盐城大丰麋鹿自然保护区滨海湿地土壤有机碳分布特征

在盐城大丰麋鹿自然保护区选取光滩、碱蓬、互花米草、白茅、獐毛、狗牙根和芦苇7种典型滨海湿地植物作为研究对象,分析不同植被群落土壤有机碳含量在垂直方向和季节上的分布特征,并估算湿地碳储量。结果表明：在水平方向上,土壤有机碳含量整体表现为互花米草>光滩>碱蓬>狗牙根>獐毛>芦苇>白茅;在垂直方向上,不同湿地类型土壤有机碳含量的分布均呈现非单调趋势,在0～40 cm土壤中,所有植被群落SOC含量的垂直分布规律大致相同,即随土壤深度增加SOC含量下降;在季节变化上,研究区不同植被群落SOC含量总体表现为10月>8月>4月>1月;土壤有机碳含量与土壤总氮、含水率、电导率、C/N呈显著的正相关,与土壤容重、pH呈显著的负相关。研究区土壤有机碳储量在0.65～7.32 kg·m^-2范围内,有机碳密度随土壤深度的增加呈现出近似“V”形分布,最高值出现在80～100 cm土层,最低值出现在20～40 cm土层。植被对滨海湿地土壤有机碳的含量和分布有着重要影响。互花米草的入侵明显增加了潮滩有机碳的积累,其演替过程也对湿地生态系统碳...     

深圳湾红树林老鼠簕灌丛的光合固碳及其影响因子

红树林(Mangroves)是生长在热带和亚热带海岸潮间带的木本植物群落。老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius)是我国红树林林下灌丛的主要物种,是林下植被碳库的主要构成成分。本研究选取深圳福田红树林区的林下、林窗、林缘和光滩等不同生境下自然生长的老鼠簕植株,测定植株生物量和光合特性等相关指标。研究表明,林窗生境下的老鼠簕植株的光合能力、光合固碳速率和地上生物量累积均达到最大;林下生境最不利于老鼠簕植株固碳;光滩的老鼠簕植株具有较高的地下生物量累积,但由于其蒸腾速率高、水分利用率低下,其固碳较低。光照强度是决定不同生境老鼠簕植株固碳的关键因子。在未来我国红树林造林中,老鼠簕可作为林下植被构建,以提高红树林生物量总碳库,但最适宜老鼠簕固碳的光照约为40%~80%。本文研究结果将为红树林造林实践中的物种选择和林分构建提供理论参考。     

北部湾防城港东湾白骨壤潮滩近底层动力响应台风作用的耗散过程

揭示极端天气影响的红树林潮滩潮流能量耗散过程是理解生物海岸演变及滨海湿地生态修复工程的核心内容。以北部湾防城港东湾白骨壤红树林潮滩为例,基于声学多普勒流速仪（ADV）获取区域2020年8月连续6天的水动力和白骨壤红树林下垫面植被实测数据,分析白骨壤潮滩近底层动力响应台风“森拉克”的耗散过程。结果表明：1）正常天气涨、落潮期间,自光滩到白骨壤红树林林内近底层湍流动能变化具有潮汐不对称性特征。涨潮期间光滩—白骨壤红树林边缘、白骨壤红树林边缘—林内潮流挟沙能量分别通过泥沙沉降以及搬运泥沙两种方式沿程消耗,落潮期间潮流挟沙能量主要以泥沙净沉降的方式消耗。2）白骨壤通过其潮滩表层向上发育长约10 cm的呼吸根以降低湍流垂向紊动;红树林边缘的枝、叶通过影响水平方向上的水流动力,致使潮流挟沙能耗降低。3）与正常天气比较,台风“森拉克”期间东湾自光滩到白骨壤红树林林内近底层水体流速无明显变化,但流向偏转幅度明显变大。同时湍流动能的耗散率和用以搬运泥沙为主的潮流挟沙能耗亦均增大。     

辽河口湿地碳、氮、磷空间分布及季节动态特征

以2008年10月和2009年5月2次对辽河口湿地野外调查获取的数据为基础,研究了辽河口湿地生源要素碳、氮和磷的时空分布特征、湿地植被对营养元素的累积及对土壤营养元素氮、磷分布的影响.结果表明:辽河口湿地表层土壤有机碳5月和10月含量分别在0.62～13.17 mg/g和11.06～40.74 mg/g之间,10月盐化草甸土和滨海沼泽盐土有机碳含量较高,5月4种类型土壤有机碳含量无明显差异;全氮5月和10月含量分别在0.80～3.43 mg/g和0.77～2.90mg/g之间,盐化草甸土和滨海沼泽盐土表层土壤氮含量相对较高,滨海潮滩盐土最低;无机氮(NH4+-N和NO3--N)含量较低,且以铵态氮为主,5月略高于10月含量;全磷含量均在0.36～0.66 mg/g之间,无显著季节差异.碳、氮和磷的垂直剖面分布特征表明,土壤表层有机碳、全氮、无机氮和全磷含量明显高于各底层,以芦苇为主要植被的盐化草甸土各剖面的营养元素含量高于以翅碱蓬为主的滨海潮滩盐土含量.5月芦苇对氮磷的积累量高于10月,且氮磷含量在芦苇地上器官的分布趋势为叶>茎>穗.植被的生长对湿地土壤中生源要素碳、氮和磷含量的季节变化有重要影响,其对营养元素氮、磷的累积降低了表层土壤中氮、磷的储量.     

土地利用变化对盐城滨海湿地土壤有机碳库的影响

以盐城滨海湿地为例,基于遥感影像提取土地利用变化信息,估算了1987-2007年盐城滨海湿地表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳储存量和滨海湿地土壤固碳能力现状。结果表明:表层土壤有机碳储量1992年较1987年略有增长,1992~2002年间下降33.3%,2002~2007年间增加30.5%。自然湿地面积减少是湿地土壤有机碳储量减少的主要原因,而互花米草入侵和围垦造田造成了湿地土壤有机碳储量增加。农田、芦苇滩、碱蓬滩、互花米草滩和光滩有机碳埋藏速率分别为12.90、0.30、0.80、2.92和1.68×104 t/a。滩涂围垦造田在短期内有利于滨海湿地土壤有机碳储量增加,但淤泥质滨海湿地生态系统在淤长过程中的自然演替过程,能使整个湿地具有更高、更持久的固碳能力。本研究建议合理控制围垦速率,才能在获取经济社会利益最大化的同时,保证湿地土壤有机碳储量持续增加。     

中国北方典型河口芦苇湿地土壤有机碳库比较研究

以2008年10月和2009年5月黄河口和辽河口芦苇湿地野外调查获取的数据为基础,研究中国北方典型河口芦苇湿地表层和剖面土壤有机碳库的分布特征,并探讨其土壤有机碳库差异的原因。结果表明:5和10月份,黄河口芦苇湿地表层土壤有机碳变幅分别为2.15~10.13和10.98~28.82kg/m3,无显著性季节差异;辽河口芦苇湿地表层土壤有机碳库变幅分别为0.8~31.38和18.95~68.7kg/m3,10月份显著高于5月份。两河口剖面土壤有机碳库分布特征相同,均表现为0~10cm土层含量明显高于各底层,0~20cm土层集中了整个剖面50%以上的有机碳。辽河口芦苇湿地表层土壤有机碳含量及碳库均高于黄河口湿地,且10月份其差异达到了显著性水平。相对于我国其它河口芦苇湿地,黄河口湿地有机碳含量严重偏低,具有很大的可提升潜力。辽河口湿地芦苇地上生物量的均值达到2.96kg/m2,是黄河口的5.82倍,而表观土壤呼吸通量显著低于黄河口湿地,有机碳的高输入和低输出是其土壤有机碳库高于黄河口湿地的根本原因;土壤盐渍化程度高、黏粒含量低和氮素匮乏是影响黄河口芦苇湿地土壤有机碳库严重偏低的主要因素。因此,在开展黄河口退化湿地的生态恢复重建技术中降低土壤盐渍化程度、提高黏粒含量和全氮含量是提高土壤有机碳库的关键。     

滨海蓝碳生态系统的碳库间相互作用研究进展及展望

红树林、滨海盐沼和海草床是典型的滨海蓝碳生态系统,具有相当可观的固碳能力。植被碳库和沉积物碳库是蓝碳生态系统有机碳的主要载体,其变化过程决定了生态系统的整体固碳能力。本文尝试从碳库相互作用的角度出发,通过文献梳理,总结不同植被碳库之间、不同沉积物碳库之间以及植被碳库和沉积物碳库之间相互作用的研究进展,指出物种竞争、外源碳输入以及生物地貌学过程在碳库相互作用中所起到的重要作用,并提出滨海蓝碳生态系统碳库研究中存在的问题和未来研究的方向。     

互花米草入侵对闽东滨海湿地土壤有机碳的影响

探讨入侵种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)对闽东滨海红树林湿地生态系统的影响,揭示互花米草的入侵机制,采用空间替代时间的研究方法,对闽东滨海湿地互花米草入侵不同阶段的群落类型(秋茄(Kandelia candel)红树林群落、秋茄红树林-互花米草共生群落、互花米草群落和光滩)土壤有机碳(TOC)的演化进行研究。结果表明:1)水平变化:4个不同入侵阶段TOC大小次序为:秋茄红树林群落秋茄-互花米草群落互花米草群落光滩,且秋茄红树林群落0-60cm土层深度有机碳平均值24.8g·kg~(-1),互花米草群落则为11.73g·kg~(-1),说明互花米草入侵闽东滨海红树林湿地有可能大大削弱该生态系统的碳汇功能。4个不同群落类型0-20cm土层深度的TOC不具有显著性差异(P0.05),但20-40cm、40-60cm土层深度具有显著性差异(P0.05);2)垂直变化:除互花米草群落TOC在40-60cm土层达到最大外(P0.05),其他3个群落类型都是在20-40cm土层深度达到最大(P0.05);3)相关性:土壤容重与土壤含水量存在极显著的负相关性(P0.01),TOC和土壤容重存在极显著的负相关性(P0.01),TOC与土壤含水量存在极显著的正相关性(P0.01)。     

印度尼西亚北苏拉威西红树林生态系统碳库研究

近年来的研究指出红树林在海岸带碳固定和碳储存方面发挥着重要的作用。尽管印度尼西亚的红树林面积在全球占很大的比重,对于该地区红树林的有机碳储量和土壤有机碳来源的认识仍有限。本研究调查了印度尼西亚北苏拉威西海洋型的Wori红树林中生态系统有机碳储量及其空间分布特征,以及土壤有机碳的来源,以期加深该地区红树林“蓝碳”功能的认识。研究结果显示,Wori红树林0-50cm深度土壤中有机碳储量为15.4 kg/m²,占生态系统碳储量的主要部分（65%）。红树植物生物量和生态系统碳储量分别为8.3 kg/m²和23.7 kg/m²。土壤有机碳储量在不同离岸距离的采样站位中未表现出显著的空间分布差异,而生物量碳储量则在外滩最高。¹³C稳定同位素分析结果表明红树林土壤中蓄积的有机碳主要来源于红树林有机质,而潮水中的悬浮有机质和红树林外缘的海草并不构成红树林土壤有机碳的重要来源,它们的贡献者都低于20%。研究结果进一步证实了热带地区海洋型红树林湿地在碳储存以及红树植物对碳固定方面的重要性。     

南流江口洲滩景观过程研究

热带小河口洲滩景观格局对外部环境作用的影响极为敏感,是潮滩水沙、地貌及植被耦合作用的结果。本文将遥感技术和景观生态学方法相结合,探讨了北部湾南流江口洲滩的景观特征及时空变化过程。主要结果表明:2005—2019年南流江河口洲滩景观要素自陆向海呈现红树林(桐花树、秋茄)、茳芏及光滩格局,在此期间内的洲滩景观多样性指数低、景观破碎化指数高。红树林、茳芏与光滩景观类型优势度Do值大致相等。同时,红树林与茳芏的扩张导致其面积持续增加而光滩面积减少。红树林、茳芏与光滩三者相互竞争又相互促进,河口潮滩景观处于快速发育阶段。研究结果有助于对热带小河口洲滩植被演化格局的认识,为热带河口地区生态恢复与湿地管理提供理论支撑。     

红树林生态修复固碳效果的主要影响因素分析

红树林是具有重要碳汇功能的生态系统,其保护和修复成为海洋领域应对气候变化的重要手段.适宜的生境条件是红树林生态修复成功与否的关键因素,而红树植物物种和种植措施等也决定了修复后生态系统结构和功能的发展.本研究综述了红树林生态修复固碳功能的特点,分析了生境条件、物种和种植措施等因素对红树林生态系统固碳效果的影响,以期为红树...     

红树林海岸的沉积物输运和碳沉降特征

Mangroves play an important role in sequestering carbon and trapping sediments. However, the effectiveness of such functions is unclear due to the restriction of knowledge on the sedimentation process across the vegetation boundaries. To detect the effects of mangrove forests on sediment transportation and organic carbon sequestration, the granulometric and organic carbon characteristics of mangrove sediments were investigated from three vegetation zones of four typical mangrove habitats on the Leizhou Peninsula coast. Based on our results, sediment transport was often "environmentally sensitive" to the vegetation friction. A transition of the sediment transport mode from the mudflat zone to the interior/fringe zone was often detected from the cumulative frequency curve. The vegetation cover also assists the trapping of material, resulting in a significantly higher concentration of organic carbon in the interior surface sediments. However, the graphic parameters of core sediments reflected a highly temporal variability due to the sedimentation process at different locations. The sediment texture ranges widely from sand to mud, although the sedimentary environments are restricted within the same energy level along the fluvial-marine transition zone. Based on the PCA results, the large variation was mainly attributed to either the mean grain size features or the organic carbon features. A high correlation between the depth and δ13C value also indicated an increasing storage of mangrove-derived organic carbon with time.     

Tracing carbon transfer and assimilation by invertebrates and fish across a tropical mangrove ecosystem using stable isotopes

Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems that exhibit a diverse range of habitats, including tidal creeks and flats, forest gaps and interior forest with varying understory light intensity, tidal dynamics, geomorphological settings, and overall biological production. Within mangrove ecosystems, invertebrates and fish feed on heterogeneous food sources, the occurrence of which is unevenly distributed across the system. This provides a basis for testing models of carbon transfer across mangrove ecosystems. We hypothesized that the carbon transfer and assimilation by fish and invertebrates will vary across the different mangrove habitats and that such variations can be predicted by their stable isotope compositions. We analysed δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N signatures of consumers and their potential organic carbon sources across a tropical mangrove ecosystem in Vietnam. The δ¹³C values of crabs and snails significantly decreased from the tidal flat to interior forest, indicating that variations in carbon transfer and assimilation occurred at small scales <30 m. Reduced variation in δ¹³C of suspension‐feeding bivalves suggested that tidal water was a vector for large‐scale transport of carbon across the mangrove ecosystem. An analysis of co‐variance using habitat as a fixed factor and feeding habit and movement capacity of consumers as co‐variates indicated that habitat and feeding types were major features that affected the δ¹³C values of invertebrates and fish. The findings demonstrate that carbon transfer and assimilation across mangrove ecosystems occur as a diverse combination of small (<30 m) and large (>30 m) scale processes.     

Mangrove carbon sink. Do burrowing crabs contribute to sediment carbon storage? Evidence from a Kenyan mangrove system

Mangrove ecosystems are acknowledged as a significant carbon reservoir, with a potential key role as carbon sinks. Little however is known on sediment/soil capacity to store organic carbon and the impact of benthic fauna on soil organic carbon (SOC) stock in mangrove C-poor soils. This study aimed to investigate the effects of macrobenthos on SOC storage and dynamic in mangrove forest at Gazi Bay (Kenya). Although the relatively low amount of organic carbon (OC%) in these soils, they resulted in the presence of large ecosystem carbon stock comparable to other forest ecosystems. SOC at Gazi bay ranged from 3.6 kg m^− 2 in a Desert-like belt to 29.7 kg m^− 2 in the Rhizophora belt considering the depth soil interval from 0 cm to 80 cm. The high spatial heterogeneity in the distribution and amount of SOC seemed to be explained by different dominant crab species and their impact on the soil environment. A further major determinant was the presence, in the subsoil, of horizons rich in organic matter, whose dating pointed to their formation being associated with sea level rise over the Holocene. Dating and soil morphological characters proved to be an effective support to discuss links between the strategies developed by macrobenthos and soil ecosystem functioning.     

Using mangroves as a geological indicator of coastal changes in the Bragança macrotidal flat,Brazilian Amazon: A remote sensing data approach

A mangrove ecosystem shows close links between geomorphology and vegetation assemblage. In addition, the vegetation can change over time as landforms can accrete or erode, which is a direct response to coastal sedimentary processes. This demonstrates that significant changes can occur on short time scales and mangroves provide an excellent register of these modifications. Therefore, mangrove morphology and sedimentation are good indicators of interactions between relative sea level changes, coastal processes and sediment supply. These interactions are responsible for landward migration of the shoreline (erosion) and seaward migration of the shoreline (accretion), which is possible to detect from multi-date satellite data and field observations. Mangroves are one of the best geo-indicators in global coastal change research and they are an excellent procedure to detect and quantify coastal modifications.     

海南岛1605年历史地震的海岸沉积记录

海南岛铺前港湾地区1605年发生了华南历史记录的最强烈的地震,地震强度为M7.5,地震造成陆地沉陷成海。根据野外海岸地貌调查和海岸钻孔沉积物岩性特征与粒度、元素比值分析结果,对历史地震的海岸沉积记录进行了初步的研究,4个钻孔位于铺前港湾西岸博度村附近的小型古海湾,昌德、演丰附近的野菠萝岛和道学附近的红树林区潮间带,钻孔沉积记录显示铺前港湾内湾沉陷幅度为2 m,存在明显的差异性,东寨港道学和野菠萝岛附近的钻孔岩心下部为泥状红土,属于成土的风化壳顶部,根据曲口半岛下山村附近的海岸调查,强海洋动力事件形成了高出现代高潮位3.0 m的高位海岸混杂沉积体,可能与1605年地震下沉引发的类似海啸的沉积事件相关。     

Sources and distributions of terrigenous organic matter in a mangrove fringed small tropical estuary in South China

The sources and distributions of terrigenous organic matter (OM) were investigated in a small tropical estuary in the Hainan Island, South China. Plants, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and surface sediments samples in the estuary and coast were collected. Bulk properties [organic carbon (OC%), total nitrogen (TN%), stable carbon isotope (δ13C) and grain size] and lignin phenol concentrations were measured. OC% of mangrove plants was (43.4 ± 2.1)%, which is similar to the values reported for mangrove plants in other regions. OC% of sediment samples ranged from 0.07% to 1.42%, and they were related to the sediment texture. Lignin phenols in the sediment ranged from 5.16 mg/100 mg OC in the uppermost station to 0.51mg/100mg OC in the coast. The molar ratio of organic carbon to total nitrogen (C/N) (～7) and δ 13 C (～-31.1×10-3 ) of riverine SPM revealed that the major OM sources of riverine SPM were aquatic OM (phytoplankton and/or bacteria). Moreover, the lower lignin concentration (Λ8) and higher (Ad/Al)v of lignin phenols suggest that terrestrial OM in riverine SPM were mainly from soil. Furthermore, C/N ratio, δ13C and lignin phenols reveal that mangrove plants were the predominant OM sources of mangrove surface sediment. Based on the δ13C and lignin phenols, it can be concluded that the major OM sources in estuarine and coastal surface sediments were marine phytoplankton, riverine SPM and mangrove surface sediment. In addition, the higher (Ad/Al)v of lignin phenols in those coastal sediments indicate that seagrass might be a potential OM source in coastal sediments, however, the lower (Ad/Al)v in the estuarine sediments in turn suggests that seagrass could not be transported to the mangrove fringed region. A three-end-member model which is based on lignin concentrations and δ13C was applied to evaluate the contribution of mangroves to the organic matter preserved in the surface sediments. Around the mangrove fringed region, mangrove could contribute more than 50% to the sedimentary OM, and this value is much higher than riverine OM. Nevertheless, mangrove OM could not be efficiently transported to the coastal region. Our study suggests that mangrove forest is an important OM source in this small estuary.     

湛江红树林保护区现代沉积物粒度特征及其对风暴事件的响应

沉积物粒度是描述沉积环境的重要指标之一,利用沉积物粒度参数可以反演沉积物堆积过程、沉积水动力特征.通过对湛江红树林国家级自然保护内海湾、河口、潮坪区的红树林表层沉积物粒度分析的研究,结果表明：河口与海湾区的红树林沉积物以泥质为主;有堤坝保护的河口区红树林沉积物颗粒细,为悬移质体含量高且连续稳定的低能环境;红树林发育差的潮坪区红树林沉积物为砂含量较大且水动力较强的高能环境.并通过推算海湾区沉积物的沉积年代,结合样品粒度分析的结果得出了该地区风暴潮发生的大致时间.     

The exchange of organic carbon in basin mangrove forests in a southwest Florida estuary

The magnitude and seasonality of organic carbon exchange was estimated for two basin mangrove forests in Rookery Bay, Florida. Runoff and tidal inundation in the forests were seasonal with half the annual total of each occurring from August to October. In each forest there were 152 tides yr^?1 with a cumulative depth of about 12 m. Total organic carbon increased in bay waters exporting from the mangroves following a flood tide and peak concentrations were associated with export due to rainfall. The amount of net export from each basin forest was similar, although the concentration of organic carbon in each were different. Monthly net organic carbon export was proportional to the cumulative tidal amplitude within the forest. Total organic carbon export was 64 gC m^?2 yr^?1 and DOC was 75% of the total. A comparison of organic carbon export among riverine, fringe and basin mangroves suggests that tidal hydrology influences the proportion of litter fall that is exported from mangroves; and the magnitude of this organic carbon export from mangroves is related to the cumulative tidal amplitude within the forests.     

全新世大暖气广西钦州湾红树林衰退的红树林源有机质贡献示踪及其对亚洲季风的响应

The response of mangrove ecosystems to the Asian monsoon in the future global warming can be understood by reconstructing the development of mangrove forests during the Holocene climatic optimum(HCO), using proxies preserved in coastal sediments. The total organic matter in sediments of a segmented core, with calibrated age ranges between 5.6 and 7.7 cal. ka BP and corresponding to the HCO, from the Qinzhou Bay in Guangxi, China, is quantitatively partitioned into three end-members according to their sources: mangrove-derived, terrigenous,and marine phytoplanktonic, using a three-end-member model depicted by organic carbon isotope(δ13Corg) and the molar ratio of total organic carbon to total nitrogen(C/N). The percentage of mangrove-derived organic matter(MOM) contribution is used as a proxy for mangrove development. Three visible drops in MOM contribution occurred at ca. 7.3, ca. 6.9, and ca. 6.2 cal. ka BP, respectively, are recognized against a relatively stable and higher MOM contribution level, indicating that three distinct mangrove forest degradations occurred in the Qinzhou Bay during the HCO. The three mangrove forest degradations approximately correspond to the time of the strengthened/weakened Asian winter/summer monsoon. This indicates that even during a period favorable for the mangrove development, such as the HCO, climatic extremes, such as cold and dry events driven by the strengthened/weakened Asian winter/summer monsoon, can trigger the degradation of mangrove forests.