A comparative evaluation of IRS-1A LISS-II and landsat MSS images using computer-aided lineament data analysis

Lineament patterns detected from remotely sensed data provide useful information to geoscientists, specially in the study of basement tectonics, groundwater targetting and mineral exploration. Improvements in the spatial resolution of satellite images have resulted in the detection of short and faint lineaments which have hitherto gone unnoticed The IRS-1A LISS-II data offers a significant improvement in spatial resolution as compared to the Landsat MSS. A set of computer programmes developed for analysis of lineaments were used to study the parameters such as lineament frequency, length and density in order to quantify the added information derived using IRS-1A LISS-II images. The incremental contribution of LISS-II images are of the order of 100 per cent for lineament frequency and about 60 per cent for total line kilometers of lineaments detected.     

Groundwater Prospect Zoning Using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System: A Case Study in Dala-Renukoot Area, Sonbhadra District, Uttar Pradesh

In the present study, ground water prospect zones in Dala-Renukoot area, in Sonebhadra district. Uttar Pradesh, India have been delineated, through integration of various thematic maps using ARC/INFO GIS. Thematic maps in respect of geology, geomorphology. slope, drainage, land-use/land cover, lineament and lineament intersection frequency were prepared on 1:50,000 scale using remote sensing and conventional methods. These maps were scanned and registered with reference to a basemap and are input as separate layers using ARC/INFO GIS. Each theme was assigned a weightage depending on its influence on the movement and storage of groundwater and each unit in every theme map is assigned a knowledge based ranking from 1 to 5 depending on its significance to groundwater occurrence. All the themes are overlaid, two at a time and the resultant composite coverage is classified into five groundwater prospect categories. This output map is correlated with the groundwater data collected in the field.     

THE ADJUSTMENT OFA BLOCK OF AERIAL TRIANGULATION EVALUATED WITH THE WILD A5

Abstract

The procedure for aerotriangulation on the Wild A5 and similar plotting instruments is well known. The first overlap is set up in absolute orientation on well spaced plan and height control and successive overlaps are set up relatively, each to the previous overlap, by eliminating want of correspondence and preserving the height agreement of points falling in the common portion of successive overlaps. When each overlap is correctly set, the co-ordinates of selected points are measured on the instrument (machine co-ordinates). These co-ordinates differ from true ground co-ordinates only in origin, azimuth and scale, provided the settings and measurements are precisely done on error-free models, precisely connected together. However, such ideal conditions are never obtained, and the errors in azimp.th, scale and height datum increase with the number of overlaps added along a strip.     

基于光照模型的遥感图像与DEM配准方法研究

针对遥感图像与DEM数据之间难以找到精确同名地物点而造成的配准精度较低问题,提出了一种基于光照模型的图像配准方法.该方法首先计算DEM数据中每一个像元的方位和坡度,并结合遥感图像成像时的太阳高度角和方位角,计算图像与DEM的地形光照模型,最后通过光照模型来辅助控制点的选取,从而实现图像精确配准.实验结果表明,该方法稳定...     

THE CLARKE FORMULÆ FOR LATITUDE,LONGITUDE AND REVERSE AZIMUTH,WITH CORRECTIVE TERMS FOR USE ON VERY LONG LINES

Abstract

This extremely simple and elegant method of computing geographical co-ordinates, given the initial azimuth and length of line from the standpoint, was published by Col. A. R. Clarke in 1880. There is no other known method giving the same degree of accuracy with the use of only three tabulated spheroidal factors. Clarke himself regarded this as an approximate formula (vide his remark in section 5, p. 109, “Geodesy”); but as this article demonstrates, it is capable of a high degree of precision in all occupied lati tudes when certain corrections are applied to the various terms. These corrections are comparatively easy to compute, require no further spheroidal factors, and some of them may be tabulated directly once and for all.     

A TRIGONOMETRICAL UPSET

Abstract

If the geographical co-ordinates, Φ₀, L 0, and the azimuth A ₀ at a station O of a triangulation undergo corrections, ?Φ₀, ?L ₀ and ?A ₀, the geographical co-ordinates, Φ, L, and the azimuth A have to be re-computed for all the vertices throughout the whole triangulation. This is a tedious operation. It may be vastly simplified, however, by the employment of differential formulae. The derivation of these formulae would consume considerable space, so that the results alone are given here.     

香花岭地区多源地学信息复合处理图像的地质应用

本文介绍了遥感、物化探、地质等信息复合图像增强处理的基本技术方法.对多源地学信息复合处理图像新发现的色异常、线性和环形构造的分布、影像特征做了较详细的叙述;并探讨了该区的环形和线性构造对多金属矿的控矿作用,认为香花岭地区是环形和线形构造的复合控矿,在此基础上建立了香花岭矿田遥感影像模式:在环形构造内,发育北西向和北东向线性构造组合,交叉成“井”字型格式,控制金属矿的分布.根据已知矿床特征和相应影像特征的关系,提出细密线性影像和环、线交切影像两种找矿标志,指出上述标志在湘南花岗岩发育地区具有普遍找矿意义.文章最后根据多种信息综合分析,圈定了两个找矿有望地段,取得了良好的找矿效果.     

遥感影像动态裁剪程序化实现方法

影像动态裁剪在影像分析、运算和处理中具有重要的作用,基于ArcGIS影像分析工具提供的裁剪功能,分析了裁剪函数标准模板的数据结构,利用Python脚本从影像文件和矢量文件中读取信息,构建裁剪函数模板所需参数值,实现程序化影像动态裁剪。与基于磁盘输出的传统方式和基于内存输出的改进方式相比,效率提高显著,而且处理时间几乎不受影像容量和矢量图形复杂度影响,在实际工作中具有重要的应用价值。     

高盖山隧道区线性构造空间分形特征分析

本文以福建省高盖山隧道区线性构造为研究对象,对其进行了分形特征研究。应用GIS和RS技术对该区的SPOT遥感影像进行线性构造信息的提取,利用线性构造分布图,使用盒计维数法计算该区线性构造的分维值。结果表明,高盖山隧道区线性构造具有分形特征,根据岩体工程质量标准,研究区应属"好"的级别,对于铁路隧道的建设较为有利。分形理论为线性构造的研究提供了定量化的技术手段,并可为相关工程地质评价提供一个量化的指标。     

车载GPS虚拟观测值求解航向角方法

如何提高利用GPS获取车载系统航向角的精度是当前研究的热点之一。本文介绍了一种利用固定基线长的双GPS天线求车载航向角的新方法,该方法针对GPS的误差特点并结合"当前"统计模型,建立了适合航向角滤波的系统方程,然后利用卡尔曼滤波来消除航向角噪声,并且将基线长约束引入模型建立虚拟观测值进行处理。结果表明,该方法显著地提高了的航向角精度。     

Estimating fractal dimension of lineaments using box counting method for the Indian landmass

A fractal in general is a scale-invariant object that has an underlying power-law equation and is characterized by a positive fractal dimension. The fractal dimension of the Indian landmass is evaluated from the lineament map by utilizing the MATLAB programme for box counting method. The lineament map of India is divided into grids. The fractal dimension of each grid is obtained and the values are mapped. Most of the regions of India has fractal dimension in the range 1–1.25. The fractal values are compared with b-value in Gutenberg–Richter equation which gives a relationship between frequency of occurrence of earthquake and its magnitude. The estimation of b-value requires a complete earthquake dataset. In regions where the complete earthquake data are not available, the fractal dimension evaluated from the study can be used as a parameter to assess the seismic hazard of the region.     

Use of remote sensing in lineament analysis for tectonic evolution and resource study of a part of Vindhyan Basin,Jhalawar area,India

Synoptivity and the exemplified fracture systems exhibited by the space borne imagery data has helped in solving many of the geological enigma in various parts of the world. The study conducted, using such remotly sensed data, in Jhalawar anticline, part of Proterozoic Cratonic Vindhyan Basin, Rajasthan, India, led to infer the history of tectonic evolution of peribasinal deformation which has been a matter of controversy for a century and more. In Landsat MSS data the Jhalawar region displays a panorama of lineaments and their analysis through azimuthal frequency diagrams, isofracture, lineament incidence and lineament intersection incidence density maps shows that the mean orientation of the lineaments fall in NW-SE and NE-SW and the shape of the various lineament density contours also show NE-SW and NW-SE orientations. In aerial photographs the area exhibits four sets of lineaments in NE-SW, NW-SE, N-S and E-W directions. Amongst these the former two sets are expressed as wide open master fracture systems with prolific vegetation fills along them and the latter two sets are characteristically observed as thin vegetation linears with frequent strike slip faulting along them. The further analysis of these fracture/lineament systems derived from multi-level remote sensing data shows that the Jhalawar anticline, which followed the pattern of flexural slip fold mechanism, was evolved by horizontally disposed σ1 (greatest principal stress) and 3σ (least principal stress) with the former oriented in NE-SW and the latter aligned in NW-SE directions with vertically disposed 2σ. The inference of such palaeostress environment of the Jhalawar region lead in the identification of a buried rigid basement high southwest of Jhalawar anticline, beneath the Deccan pile and loci of ground water, silica sand and probable igneous plug.     

基于GPS和北斗信噪比观测值的雪深反演及其误差分析

利用GNSS反射信号反演雪深具有全天时、全天候、数据量大、成本低等突出优点。本文围绕基于信噪比观测值的雪深反演方法,利用参加中国北极科学考察的机会在黄河站设计了GNSS-R试验,采集了GPS和北斗的双频信噪比观测数据,详细讨论了高度角范围、弧段长度、卫星数量、方位角、时间尺度、星座结构、信号频率、信噪比强度等多种因素对雪深反演结果的影响。通过大样本、质量控制、误差分析等手段,雪深反演精度和可靠性得到有效提高。根据误差分析的结果,本文推荐的反演策略如下：选择高度角范围为5°~25°、信噪比强度较高的L1和B1I观测值,充分利用多颗卫星和4个方位角的大量观测数据,在一天的时间尺度上,可以实现5 cm的反演精度。另外,弧段长度、星座结构、信号频率等对反演结果的精度影响较小。     

Ranchi mega lineament and its correlation with geological and geophysical data

Remotely-sensed satellite data of Landsat 5 (TM) and IRS-1A (LISS II) covering parts of central portion of Chotanagapur plateau have been analysed visually to delineate some prominent lineaments in Ranchi district and its adjoining area. One of the most prominent lineament “Ranchi mega lineament? has been analysed in this paper. This lineament is a potential site for base metal mineralisation at some places, and it acts as good groundwater conduit in the region. No earlier attempt to map this entire structural unit as a separate entity is known. Geophysical bouguer gravity anomaly map, lithological and structural maps have some remarkable correlation with this lineament. In the present paper authors have tried to analyse the lineament with respect to its tectonic, mineralisation and groundwater prospects. Resistivity survey carried in close proximity of this lineament at selected sites, indicate that rocks are well fractured at depth. Available lithological and structural map support this lineament as a shear near Purulia (W.B.) and also having base-metal mineralisation potential in this area. Authors opine that existing gravity anomaly map may be further augmented in the light of present study.     

瞬时极坐标与时号改正的自动解算

天文测量数据处理软件在解算经纬度、方位角和人仪差时,需要预先计算出瞬时极坐标值和测前测后时号改正值。本文使用天文数据处理软件的准备文件数据直接进行极坐标和时号改正的解算,对传统内业解算步骤进行编程,减少内业计算的人工干预和数据处理环节。实验与分析表明,自动解算方法能够显著提高作业效率,减少计算的人为误差。     

ON THE LAMBERT CONFORMAL PROJECTION AS APPLIED IN CHINA

Abstract

In the last instalment of this paper it was explained that, owing to the immense size of the country, the co-ordinate system adopted by the Central Land Survey for the mapping of China consists of a number of zones bounded by parallels of latitude, the survey in each zone being based on the Lambert conical orthomorphic projection. The great extent of each zone in longitude, some sixty-five degrees, necessitated the development of series which would converge reasonably quickly, and, for this purpose, series were obtained in which a vertical distance between the parallel passing through the given point and the central parallel was used instead of the co-ordinates themselves. The series already given provided for the conversion of geographical co-ordinates into rectangulars and the inverse problem, while the present instalment deals with the scale factor and the transformation of co-ordinates from one zone to another, concluding with some numerical examples.     

Unambiguous SAR signal reconstruction from nonuniform displaced phase center sampling

The displaced phase center (DPC) technique will enable a wide-swath synthetic aperture radar (SAR) with high azimuth resolution. In a classic DPC system, the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) has to be chosen such that the SAR carrier moves just one half of its antenna length between subsequent radar pulses. Any deviation from this PRF will result in a nonuniform sampling of the synthetic aperture. This letter derives an innovative reconstruction algorithm and shows that an unambiguous reconstruction of a SAR signal is possible for nonuniform sampling of the synthetic aperture. This algorithm will also have great potential for multistatic satellite constellations as well as the dual receive antenna mode in Radarsat 2 and TerraSAR-X.     

Frequency ratio modelling using geospatial data to predict Kimberlite Clan of rock emplacement zones in Dharwar Craton,India

Kimberlite clan of rocks (KCR) comprising of mantle derived ultrabasic rocks such as Kimberlite and related Lamproites and Lamprophyres,are the primary source of diamond. Locating the KCR is first step in the diamond exploration, which is highly challenging in the field due to (i) very small spatial extent of KCR pipes (ii) high susceptibility of KCR to weathering and alteration on exposure to atmosphere, owing to their ultrabasic composition. Predictive statistical models using the geospatial data are often used to minimize the search and the present work attempts to apply the Frequency Ratio (FR) based predictive model in GIS to prepare KCR potential zone maps based on the relationship between the already explored KCR locations and the factors that favour their emplacement. Wajrakarur Kimberlite Field (WKF) in the Dharawar Craton of India, with more than 30 explored kimberlite pipes is selected as the study area. Geospatial technology has been used to generate thematic maps such as known KCR pipe locations, lineament density, lineament buffer zone, lineament intersection buffer zone, drainage anomaly buffer zone, geomorphology, and classified image showing distribution of mineral such as clay, iron oxide and calcrete, which are surface expression of KCR emplacement from various sources. Landsat 8 OLI satellite data, ASTER DEM were used in preparing the geomorphology, lineament map, and band ratio based mineral classified map. The thematic maps were converted to raster grid of 10 sq. m. FR values for each unit in each thematic map were obtained by correlating the spatial relationship between thematic map and the 25 locations of the 33 “known” KCR locations in WKF used for FR modelling. Cumulative FR value were obtained by carrying out overlay analysis of the thematic maps, which are classified into five classes by Natural Breaking method as (i)Very Low Favourable (VLF), (ii) Low Favourable (LF), (iii)Moderate favourable (MF), (iv)High Favourable (HF), and (v)Very High Favourable (VHF). The model was validated by ground verification at random sites and statistical method. During the ground visit, we observed KCR-like lithology’s at four new sites that have calcrete exposure at limited spatial extent and also some pieces of ultrabasic rocks similar to the explored sites. To ascertain their chemical composition of the samples were plotted in the MgO-K₂O-Al₂O₃ ternary diagram. All the four samples fall in the Kimberlite/Lamproite field confirming them to be KCR. The FR predictive model was also validated statistically. Total 13 locations, including 8 site out of 33 known KCR locations, one newly discovered pipe by GSI and the four locations discovered during this study were used for the validation. Statistical validation shows that 84% of model accuracy is achieved. The study reveals that Lineament Intersection, and circular drainage anomaly in 3rd order streams, lineament density are significant themes in predicting KCR emplacement zones. The study demonstrates the utility of statistical based model such as FR model in predicting the location of KCR emplacement, even with statistically insignificant distribution of KCRs and can be applied elsewhere in the world to locate the KCRs. In the process, we report discovery of four new KCR pipes in the WKF.     

Remote sensing for geology,geomorphology and lineament study of Vindhyan basin,north of Shivpuri,Madhya Pradesh

The study area comprises Bundelkhand Granite of Archaean age in the east, unconformably overlain by Upper Vindhyan sequence, ranging from Upper Kaimur Sandstone to Lower Bhander Sandstone Groups, in the west. Geomorphologically, the area has been divided into three geomorphic provinces viz. (1) Bundelkhand inselberg — pediplain, (2) Vindhyan structural plateau, consisting of two major sub-levels of Upper and Lower Bhander Sandstone Groups and two minor sub-levels of Upper and Lower Rewa Sandstone Groups, separated by escarpment and/or valleys, and (3) Chambal alluvial plain. Photo-interpretation and field studies indicate that there are three sets of lineament trends in the area out of which the NNW-SSE trend comes out very strongly on imagery and is correlatable with basement fracture trend of Bundelkhand massif. The synoptic view through imagery also gives the impression that the course of Chambal river towards north and west is controlled by a major lineament, possibly a regional fault trending NE-SW. The NNW-SSE lineament trend mentioned above then probably reflects tension release aspect of the faulting. The field check has brought out some very broad, gentle warps also with NNE-SSW trend in the area. The paper presents the salient observations on geological, structural and geomorphological studies for Shivpuri area based on remote-sensing techniques and their utility for such regional investigations.     

Velocity bunching model for modelling wave spectra along east coast of Malaysia

This paper presents the application of the velocity bunching model to detect the wave spectra pattern. We have developed the azimuth cut-off model which is estimated from the velocity bunching theory to model out the significant wave height. The velocity bunching model utilized two ERS-1 images (First European Remote Sensing Satellite). These two ERS-1 images have been acquired with the different monsoon periods. Several steps have been used to simulate the significant wave height from the velocity bunching model, these were: the real ocean wave spectra simulated from the in situ wave data, and the SAR wave spectra, extracted by applying two-dimensional Fourier transform (2-DFFT). Finally, the significant wave height was estimated based on the azimuth cut-off arising from the velocity bunching model. Two hypotheses were established in modelling the wave spectra from the SAR images: (i) azimuth cut-off was based on velocity bunching, which has been used to model the significant wave height with high accuracy, and (ii) velocity bunching model has been used to map the SAR wave spectra into ocean wave spectra. In the present study, a specific ERS-1 images of the South China Sea has been considered. No significant differences were found between the velocity-bunching model and ocean wave spectra model where ERS-1 wave spectra has been found to be dominated by the azimuth fall-off effects. Furthermore, the velocity bunching model produced wave spectra pattern approximately closed to the real ocean wave compared to the SAR wave spectra. The highest rate of r² (0.69) occurred when the significant wave height increased. It has been concluded that the velocity bunching model could be used as the best fit model for estimating the significant wave height traveled along the azimuth direction.