雨量自记记录统计中常见问题的处理

基层气象台站的观测员在对虹吸式雨量计所测得的降水自记记录进行整理的过程中 ,除了要充分理解《地面气象观测规范》(以下简称《规范》)和认真细致对待任何可疑记录之外 ,还要在实际工作中加深理解和灵活应用《规范》 ,才能确保雨量自记记录的统计准确无误。在此 ,笔者结合本站对雨量自记记录的统计预审情况 ,对与之相关的一些常见问题及其处理方法作了简单介绍。1　时间差的订正在报表预审中偶尔发现 ,降水日前后两天无降水时雨量计自记钟记时有误差 ,而有降水的当天自记钟确无误差。之所以会出现这一现象 ,主要是观测员在统计雨量自记记…     

宝鸡干旱分析与春旱预报

在制作和预审气表－１时，使用AHDM４．１程序不仅提高了工作效率，而且减少了预审错情，改善了工作质量。但也带来因观测员对微机过于信赖，对输入约定不明确而导致的错误。通过对晋中市９个站，２００２年１月至１０月气表－１错情统计，发现主要错情有：三次观测站０２时定时风向风速错，占总错情的４２％；三次观测站０２时０cm地温加权平均错，占总错情的３３％；最小相对湿度错，占总错情的２５％。在预审榆次区气象局２００２年气表－１中，除以上错情外，还发现以下几种错情：一是输入错（漏输、错输、不正常记录输入错，微机出错…     

闪电和固、液态降水关系差异的数值模拟

为了进一步认识闪电和固、液态降水的关系,本文利用三维雷暴云动力-电耦合数值模式,通过设置敏感性试验组,模拟了一次雷暴过程,分析雷暴中闪电和降水的特征,以及闪电和固、液态降水对垂直风速的依赖关系,探讨闪电与固、液态降水的时空分布关系和单次闪电表征的降水量(RPF:rainyields per flash)。结果表明:对流云降水中,液态降水占主要部分,但固态降水比液态降水对于垂直风速的依赖性更强。随着对流的增强,固态降水在总降水中占的比重越来越大。首次放电时间不断提前,闪电峰值落后垂直风速峰值,总闪数一开始随对流的增强而增加,对流一旦增强到一定程度,总闪数则逐渐减小。固态降水和液态降水的开始时间和峰值时间均随着对流的增强而不断提前,而液态降水出现时间和峰值时间均提前于固态降水。雷暴云首次放电的时间滞后于液态降水,而闪电峰值提前固态降水峰值或与固态降水峰值同时产生。雷暴云中的放电活动集中在强降水区域前缘的较弱降水区,强降水区对应的闪电较少,对流的增强会使降水区域面积、降水量和降水强度增加。由于液态降水总量远大于固态降水总量,固、液态RPF的数值相差达到一个量级,但单位时间内固态降水和液态降水增加的速率相近。在单位时间内闪电次数越多,RPF则越小,而固态RPF和闪电次数的线性相关性明显好于液态RPF,所以利用固态降水可以更好地预报闪电。这些结果有助于进一步认识闪电和降水的关系,并可为闪电预报提供新的思路。     

如何避免地面气象测报的错情

从台站制度建设、观测员业务学习、养成一个好的工作习惯、观测员职业道德修养等几个不同的角度论述了减少台站错情,提高业务质量的措施和经验方法.     

地面观测中应重视复读和比较

2002年,由于观测员的误读而产生的错情占了全站错情的40%,由于这种非技术原因而产生的错情是非常严重的.怎样来避免或杜绝此类现象的发生,就成了观测员应该思考的问题.在工作中只要加强复读和比较工作,此类现象并非不可避免.     

县级区域自动气象站降水资料查询服务系统的开发与应用

为了给县级气象部门开展强降水警报提供方便实用的操作平台,利用区域自动气象站的降水资料,开发了县级区域自动气象站降水警报与服务系统,该系统可对疑误降水数据进行简易甄审,提供了对降水数据的多种统计查询方法,实现了突发性强降水的自动电话语音警报.该系统自动调用Surfer绘制等值线降水色斑图,自动生成服务文档.通过不同的参数设置可适用于其它县级气象部门.     

自动气象站常见错情成因及防范措施

针对地面气象观测从人工观测过渡为自动监测后,对观测员的业务素质和工作态度有更高要求的情况,分析观测员执行业务工作制度不到位、对自动站知识掌握不全面、对业务软件不熟练及硬件故障与软件没及时升级等可能导致错情的产生,提出只有遵守地面气象观测规范和各项业务规定、加强学习提高业务素质、建立健全相关制度和强化对计算机的管理,才能减少错情的发生。     

称重与人工观测降水量的差异

为了更好地使用降水观测数据,对引起称重观测和人工观测的差异原因进行分析,选取北京市15个国家级地面观测站2012年11月—2014年1月称重式降水传感器与人工观测降水量业务资料,探讨称重观测与人工观测累积降水量的差异,并细化为对固态降水和液态降水两种降水类型进行相关性研究。结果表明:称重观测与人工观测日降水量相关系数为0.9990, 88.0%的对比次数中, 两者日降水量差值满足业务要求;在出现固态降水时,称重观测较人工观测降水量偏大,在出现液态降水时,称重观测较人工观测降水量偏小;两者在日降水量等级判断差异较小,小量降水时称重观测的能力较优;防风圈可显著提高称重观测固态降水的捕捉率,而称重观测内筒蒸发对夏季降水测量有一定影响。     

短时强降水的多尺度分析及临近预警

利用安徽省1995—2010年逐小时降水量资料,统计了不同强度的短时强降水的时空分布特征,并分析典型短时强降水过程的环境背景场特征,建立了短时强降水的三种概念模型,总结出有利于其发生的大尺度影响系统。通过分析物理量得知,短时强降水发生时大气水汽充沛、湿层深厚,厚的暖云层保证了云粒子在降水系统的下沉气流里较少的被蒸发,而中等强度的对流有效位能和高的KI指数值有利于高降水效率的产生。短时强降水的雷达反射率因子有"低质心结构"和"高质心结构"两种结构特征。而径向速度场上的中小尺度风速切变、辐合、气旋式辐合则是强降水回波在某地维持和发展的重要原因。强降水发生前半小时边界层急流显著增强,也是短时强降水临近预警的一个重要指标。     

我是怎样学习《地面气象观测规范》的

中央气象局制定的新的《地面气象观测规范》(下称新规范),一九八○年一月一日起在全国气象台站正式执行了。新规范是气象台站从事地面气象观测工作的业务规则和技术规定,我们观测员应认真学习掌握规范规定,才能在今后工作中更好地执行新规范,获取具有代表性、准确性、比较性的气象记录资料,为实现四化作出贡献。我是一九七六年底才参加工作的新观测员,没有经过正规训练,几年来,在老同志的帮助下,我认真学习规范,熟悉各种技术规定,在值班中做到正确执行,细心校对,业务质量达到自治区、地区的要求,取得了较好的成绩。一九七八年错情率为0.2％,一九七九年错情率为0.3％。新规范下发后,从台领导到组里对学习新规范都抓得较紧,自己积极参加学习,地区台组织考试时,我的成绩为九十点九分,自治区统一进行测验成绩为九十三点四分。我     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题

自地球形成至寒武纪将近40亿年（距今46亿～5.4亿年,通常称为前寒武纪）的气候演变是一个具有特殊难度和挑战性的研究领域,同时也是基础和前沿的研究领域。文章选择了前寒武纪气候演化中的三个重要科学问题进行综述：大气演化、两次全球性的冰川期以及暗弱太阳问题。关于大气演化,本文首先描述了大气成分的演化历史,然后简述了影响大气成分演化的三个基本过程：大气逃逸、两次大气氧含量突然增加、碳酸盐-硅酸盐循环及其对气候系统的负反馈作用。两次全球性的冰川期分别发生在古元古代（距今24亿～21亿年）和新元古代（距今8亿～5.8亿年）,文章简述了其成因以及相关的气候模拟结果。暗弱太阳问题是地球历史气候演化的一个经典问题,论文简要地综述了一些最新的研究成果和观点。     

淮河流域水文极值预测模型研究

为探索气候变化影响下水文极值的非平稳性和预测方法,建立了水文极值非平稳广义极值（GEV）分布的统计预测模型。利用1952-2010年淮河上游流域累计面雨量和流量年最大值资料、同期500 hPa环流特征量资料以及17个CMIP5模式对环流特征量的模拟结果,筛选出对水文极值影响显著的年平均北半球极涡强度指数作为GEV分布参数的预测因子。分析了在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下2006-2050年淮河上游流域水文极值对气候变化的响应。结果表明,10年以下与10年以上重现期的水文极值在非平稳过程中呈现前者下降而后者上升的相反变化趋势;多模型预测的集合平均在未来情景中均呈现上升趋势,情景排放量越大增幅越大,重现期越长增幅也越大。与极值的常态相比,极值的极端态更易受气候变化影响。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

The impact of AIRS atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles on hurricane forecasts: Ike (2008) and Irene (2011)

Atmospheric Infra Red Sounder(AIRS) measurements are a valuable supplement to current observational data, especially over the oceans where conventional data are sparse. In this study, two types of AIRS-retrieved temperature and moisture profiles, the AIRS Science Team product(Sci Sup) and the single field-of-view(SFOV) research product, were evaluated with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) analysis data over the Atlantic Ocean during Hurricane Ike(2008) and Hurricane Irene(2011). The evaluation results showed that both types of AIRS profiles agreed well with the ECMWF analysis, especially between 200 h Pa and 700 h Pa. The average standard deviation of both temperature profiles was approximately 1 K under 200 h Pa, where the mean AIRS temperature profile from the AIRS Sci Sup retrievals was slightly colder than that from the AIRS SFOV retrievals. The mean Sci Sup moisture profile was slightly drier than that from the SFOV in the mid troposphere. A series of data assimilation and forecast experiments was then conducted with the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model and its three-dimensional variational(3DVAR) data assimilation system for hurricanes Ike and Irene. The results showed an improvement in the hurricane track due to the assimilation of AIRS clear-sky temperature profiles in the hurricane environment. In terms of total precipitable water and rainfall forecasts, the hurricane moisture environment was found to be affected by the AIRS sounding assimilation.Meanwhile, improving hurricane intensity forecasts through assimilating AIRS profiles remains a challenge for further study.