711测雨雷达进行单点降水测量的试验

本文根据两年五次试验说明使用711测雨雷达测定近距离单点处一段时间内的累计降水量效果较好。文中还对确定雷达常数C的两种方法进行实测和比较,说明一般测雨雷达站可以使用自记雨量计法求C值。     

变分法在校准雷达定量估测降水中的应用

雨量计可以直接测量单点雨强随时间的连续变化,测量精度较高,但雨量计站网的密度不够,往往漏掉强降水、暴雨中心.雷达能实时探测云和降水结构及系统发生、发展演变情况,能迅速提供一定区域的实时降水情况,但雷达测量误差较大,测定局地降水量精度不高,因此雨量计和雷达进行点面结合,采用一定的数学方法将雨量计单点测量精度较高和雷达能测量降水时空分布的优点结合起来,利用雨量计测量校准雷达定量测量降水,可获得比单纯用雷达方法在精度上有很大提高的降水测量结果.     

变分法在校准雷达定量估测降水中的应用

雨量计可以直接测量单点雨强随时间的连续变化 ,测量精度较高 ,但雨量计站网的密度不够 ,往往漏掉强降水、暴雨中心 .雷达能实时探测云和降水结构及系统发生、发展演变情况 ,能迅速提供一定区域的实时降水情况 ,但雷达测量误差较大 ,测定局地降水量精度不高 ,因此雨量计和雷达进行点面结合 ,采用一定的数学方法将雨量计单点测量精度较高和雷达能测量降水时空分布的优点结合起来 ,利用雨量计测量校准雷达定量测量降水 ,可获得比单纯用雷达方法在精度上有很大提高的降水测量结果 .1　变分法校准雷达定量估测降水的原理将雷达探测区网格化 ,在…     

自记雨量资料订正雷达估测降水方法简介

本文阐述了利用自记雨量计测量降水以及雷达定量估测降水的优缺点,说明了联合自记雨量计和雷达进行降水估测的优越性,并且简单介绍目前国内外利用自记雨量计资料订正雷达估测降水的几种主要方法。１　自记雨量计测雨情况　　气象和水文部门广泛应用自记雨量计测量区域降水量,气象部门收集存档的日降水量、每小时降水量资料都是指各个气象站自记雨量计的记录。目前,雨量计的分布比较稀疏,我国雨量计的密度普遍是几十到上百公里。从经济和维修角度,布设稠密的雨量站是不可能的,尤其在高山地区和人烟稀少的地方,以及广阔的海洋区域,则…     

基于不同海拔高度的雷达降水估测试验

在国内外雷达定量估测区域降水量一些方法基础上,将降水类型、地理位置和海拔高度同时纳入考虑范畴,在成都CINRAD/SC雷达站(海拔高度596.5 m)200 km范围内选择实验区,并按海拔高度将所选区域分为3区。然后利用2010年7—8月的雷达体扫资料以及同时段、同时次的雨量计数据,采用最优化算法分别在每个区域内修订传统Z-I关系中的"A,b"系数,以得到不同海拔地区的Z-I关系和每小时雨量估测值。研究表明,与直接采用传统的Z-I关系定量测量降水相比,各个区域内,经改善后的Z-I关系准确率提高了20%左右,算法相对简单,适合业务使用。     

使用雷达回波三维信息自动识别降水类型的方法

提出了一种使用雷达回波三维信息（反射率因子的水平梯度、垂直递减率、垂直廓线变化特征以及回波顶高等）自动识别降水类型的方法,该方法可将雷达回波划分为热带降水类型、大陆强对流云降水类型和层状云降水类型。基于广州雷达于2008年5—8月观测到的7次强降水过程,在使用本方法识别降水类型的基础上,对不同降水类型使用不同的Z-R关系来测量降水量,即对热带降水类型使用Z=230R^1.25,对大陆强对流云降水使用Z=300R^1.4。以及对层状云降水使用Z=230R^1.6,并以雨量计观测的降水量为真值,与仅区分对流云降水和层状云降水类型并使用双Z-R关系测量降水量的方法进行了比较。结果表明,本方法可以有效地自动识别降水类型的分布区域,并且可以提高雷达定量测量降水的精度。     

雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合估算降水量

为了提高区域降水量观测的空间分辨率, 提出了雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合校准法。首先, 利用粒子激光探测仪观测到的滴谱资料建立实时的Z-I关系, 然后, 利用变分法对同时有雷达回波和雨量计资料的点的实测校准因子进行校准, 获得最优校准因子分析场, 最后, 对有雨量计的点取雨量计实际观测值, 没有雨量计的点利用最优校准因子分析场估算降水。利用此方法对辽宁省2007年5月15日一次天气过程进行降水量估算, 结果表明: 雷达-雨量计-粒子激光探测仪联合校准法结合了雨量站观测资料单点精度高和雷达资料时空分辨率高的优点, 提高了降水量的估算精度, 更好地反映了降水的空间分布。     

雷达与雨量计联合估测降水的相关性分析

在对比分析质量控制前后雷达估测降水量与自动雨量计降水量之间相关性的基础上,采用雷达-雨量计联合校准方法,对14种不同密度雨量计校准雷达估测降水的效果进行分析。结果表明:在使用雷达资料和雨量计资料前有必要对资料的质量进行分析与控制。联合雨量计校准雷达能明显提高雷达对降水的估测能力;采用不同密度雨量计校准雷达,随着校准雨量计密度的加大,雷达估测降水的精度不断提高并趋于稳定。校准雷达的效果及所需雨量计密度与降水类型有关,当校准效果相同时,积云强降水过程需要的雨量计密度最大,积混对流性降水过程次之,层云稳定性降水过程需要的雨量计密度最小。不同方法的校准效果不同,卡尔曼滤波方法适合于对稳定性降水的校准,或在雨量计密度低的地区对雷达进行校准;变分校准法和最优插值法的校准效果相当,适合对积混对流性降水的校准,或在雨量计密度高的地区对雷达进行校准。     

雷达-雨量计联合估测降水初值场形成方法探讨

在雷达-雨量计联合估测区域降水量中,参加校准的雷达初值场代表性好坏在很大程度上影响了最终的估测精度和雨量分布.作者从参加校准的雷达初值场的基本要求出发,分析了先前几种预处理方法的优缺点,提出一种新的资料预处理方法--时间权重平均法,并用1996～1997年的雷达和地面雨量站实测资料进行了分析.结果表明:该方法充分考虑了雷达和雨量计观测的时间一致性,能够在一定程度上改善雷达估测降水的初值场,提高了估测区域降水量的精度.     

新一代天气雷达定量降水估测集成系统

降水的定量测量是天气雷达的重要应用之一,新一代天气雷达定量降水估测集成系统(QPEGS)是一套基于新一代天气雷达的雷达雨量计联合估测降水软件,利用多种雨量计校准雷达降水的方法,生成1小时降水分布。其产品的时间分辨率达10分钟,空间分辨率1 km×1 km,适合省市级业务台站使用。过去3年的数据评估表明:校准雨量计数量和估测精度有明显正相关,校准雨量计数越多,降水估测精度越高,2003年的小时降水估测误差约40%,过程降水量的估测误差小于20%;雨量计密度保持不变的情况下,降水时段越长,降水区域越大,降水估测的精度也越高。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.