩）（Rb/Sr）_N和（Rb/Yb）_N比值均高于原始地幔值,（Ba/Nb）_N比值全部低于原始地幔值,（La/Nb）_N既有高值也有低值.具有∑REE较高、轻稀土富集、δEu存在异常的特征.I_sr值在0.701 2~0.705 3之间,ε_Nd（t）介于-5.40~-1.95,说明岩浆物质来源为壳幔混熔型,主要为壳源成因,但有幔源组分参与.闽西南早侏罗世双峰式火山岩形成于板内靠近大陆边缘的特殊构造位置,受到古太平洋板块的低角度俯冲-弧后伸展-玄武岩浆底侵作用影响.      

华夏早古生代俯冲作用(Ⅱ):大爽高镁-镁质安山岩新证据

早古生代加里东期造山运动(广西运动)的性质是华南大地构造演化长期争议的重大地质问题.桂东南岑溪大爽一带出露一套早古生代玄武安山岩-安山岩火山岩系.玄武安山岩-安山岩SiO₂含量为47.8%~58.8%,Al₂O₃含量为13.35%~14.25%,CaO含量为3.79%~5.61%,TiO₂含量为0.46%~0.56%,而MgO(4.39%~9.96%)、Ni(141×10-6~210×10-6)和Cr(427×10-6~750×10-6)的含量明显偏高,属钙碱性到过渡系列的高镁-镁质玄武安山岩-安山岩.轻稀土富集,轻重稀土分异明显, δEu弱负异常(0.73~0.92),(La/Yb)_N为3.4~7.9,(La/Sm)_N为3.15~4.95.大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th、U、K、Pb明显富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti相对亏损,具较低Ti/V(14.7~21.8),表现为高镁-镁质玄武安山岩-安山岩(赞岐岩)的典型特征.镁质安山岩由LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb法获得的成岩年龄为443±4 Ma,表明这套火山岩系形成于晚奥陶世-早志留世.上述研究表明,大爽玄武安山岩-安山岩系为晚奥陶世-早志留世形成于洋壳俯冲岛弧弧前环境的高镁-镁质玄武安山岩-安山岩系,其发现为华南扬子与华夏之间存在早古生代洋壳俯冲作用提供了重要证据.      

北秦岭灰池子花岗质复式岩体的源岩讨论——元素-同位素地球化学制约

灰池子复式岩体是北秦岭造山带核部规模最大的花岗岩体, 它由3个深成岩体组成.花岗岩具有高SiO₂ (6 6.86 %~ 73.48%), Al₂O₃ (14.44 %~ 16.32 %) 和Na₂O (4.17%~4.78%), 低TiO₂ (< 0.74%), MgO (< 1.18%) 和K₂O (< 3.33 %) 的特征.花岗岩轻稀土元素富集(27.45 < w (La)_N/w (Yb)_N < 72.99), Eu为负—弱正异常, 微量元素Y的质量分数为(3.70~9.77)×10-6, Yb为(0.30~ 1.14)×10-6, Sr为(310~ 775)×10-6, w (Sr) /w (Y) 为47.87~ 114.36, 大离子亲石元素(Rb, Ba, Th, Sr等) 相对富集, 高场强元素(Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr) 相对亏损.同位素组成比较均匀, 0.5 12 31 < w (143Nd) /w (144Nd) < 0.5 12 38, 0.70 783 < w (87Sr) /w (86Sr) < 0.70 880, 0.95Ga < t_DM < 1.0 9Ga, - 0.81 < ε (Nd, 437Ma) < 0.93, 且18 < ε (Sr, 437Ma) < 32, 这些特征与Adakitic质岩相似.笔者认为灰池子花岗岩是由深部下地壳新元古代玄武质岩石部分熔融形成的Adakitic质岩, 其形成与晚加里东—早海西期北秦岭杂岩地体南北裂陷海盆发生陆内双向俯冲有关.      

福建李坊重晶石矿床形成环境及矿床成因

为了解福建李坊重晶石矿床成因和成矿物质来源,对重晶石单矿物的主量元素、稀土元素、微量元素和硫同位素进行了研究,研究结果显示:重晶石单矿物表现出富Al、Si、Fe的特征;ΣREE总量较低,富集轻稀土元素;δEu呈正异常,δCe呈负异常;微量元素富集Ba、Rb、Nb、Th、P等元素,亏损K、Zr等元素;各个中段δ34S均值大于32.6‰,且直方图中只显示一个主峰。重晶石单矿物成因判别图解、ΣREE-La/Yb图解,分别指示了重晶石单矿物形成于热水沉积区,成矿物质来源于沉积岩区;Si O2/Al2O3、MnO/TFe2O3、U/Th等比值指示了弱碱性—碱性的氧化环境;(La/Ce)N、Al/(Al+Fe)等比值指示大陆边缘环境。研究表明,李坊重晶石矿床形成于大陆边缘构造环境的热水沉积成矿作用,其Ba主要来源于沉积岩区,S主要来源于寒武纪海水,并且有较多陆源物质的输入。     

东天山大白石头南新元古代片麻状花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学及地质意义

对东天山大白石头南片麻状花岗岩的研究,可以为新元古代早期Rodinia超大陆汇聚事件提供约束.在野外调查和岩相学研究的基础上,对该片麻状花岗岩开展了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、全岩地球化学和锆石原位Hf同位素分析.研究显示,片麻状花岗岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为922.7±7.9 Ma.岩石富SiO₂（70.04%~71.60%）、碱（Na₂O+K₂O=5.93%~6.58%）、Al₂O₃（13.88%~14.91%）和低MgO（1.13%~1.29%）.岩石Al₂O₃/TiO₂（25~27）小于100,CaO/Na₂O（0.7）大于0.3,K₂O/Na₂O（1.6~2.2）大于1.0,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K及La等,亏损Ba、Ta、Nb和Sr等,（La/Yb）_N（7.29~8.11）小于10,δEu小于0.5,均显示出S型花岗岩特征.锆石ε_Hf（t）均为正值（3.226 78~13.727 46）,二阶段模式年龄为920~1 598 Ma,表明新元古代花岗岩形成于大陆边缘构造环境.综合已有研究结果,可以推断天山地区出露的该期构造岩浆事件可能对应于新元古代的罗迪尼亚（Rodinia）超大陆汇聚事件.      

Compositional recycling structure of an Archean super-plume: Nb–Th–U–LREE systematics of Archean komatiites and basalts revisited

The volcanic stage of the 2.7-Ga Abitibi greenstone belt, Canada, is dominated by bimodal arc magma series and komatiite-basalt sequences. The latter represents an aerially extensive oceanic plateau erupted from an anomalously hot super-plume. Komatiites define a linear array of Nb/Th vs. Nb/U, extending from Nb/Th=8-20, and Nb/U=26-58, whereas basalts plot on a separate, but overlapping, field extending to higher Th/U but lower Nb/Th values. Inter-element ratios of Th, U, Nb, and LREE of komatiites and basalts plot with Phanerozoic and modern ocean plateau basalts. Th, U, Nb, and LREE are fractionated in subduction zones into low Nb/Th, Nb/U, and Nb/LREE arc crust, and complementary high Nb/Th, Nb/U, and Nb/LREE residual slab. Accordingly, the Archean komatiite-basalt association may be explained by a plume that likely originated from the core-mantle boundary with komatiites erupted from a hot axis containing recycled oceanic crust, and basalts erupted from the plume annulus that entrained upper mantle containing recycled oceanic and continental crust. High Nb/Th and Nb/U of plume-related volcanic sequences documented in Abitibi, Yilgarn, and Baltic Archean greenstone belts suggest that the extraction and recycling of continental crust may have occurred early in the Archean.     

Petrogenesis and sedimentary environment of silicate in Late Paleozoic in Kala area of Western Sichuan Province

In order to study the sedimentary environment characteristics of the Late Paleozoic in Kala area of Western Sichuan Province, the authors have conducted the petrological and geochemical analyses of the widely distributed silicate in Qiongyi Formation of Lower Carboniferous and Kawenggou Formation of Upper Permian. The results show that the silicate in the study area belongs to the pure siliceous rocks, with a continuous supply of land-based materials during the deposition process. The average Al/(Al+Fe+Mn) ratio is 0.62, and the silicate shows a biogenic origin by the Al-Fe-Mn diagram. The ratios of Al₂O₃/ (Al₂O₃+ Fe₂O₃), Th/U, Th/Sc, (La/Ce)_N and (La/Yb)_N and tectonic environment discriminant diagram demonstrate that the silicate developed in a shallow-slope depesitional environment in the continental margin. The Ce_anom value is -0.04 to 0.07, and it gradually increases from the Carboniferous to the Permian period, indicating the water body is in an anoxic environment with gradually increasing reducibility. The Garz--Litang basin opened in the Carboniferous period, in accordance with the regional geological evolution, and it continued to expand during the Permian period, with the gradually increasing depth of the seawater within the sedimentary basins.     

川西卡拉地区晚古生代硅质岩成因及沉积环境

为了研究川西卡拉地区晚古生代沉积环境特征,以该地区下石炭统邛依组和上二叠统卡翁沟组中广泛分布的硅质岩为研究对象,开展了岩石学、地球化学特征等研究。结果表明: 研究区古生代硅质岩属纯硅质岩范畴,在沉积过程中有持续的陆源物质供给; Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)平均值0.62,结合Al-Fe-Mn三角图解,显示它们为生物成因硅质岩; Al₂O₃/(Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃)、Th/U、Th/Sc、(La/Ce)_N、(La/Yb)_N等特征比值以及构造环境判别图,反映出硅质岩沉积环境为大陆边缘的浅海-斜坡; Ce_anom值为-0.04~0.07,从石炭纪—二叠纪逐渐增大,指示水体为缺氧环境,且还原性逐渐增强。结合区域地质演化,认为甘孜理塘洋在石炭纪时期已经打开,并在二叠纪时期持续扩张,区内沉积盆地的海水逐渐变深。     

川西甘孜-理塘结合带洋岛型玄武岩地球化学、年代学特征及其地质意义

甘孜-理塘结合带作为三江特提斯造山带与松潘-甘孜造山带的重要组成部分,发育大量的洋岛-海山岩石组合,洋岛玄武岩的存在标志着洋盆已发育成熟的洋壳.木里地区的洋岛-海山岩石组合由"基性火山岩+碳酸盐岩"构成,对基性火山岩的地球化学特征分析表明：基性火山岩SiO₂含量为40.17%~49.19%,TiO₂含量1.77%~4.86%,Al₂O₃含量9.67%~15.39%,MgO含量3.85%~17.75%,全碱含量（K₂O+Na₂O）0.87%~6.33%,属碱性玄武岩系列.稀土总量∑REE值较高,为106.21×10^-6~378.83×10^-6,（La/Yb）_N比值为9.23~39.41,为轻稀土富集型,Eu、Ce无异常,配分模式为右倾型.微量元素表现出大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、Th、K富集,而亏损高场强元素Nb、Zr.稀土元素及微量元素特征与标准洋岛型玄武岩相近,源区为软流圈地幔石榴石橄榄岩,且部分经历了岩浆结晶分异,形成于洋岛台地环境.玄武岩的锆石U-Pb定年结果为218.96~221.71 Ma,表明洋岛型玄武岩形成于晚三叠世中期.     

Physical volcanology and geochemistry of Palaeoarchaean komatiite lava flows from the western Dharwar craton,southern India: implications for Archaean mantle evolution and crustal growth

ABSTRACT

Palaeoarchaean (3.38–3.35 Ga) komatiites from the Jayachamaraja Pura (J.C. Pura) and Banasandra greenstone belts of the western Dharwar craton, southern India were erupted as submarine lava flows. These high-temperature (1450–1550°C), low-viscosity lavas produced thick, massive, polygonal jointed sheet flows with sporadic flow top breccias. Thick olivine cumulate zones within differentiated komatiites suggest channel/conduit facies. Compound, undifferentiated flow fields developed marginal-lobate thin flows with several spinifex-textured lobes. Individual lobes experienced two distinct vesiculation episodes and grew by inflation. Occasionally komatiite flows form pillows and quench fragmented hyaloclastites. J.C. Pura komatiite lavas represent massive coherent facies with minor channel facies, whilst the Bansandra komatiites correspond to compound flow fields interspersed with pillow facies. The komatiites are metamorphosed to greenschist facies and consist of serpentine-talc ± carbonate, actinolite–tremolite with remnants of primary olivine, chromite, and pyroxene. The majority of the studied samples are komatiites (22.46–42.41 wt.% MgO) whilst a few are komatiitic basalts (12.94–16.18 wt.% MgO) extending into basaltic (7.71 – 10.80 wt.% MgO) composition. The studied komatiites are Al-depleted Barberton type whilst komatiite basalts belong to the Al-undepleted Munro type. Trace element data suggest variable fractionation of garnet, olivine, pyroxene, and chromite. Incompatible element ratios (Nb/Th, Nb/U, Zr/Y Nb/Y) show that the komatiites were derived from heterogeneous sources ranging from depleted to primitive mantle. CaO/Al₂O₃ and (Gd/Yb)_N ratios show that the Al-depleted komatiite magmas were generated at great depth (350–400 km) by 40–50% partial melting of deep mantle with or without garnet (majorite?) in residue whilst komatiite basalts and basalts were generated at shallow depth in an ascending plume. The widespread Palaeoarchaean deep depleted mantle-derived komatiite volcanism and sub-contemporaneous TTG accretion implies a major earlier episode of mantle differentiation and crustal growth during ca. 3.6–3.8 Ga.