中国麦饭石资源与开发研究

本文介绍了麦饭石的性能、中国麦饭石的资源状况和开发研究。指出由于这些优越的性能 ,使生活在麦饭石产区的居民健康长寿 ,那里的作物不用施肥和施用农药就能生长得很好 ,还出产名优作物。中国的麦饭石资源丰富 ,但国人尚不“识货” ,目前主要供出口之用。相信通过开发研究 ,随着人民生活水平的提高 ,我国麦饭石资源将得到充分的利用     

On Tectonogeomorphology of China

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Geological Anomaly of China

Ｇｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌ　Ａｎｏｍａｌｙ　ｏｆ　Ｃｈｉｎａ￥ＺｈａｏＰｅｎｇｄａ（ＦａｃｕｌｔｙｏｆＥａｒｔｈＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ，ＣｈｉｎａＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＧｅｏｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，Ｗｕｈａｎ４３００７４）ＷａｎｇＪｉｎｇｇｕｉ；ＲａｏＭｉｎｇｈｕ...     

Intrusion-Related Gold Deposits of North China Craton, People's Republic of China

Abstract. Intrusion‐related gold deposits are widely distributed within the North China craton or along its marginal fold belts. Presently, about 200 individual intrusion‐related gold deposits (prospects) have been discovered, among which Yuerya, Anjia‐yingzi, Linglong, Jiaojia, Chenjiazhangzi, Qiyugou, Jinjiazhuang, Dongping, Hougou, Huangtuliang, Guilaizhuang, Wulashan and Donghuofang are the most important ones. In general, the intrusion‐related gold deposits can be classified into three major groups according to their host rocks: (1) hosted by or related to felsic intrusions, including (la) calc‐alkaline granitoid intrusions and (lb) cryptoexplosion breccia pipes; (2) related to ultramafic intrusions, and (3) hosted by or related to alkaline intrusions. The first group contains the Yuerya, Anjiayingzi, Linglong, Jiaojia, Chenjiazhangzi and Qiyugou gold deposits. Gold mineralization at these deposits occurs within Mesozoic Yanshanian calc‐alkaline granitoid intrusions or cryptoexplosion breccia pipes as gold‐bearing quartz veins and replacement bodies. Pyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, native gold and electrum are major metallic minerals. The Jinjiazhuang deposit belongs to the second group, and occurs within Hercynian diopsidite and peridotite as quartz veins and replacement bodies. Pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, native gold and electrum are identified. The third group includes the Dongping, Hougou, Huangtuliang, Guilaizhuang, Wulashan and Donghuofang deposits. Gold mineralization at these deposits occurs predominantly within the Hercynian alkaline intrusive complexes as K‐feldspar‐quartz veins and replacement bodies. Major metal minerals are pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, tellurides, native gold and electrum. All these pyrite separates from Hercynian and Yanshanian intrusions or cryptoexplosion pipes associated with the gold deposits show a broad range in δ³⁴S value, which is overall higher than those Precambrian rocks and their hosted gold deposits. For the alkaline intrusion‐related gold deposits, the δ³⁴S values of the sulfides (pyrite, galena and chalcopyrite) from the deposits increase systematically from orebodies to the alkaline intrusions. All of these intrusion‐related gold deposits show relatively radiogenic lead isotopic compositions compared to mantle or lower crust curves. Most lead isotope data of sulfides from the gold ores plot in between the fields of the intrusions and Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Data are interpreted as indicative of a mixing of sulfur and lead from magma with those from Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Isotopic age data, geological and geochemical evidences suggest that the ore‐forming materials for the intrusion‐related gold deposits were generated during the emplacement of the Hercynian or Yanshanian intrusion. The calc‐alkaline or alkaline magma may provide heat, volatiles and metals for the intrusion‐related gold deposits. Evolved meteoric water, which circulated the wall rocks, was also progressively involved in the magmatic hydrothermal system, and may have dominated the ore fluids during late stage of ore‐forming processes. Therefore, the ore fluid may have resulted from the mixing of calc‐alkaline or alkaline magmatic fluids and evolved meteoric water. All these intrusion‐related gold deposits are believed to be products of Hercynian or Yanshanian calc‐alkaline and alkaline igneous processes along deep‐seated fault zones within the North China craton or along its marginal belts.     

中国的天然硅铁矿

硅铁矿属于罕见的Ｓｉ和Ｆｅ的互化物类矿物，目前在自然界已发现并命名的此类矿物相的矿物有：古北矿（Ｆｅ＿３Ｓｉ）、喜峰矿（Ｆｅ＿５Ｓｉ＿３）、等轴硅铁矿（ＦｅＳｉ）、二磋铁矿（ＦｅＳｉ＿２）及苏硅铁矿（ａＦｅ＿３Ｓｉ）等５种。本文着重介绍我国自１９８０年以来在藏、甘、冀、苏、皖、新、辽、浙诸省区所发现的二硅铁矿及其连生矿物自然硅。     

中国东部华北克拉通南缘和华南地块地幔岩中的钼含量及其意义

对中国东部华北克拉通南缘(山东临朐、昌乐、胶州和安徽明光)和华南地块(福建牛头山、广东英峰岭、海南定安和海南蓬莱)80件地幔岩包体及其寄主玄武岩石中的钼含量进行了分析。中国东部华北克拉通南缘和华南地块新生代地幔岩包体钼含量在0.10～0.41μg/g之间,平均含钼0.19μg/g;这些包体的寄主玄武岩中的钼含量明显高于其地幔岩包体中的钼含量。寄主玄武岩中钼含量在0.75～7.21μg/g之间,平均含钼3.17μg/g。其中安徽明光寄主玄武岩中钼含量最高,平均6.8μg/g;山东临朐、昌乐寄主玄武岩中钼含量平均为3.6μg/g;福建牛头山、海南定安和海南蓬莱寄主玄武岩中钼含量低,这三地平均为1.4μg/g,与世界基性岩钼的丰度1.4μg/g一致。中国东部华北克拉通南缘和华南地块地幔岩包体的寄主玄武岩中的钼含量在空间分布上明显表现为华北克拉通南缘高而华南地块低。结合我国大型钼矿集中于华北克拉通南缘以及成矿元素来源于下地壳的事实,说明寄主玄武岩中钼含量的高低对地壳中钼矿床和钼矿集中区的分布有指示意义。     

Clinopyroxenes in Kimberlites of China

The author studied the grain size, shape, colour, altered coat, mineral species, chemical composition,end- member components and infrared spectra of clinopyroxenes occurring as megacryst, macrocryst andgroundmass minerals, intergrowths with pyrope and ilmenite and minerals in deep-seated xenoliths and inclu-sions in diamonds in kimberlites of China. The clinopyroxenes under study were compared with megacrystclinopyroxenes in basalts and minerals in their deep-seated xenoliths and clinopyroxenes in lamproites andminettes. The coexisting clinopyroxene-pyrope pair was studied. Besides the author also studied the origin ofclinopyroxenes in kimberlites, P-T conditions for their formation and their reflected tectonic environments ofthe kimberlite formation. He suggests that this mineral is an indicator for diamond exploration.     

中国煤中的硼

对中国煤中硼仍缺乏系统研究。有限的数据显示,我国多数煤中含硼介于100～200mg/kg之间,最大达500mg/kg。煤中的硼主要与有机质缔合,其次是与粘土矿物结合。含硼太高将影响植物生长。硼也是反映成煤环境的良好元素。     

中国奥陶纪三叶虫生物地理

三叶虫证据表明,除北疆区的阿尔泰地体和兴安区的额尔古纳-兴安地体与西伯利亚和劳伦陆块在动物群方面紧密关联外,中国奥陶纪的所有板块和大部分地体均系当时东泛冈瓦纳的重要组成部分,在生物地理上彼此密切相关。对这些属于东泛冈瓦纳的中国区块的台地或内陆棚三叶虫动物群的综合分析研究证明,它们在特马豆克期（Tremadocian）以及凯迪晚期-赫南特期（late Katian-Hirnantian）或阿石极期（Ashgill）应归属同一生物地理区,而在弗洛期-凯迪早期（Floian-early Katian）或阿仑尼克期-卡拉多克期（Arenig-Caradoc）则可划分为两个生物地理亚区：一个由华南、塔里木板块和安南或印支地体组成,另一个包括华北板块以及滇缅马、藏南、中天山-北山地体（可能还有海南地体）。饶有趣味的是在凯迪晚期或阿石极期开始发生的生物地理亚区解体之前,有关陆块的深水相三叶虫动物群已经历了从达瑞威尔中期（mid Darriwilian）至凯迪早期的长期频繁交流以及组成逐渐趋于齐一的过程。因此深水动物群之间的属种交流和一体化进程的发生、发展和完成显然均先于浅水一侧的三叶虫。     

中国煤中的砷

砷是煤中最有害的微量元素之一,本文对全国已发表的1915个煤样数据资料统计,我国多数煤中砷含量处于0.4～10mg/kg,平均值为4～5mg/kg。贵州一些地区二叠纪煤的含砷量最高可达3570mg/kg,可谓世界之最。砷的赋存方式主要为:类质同象赋存于黄铁矿中;以粘土矿物和稀有的含砷矿物为载体;缔合于有机质中。燃用富砷煤是引发环境污染的原因,而多数煤中砷含量并不高。加强煤中砷含量的调查,控制和预防砷的危害还是可以做到的。     

中国岩石圈构造单元

笔者根据地壳表层构造与深部构造相结合原则,提出岩石圈构造单元划分应遵循的6条原则。根据地质和地球化学,特别是地球物理场所显示的特征,以贺兰山—川滇南北构造带为界,初步把中国大陆及邻近海域划分为中亚岩石圈构造域和东亚岩石圈构造域2个一级岩石圈构造单元,并进一步划分出6个二级构造单元:西域岩石圈块体、青藏岩石圈块体、松辽岩石圈块体、华北岩石圈块体、华南岩石圈块体、南海岩石圈块体,分别阐述了它们的地质、地球物理、地球化学主要特征。最后,就岩石圈构造单元划分的几个问题进行了探讨,提出一些看法。     

华北地区深部构造特征

通过岩石圈厚度变化、大地热流值和莫霍面起伏,结合浅表岩浆构造活动,编制了华北地区深部构造略图,建立了燕山期软流圈上涌与岩浆构造活动的关系模式,总结了该区的深部构造特征:岩石圈厚区与软流圈上涌区共存.同时,按生成机制对该区软流圈上涌进行了类型划分:中生代燕山期(J-K1)、早新生代(E2-E3)主动机制形成的软流圈上涌,中、新生代(K2-E1)及晚新生代(N-Q)被动机制形成的软流圈上涌.     

中国煤中的氟

氟是煤中所含微量元素中丰度较高的少数几种元素之一。对我国581个煤样分析数据的统计表明,多数样品氟含量处于20～300mg/kg,平均40mg/kg,个别超过1000mg/kg。氟在煤中赋存状态有:①独立的氟矿物;②以类质同象存在于矿物晶格内;③被矿物吸附;④以F-离子形式溶于水中。在煤中所含微量元素中,氟是对植物、动物和人体健康的影响面最大的元素。     

中国煤中的硒

自然煤中硒的含量很低,对我国1315个煤样的分析资料统计,多数煤中硒含量在0.01～11mg/kg,平均约为2mg/kg。硒在煤中的赋存方式较为多样:黄铁矿是硒的重要载体;方铅矿、硒铅矿等含硒矿物亦可出现于煤中;硒还可以被粘土矿物吸附或与煤中有机物缔合。俗称“石煤”的晚古生代炭质泥岩中硒含量较高,利用不当则给人体健康带来危害。     

中国煤中的氯

在煤中诸多微量元素中,氯的含量是比较高的一种元素。全国280个样品分析数据的统计,多数煤中含氯量处于50～500mg/kg,平均约220mg/kg。氯在煤中的赋存状态主要为:氯离子溶于孔隙水中;呈类质同象赋存于其他多种矿物中;独立矿物。煤中氯的较高含量给煤的利用带来的问题近年来引起人们的重视。     

深地震探测揭示的华北及东北地区莫霍面深度

从20世纪70年代以来,在我国华北及东北地区进行了大量的深地震探测研究.本文通过对该地区的深地震探测研究的总结和梳理,探讨了该区的莫霍面深度与变化及其地球动力学意义.结果表明:华北地区最深的莫霍面出现在内蒙褶皱带内,最浅的莫霍面出现在渤海湾盆地.东北地区最深的莫霍面出现在大兴安岭地区,最浅的莫霍面出现在依兰-伊通断裂带...     

The coal geology of China

Known coal reserves in China are about 1031 billion tonnes, while the predicted resources are 3800 billion tonnes. China is currently the world's largest coal producer, with over 1 billion tonnes'production in 1990. It is not surprising to discover, therefore, that coal is not only geographically widespread in the country but also occurs in every stratigraphic interval upwards from the Devonian (and even earlier) and is found in almost every conceivable depositional setting. With seams over 200 m thick in some basins, Chinese coals offer many geological as well as mining challenges .