Estimation of 2-D and 3-D Fracture Densities from 1-D Data - Experimental and Field Results

2-D and 3-D densities of fractures are commonly used in mining safety design, natural gas and oil production in fractured reservoirs, and the characterization of subsurface flow and transportation systems in fractured rocks. However, many field data sets are collected in 1-D frequency (f) (e.g., scanlines and borehole data). We have developed an ARC/ INFO-based technology to calculate fracture frequency and densities for a given fracture network. A series of numerical simulations are performed in order to determine the optimal orientation of a scanline, along which the maximum fracture frequency of a fracture network can be obtained. We calculated the frequency (f) and densities (both D1 and D2) of 36 natural fracture trace maps, and investigated the statistical relationship between fracture frequency and fracture density D1, i.e. D1=1.340f+ 0.034. We derived analytical solutions for converting dimensional density (D1) to non-dimensional densities (D2 and D3) assuming that fracture length distribution f     

水沙运动一、二维分区耦合虚拟点算法

建立了一种计算具有多空间尺度水沙运动的一、二维分区耦合虚拟点算法。该算法通过在一、二维区域的交界面定义虚拟点,并利用有限元的非结构化网格与单元叠加的特点,将所有一、二维区域连接点的影响系数集成到总体阵中虚拟点的元素上,实现不同分区之间的强耦合作用。同传统的使用简单匹配条件的一、二维分区弱耦合算法相比,该方法可以提高分区耦合计算的稳定性。对算法的正确性用一河口算例进行了检验。     

Limit analysis of 2-D and 3-D structures based on an ellipsoid yield criterion

In this paper, a nonlinear numerical technique is developed to calculate the limit load and failure mode of structures obeying an ellipsoid yield criterion by means of the kinematic limit theorem, nonlinear programming theory and displacement-based finite element method. Using an associated flow rule, a general yield criterion expressed by an ellipsoid equation can be directly introduced into the kinematic theorem of limit analysis. The yield surface is not linearized and instead a nonlinear purely kinematic formulation is obtained. The nonlinear formulation has a smaller number of constraints and requires less computational effort than a linear formulation. By applying the finite element method, the kinematic limit analysis with an ellipsoid yield criterion is formulated as a nonlinear mathematical programming problem subject to only a small number of equality constraints. The objective function corresponds to the dissipation power which is to be minimized and an upper bound to the plastic limit load of a structure can then be calculated by solving the minimum optimization problem. An effective, direct iterative algorithm has been developed to solve the resulting nonlinear programming formulation. The calculation is based purely on kinematically admissible velocities. The stress field does not need to be calculated and the failure mode of structures can be obtained. The proposed method can be used to calculate the bearing capacity of clay soils in a direct way. Some examples are given to illustrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

二维粒子图像测速实验中三维涡旋可测性分析

现今二维粒子图像测速（PIV）广泛应用,为进一步提高PIV测量结果对紊流及水流和泥沙相互作用机理的理解,分析了二维PIV中三维涡旋的可测性。结合涡旋识别的旋转强度方法、坐标旋转定理和紊流经典Burgers涡模型,推导得出:二维PIV能否检测出三维涡旋,主要受涡旋环量和旋涡与测量平面之间的倾角两个因素影响,且仅当涡旋环量大于某一特定值（为倾角的函数）时,三维涡旋才可以被测量出。利用广泛使用的直接数值模拟（DNS）槽道紊流数据统计分析,得出了该条件下倾角和环量的相关曲线与拟合方程;结合环量概率密度累积分布可知,在常规二维PIV实验中,涡旋被测量出的概率越大,相应的倾角也越大,其中以90%、50%和10%的概率被测量出的三维涡旋与测量平面间分别呈20°、11°和5°的倾角。     

直流电阻率测深中二维反演程序对三维数据的近似解释

直流电阻率测深剖面数据解释最好的方法是二维反演，这是由于它反演速度快，而三维反演则需要很多的实测数据、很长的计算时间。而且通过对几种三维模型测深数据的二维反演结果的研究，发现尽管对无走向的良导矿体，二维反演方法所圈定的异常中心与真实矿体中心有一定的误差，但基本上还是能反映矿体的真实形态和中心位置。当矿体具有一定的走向长度时，则无论对高阻矿体还是良导矿体二维反演的效果都很好。     

CSAMT一维全区反演

由汉克尔变换和连分式求解水平层状大地电偶源的水平电场和垂直磁场,然后由电场和磁场求得卡尼亚视电阻率,不进行近区和中间区校正,直接用阻尼最小法对近区和中间区发生畸变的卡尼亚视电阻率反演,得到地下电性参数。模型试算结果表明:虽然近区和中间区的视电阻率不能正确反映地下电性垂向变化,但由其反演仍能得到正确的结果。     

三维地震数据的体绘制

体视化技术是三维地震数据浏览、分析和解释的有效工具。对于理解地震数据中蕴涵的结构和地层学信息，体视化比使用一组二维切片表示三维数据更自然。解释人员可以突出数据体中某些特定的区域体，以利于更好地理解它们的空间分布，也可以添加合并两个或者更多的，具有不同地震特征的体积区域。医学应用方面的一些体视化方法不能直接应用于地震数据方面．必须考虑地震数据自身特点才能使可视化成功实现。通过分析三维地震数据的特点进而得出实现三维地震数据体视化算法的基本方法，并对实际数据进行了实验。     

Numerical Simulation in Rockfall Analysis: A Close Comparison of 2-D and 3-D DDA

Accurate estimation of rockfall trajectory and motion behaviors is essential for rockfall risk assessment and the design and performance evaluation of preventive structures. Numerical simulation using discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) is effective and helpful in rockfall analysis. Up to now, there have been many reports on application of two-dimensional (2-D) DDA programs. In this paper, the major advantages of rockfall analysis using 2-D and extensions to three-dimensional (3-D) analysis are presented. A practical 3-D DDA code is demonstrated to be capable of simulating free falling, rolling, sliding, and bouncing with high accuracy. Because rockfall trajectories and motion behaviors can be described as combinations of these four types, this demonstration indicates that the implemented code is capable of providing reliable rockfall analysis. Finally, specific tests are conducted to compare 2-D and 3-D DDA rockfall analysis in predicting trajectory and dynamic behavior. The results indicate that 3-D DDA simulations are more appropriate for rough tree-laden inclined slopes in providing detailed spatial distribution, whereas 2-D DDA simulations have better efficiency for slopes dominated by valleys and ravines. These results can help in selecting the appropriate DDA simulation for rockfall analysis.     

高密度电阻率法的2.5维反演

讨论了电阻率法2.5维正演和反演的算法,并在此基础上编制了高密度电阻率法2.5维反演程序,该程序可用于8种常用电极装置观测结果的反演.对理论和实测数据的反演结果表明,采用的算法正确,程序运行稳定,反演效果很好.     

New point-to-face contact algorithm for 3-D contact problems using the augmented Lagrangian method in 3-D DDA

This paper presents a new point-to-face contact algorithm for contacts between two polyhedrons with planar boundaries. A new discrete numerical method called three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3-D DDA) is used and formulations of normal contact submatrices based on the proposed algorithm are derived. The presented algorithm is a simple and efficient method and it can be easily coded into a computer program. This approach does not need to use an iterative algorithm in each time step to obtain the contact plane, unlike the ‘Common-Plane’ method applied in the existing 3-D DDA. In the present 3-D DDA method, block contact constraints are enforced using the penalty method. This approach is quite simple, but may lead to inaccuracies that may be large for small values of the penalty number. The penalty method also creates block contact overlap, which violates the physical constraints of the problem. These limitations are overcome by using the augmented Lagrangian method that is used for normal contacts in this research. This point-to-face contact model has been programmed and some illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the new contact rule between two blocks. A comparison between results obtained by using the augmented Lagrangian method and the penalty method is presented as well.     

2-D与3-D横向各向同性介质中波慢度面研究

首先简述了2-D横向各向同性介质中的波慢度面方程及其似P波、似SV波与似SH波速度关系式;接着推导了3-D横向各向同性介质中波慢度面方程,导出了3-D条件下地震波速度随波动传播方向变化的关系式;计算并讨论了2-D与3-D横向各向同性介质中地震波波慢度面及地震波波速,并发现,似P波、似SV波及似SH波波慢度面一般为不规则椭圆或椭球;似P波、似SV波与似SH波速度不仅与θ、(?)有关,而且,似SV波与似SH波的传播速度不同。     

3—D叠前成像速度分析

“深度成像”是近年来使复杂的构造地震成像发生深刻变化最具决定意义的技术。与常规时间成像相比,深度成像明显的优点是揭示了盐下构造的形态和提高了成像的清晰度。本文将重温偏移成像的基本原理,并着重论述了一种用于层速度分析的稳健技术－用３－Ｄ叠前深度成像估算层速度和反射层位置。     

地下水动态监测的三维可视化初步研究

本文针对构建地下水资源动态监测管理信息系统的需要,详细介绍了在系统构建中如何利用离散控制点建立不规则三角格网(TIN)及采用混合体绘制技术对地下水水位、水温、流场等动态监测数据进行三维可视化的初步研究和实现方法。     

钻孔随钻三维轨迹测量技术研究

煤矿井下钻孔施工中,在缺少控制钻孔轨迹偏移测量技术的情况下,施工钻孔轨迹与钻孔设计轨迹偏差较大,无法满足煤矿瓦斯抽采的设计需求。阐述了随钻钻孔三维轨迹测量技术,目的是通过对随钻三维轨迹测量技术的研究,精确控制瓦斯钻孔轨迹,解决瓦斯突出煤层快速掘进及安全高效回采问题。钻孔随钻三维轨迹测量技术是通过对钻机开孔角度和钻孔轨迹的精确测量,使用三维轨迹成图方法显示。通过大量的数据采集与施工验证证明,该方法成为预抽钻孔煤层保安全、促生产过程中的重要环节,避免了钻孔设计及施工的盲目性,提高了抽采钻孔的利用率及施工速度。     

2.5维声波数值模拟

利用Liner的2.5-D时间域声波方程和高阶有限差分近似,研究了2.5维声波方程在时间-空间域中的衰减特性。简单地质模型(水平二层介质)的数值计算结果证实了下列事实:在Liner的声波方程中的最后一项,即含有1/t2的一项对整个计算结果没有影响,因此可以忽略。这一结论与文献中已经发表的数值结果相吻合。同样的结论对于由Williamson和Pratt提出的2.5-D声波方程也适用。     

通用河网二维水流模拟模式研究

通过对流域河网二维水流模拟问题的分析,提出了一个通用化的河网二维模拟概化模式,该模式将河网二维概化为"树状"河道计算单元、"环状"河道计算单元、"十字型"河道计算单元等河网二维基本单元,对这些河道计算单元的求解,构建流域型河网一二维耦合模式的求解模型,并由此建立了通用化的河网二维水流数学模型软件系统。通过"树状"河道二维计算单元求解模型的推导与实现,验证了概化模式的可行性,表明该思路可以应用于大型流域河网一、二维水流模拟,具有很好的应用推广价值。     

3-D geometric description of fractured reservoirs

Traditional stochastic modeling of fracture networks usually failed because it required unaccessible statistics and may not be able to honor available local data. This paper presents an algorithm for the 3D geometric simulation of fractured reservoirs. It is based on geological rules of fracture propagation and interaction. It is part of a methodology which aims at integrating diverse data about the fracture system in the subsurface. This information can come from well cores and logs, analog outcrops, geomechanical stress studies, seismic surveys; it may be quantitative or qualitative, and have different degrees of reliability.