羌塘地块西部晚三叠世灰岩古地磁研究及其构造意义

青藏高原羌塘地块和拉萨地块汇聚-碰撞拼合过程的研究对认识青藏高原中部隆升历史及其动力学过程具有重要的科学意义,而羌塘地块古地磁研究对理解上述问题至关重要。通过对羌塘地块西部改则地区晚三叠世灰岩的系统古地磁测定,获得其高温剩磁分量。但是这一高温剩磁分量未通过褶皱检验,表明为后期重磁化的结果。研究剖面高温特征剩磁平均方向在地理坐标下为Dg=349.3°,Ig=40.4°,κg=45.4,α95=6.5°,相应的古地磁极为76.4°N,311.1°E,dp/dm=4.7°/7.9°。这一古地磁极与羌塘地块早白垩世约110～100 Ma的古地磁极在古地磁误差范围内重合,表明其重磁化的时代为早白垩世约110～100 Ma。综合分析羌塘地块和拉萨地块古地磁结果,并结合海相地层、蛇绿岩和洋岛等地质证据,显示班公湖-怒江特提斯洋西段闭合的时间发生在早白垩世晚期约110～100Ma。改则地区晚三叠世灰岩的早白垩世晚期重磁化作用与羌塘/拉萨地块西部的碰撞密切相关。     

青藏高原羌塘地区晚三叠世构造-古地理研究

羌塘地区晚三叠世构造-古地理面貌总体呈多岛海格局,自北向南可分出3个次级构造-古地理单元:北羌塘弧后前陆盆地、龙木错-双湖残留盆地、南羌塘边缘海。北羌塘前陆盆地又分出5个古地理单元:以复理石沉积为特征的藏夏河-明境湖半深海;以细碎屑岩沉积为特征的唐古拉浅海陆棚;以碳酸盐沉积为特征的菊花山台地;以含煤碎屑岩系沉积为特征的土门格拉-双湖滨岸-三角洲和以酸性火山岩-火山碎屑岩喷发为特征的那底岗日-各拉丹东火山岛弧。盆地基底显示为南浅北深的箕状格局;盆地充填物为南薄北厚的楔形沉积体;盆地具有双物源、沉降中心和沉积中心不一致等特征,表明北羌塘盆地具有前陆盆地构造-沉积特征。南羌塘边缘海自北向南可分出3个古地理单元:以基性火山岩、碳酸盐岩和砂泥质碎屑岩为特征的肖茶卡浅海;以碳酸盐岩为特征的日干配错台地;以泥页岩夹粉砂岩、泥质灰岩为特征的南羌塘南缘半深海。南羌塘盆地基底显示为南、北低,中部高的丘状格局,盆地充填物为南薄北厚的楔形沉积体;盆地物源来自北部的中央隆起和那底岗日岛弧、盆地沉降中心在北部,而沉积中心在南部等特征,表明南羌塘盆地具有边缘海构造-沉积特征。羌塘地区晚三叠世构造-古地理研究对恢复南、北羌塘原型盆地的构造属性具有重要意义。     

藏北羌塘盆地构造变形及其动力学背景

本文根据盆地的变形特征，将其分为5个变形区，其中北部边缘断褶带和玛依岗日断隆区分别以叠瓦工组合和背冲断块为主，而拉雄错-雀莫错等构造区以发育对称或不对称类隔档式褶皱为特征，其构造变形及其组合方式为燕山-喜马拉雅期羌塘地块和南部诸地块向北不等速运动所造成的南北向压应力场所致。     

羌塘盆地晚三叠世原型盆地性质探讨

通过系统地对羌塘地区晚三叠世盆地的区域构造格架、岩石大地构造及沉积建造研究,对晚三叠世盆地的原型盆地性质进行探讨。认为该区晚三叠世盆地形成于新特提斯分支洋盆孕育阶段,岩浆岩地球化学特征显示为板内拉张环境,盆地中央隆起和南北凹陷形成于不同的地质时期。多数地质事实不支持前人比较公认的该盆地为前陆盆地的观点。将该区晚三叠世盆地的盆地性质确定为准克拉通盆地。     

羌塘盆地构造应力场初步分析

地处青藏高原腹地的羌塘盆地构造以EW向褶皱和逆(冲)断层及NW向、NE向平移断层为主,偶见NW向、NE向褶皱和近SN向正断层。据构造组合分析、构造解析研究、数理计算及有限单元法模拟,盆地构造变形应力场最大主应力方位以近SN向为主,伴有NW-SE向、NE-SW向和近EW向。表明自印支运动以来长期处于SN向强烈挤压,伴随间歇性(或派生)NE-SW、NW-SE和近EW向挤压。     

青藏高原拉萨地块西段三叠纪古地磁结果及其构造意义

报道拉萨地块西段三叠纪古地磁研究的初步结果。古地磁样品来自措勤县敌布错北缘新发现的海相三叠纪地层,共采集6个采点67块独立定向样品。岩石磁学实验表明,样品中含有大量中低矫顽力中等阻挡温度的磁性矿物和一定量的磁铁矿。于4个采点的47块样品中分离出现代地磁场的低温粘滞剩磁(分量A),在6个采点66块样品中获得白垩纪的次生剩磁分量(分量B),5个采点28块样品获得高温特征剩磁分量(分量C)。分量C仅可在少数以磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物的样品高温区间(525~585℃)获得,可通过标准褶皱检验,为岩石形成时期的原生剩磁信息。计算得出拉萨地块三叠纪的古地磁极位置:φρ=17.4°N、λρ=205.9°E、(dp=6.7,dm=3.7),该结果表明拉萨地块三叠纪处于南纬中低纬度地区。结合羌塘古地磁结果推测,羌北地块与拉萨地块之间班公湖—怒江缝合带所代表的特提斯洋盆可能在早三叠世打开,早三叠世—晚三叠世期间快速扩张并推动羌北地块快速北移,促使了羌北地块与欧亚大陆南缘的拼合。     

青藏高原拉萨地块西段三叠纪古地磁结果及其构造意义

报道拉萨地块西段三叠纪古地磁研究的初步结果。古地磁样品来自措勤县敌布错北缘新发现的海相三叠纪地层,共采集6个采点67块独立定向样品。岩石磁学实验表明,样品中含有大量中低矫顽力中等阻挡温度的磁性矿物和一定量的磁铁矿。于4个采点的47块样品中分离出现代地磁场的低温粘滞剩磁（分量A）,在6个采点66块样品中获得白垩纪的次生剩磁分量（分量B）,5个采点28块样品获得高温特征剩磁分量（分量C）。分量C仅可在少数以磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物的样品高温区间（525~585℃）获得,可通过标准褶皱检验,为岩石形成时期的原生剩磁信息。计算得出拉萨地块三叠纪的古地磁极位置：φρ=17.4°N、λρ=205.9°E、（dp=6.7,dm=3.7）,该结果表明拉萨地块三叠纪处于南纬中低纬度地区。结合羌塘古地磁结果推测,羌北地块与拉萨地块之间班公湖—怒江缝合带所代表的特提斯洋盆可能在早三叠世打开,早三叠世—晚三叠世期间快速扩张并推动羌北地块快速北移,促使了羌北地块与欧亚大陆南缘的拼合。     

青藏高原北羌塘地区晚三叠世地层展布和沉积型式

北羌塘盆地地处拉竹龙-金沙江缝合带和双湖构造混杂岩带之间,自北向南可划分出5个沉积相带/岩石地层单位:以砂泥质复理石-洋岛、岛弧型火山岩-大理岩岩石组合沉积为特征的若拉岗日群,以深水复理石盆地相沉积为特征的藏夏河组,以深水暗色细碎屑岩盆地相沉积为特征的结扎群,以开阔台地相/缓坡相碳酸盐岩沉积为特征的菊花山组,以三角洲相含煤碎屑岩系沉积为特征的土门格拉群。晚三叠世北羌塘盆地显示为南缓北陡的箕状沉积格局,盆地内充填物为南薄北厚的楔形沉积体,且双物源、沉降中心和沉积中心不一致,表明其具有前陆盆地的一系列沉积特征。     

羌塘盆地东部晚三叠世-侏罗纪构造-沉积演化

本文以野外实测剖面为基础,结合区域地质调查,通过地层学、岩石组合特征及沉积盆地分析,并综合区域构造演化背景及年代地层学等最新研究成果,对羌塘盆地东部上三叠统-侏罗系岩石组合、沉积类型和沉积相特征进行了对比研究,明确了羌塘盆地东部晚三叠世-侏罗纪的地层分布特征、沉积相类型、展布特征及构造-沉积演化过程。以区域性角度不整合为标志,将羌塘盆地东部上三叠统-侏罗系划分为2个构造层(卡尼阶-诺利阶构造层和瑞替阶-基默里阶构造层),并详细叙述了不同构造层内各地层的分布范围、厚度变化及岩性特征。研究区上三叠统-侏罗系以海陆过渡相和海相沉积为主,其中海陆过渡相包括三角洲相和潮坪-泻湖相,海相包括碳酸盐缓坡、蒸发台地、局限台地、滨海、浅海、半深海和深海相沉积。卡尼期主要发育滨海-浅海-半深海-深海相沉积(北羌塘坳陷)和滨浅海沉积(南羌塘坳陷)。诺利期早期以碳酸盐岩缓坡-混积陆棚沉积为主,诺利期晚期、赫塘期-巴柔期、卡洛期和基默里期主要发育潮坪-三角洲相沉积(北羌塘坳陷)和滨浅海沉积(南羌塘坳陷),巴通期和牛津期以蒸发台地-局限台地-混积陆棚沉积为主。沉积相东西向带状展布,东部低隆起是分割南北相带的重要构造单元,并在巴通期及牛津期为水下隆起,控制着羌塘东部局限台地、蒸发台地及台地边缘的分布。将区域构造背景与沉积记录相结合,总结出5个构造-沉积演化阶段:活动陆缘阶段(卡尼期,Ⅰ_1)、前陆盆地演化阶段(诺利期,Ⅰ_2)、裂陷-坳陷阶段(瑞替期-巴柔期,Ⅱ_1)、被动陆缘-坳陷阶段(巴通期-卡洛期,Ⅱ_2)和被动陆缘-坳陷阶段(牛津期-基默里期,Ⅱ_3)。     

The northern Qiangtang Block rapid drift during the Triassic Period: Paleomagnetic evidence

As one of the pivotal Gondwana–derived blocks, the kinematic history of the northern Qiangtang Block (in the Tibetan Plateau) remains unclear, mainly because quantitative paleomagnetic data to determine the paleoposition are sparse. Thus, for this study, we collected 226 samples (17 sites) from Triassic sedimentary rocks in the Raggyorcaka and Tuotuohe areas of the northern Qiangtang Block (NQB). Stepwise demagnetization isolated high temperature/field components from the samples. Both Early and Late Triassic datasets passed field tests at a 99% confidence level and were proved to be primary origins. Paleopoles were calculated to be at 24.9°N and 216.5°E with A₉₅ = 8.2°(N = 8) for the Early Triassic dataset, and at 68.1°N, 179.9°E with A₉₅ = 5.6° (N = 37) for the Late Triassic, the latter being combined with a coeval volcanic dataset published previously. These paleopoles correspond to paleolatitudes of 14.3°S±8.2° and 29.9°N±5.6°, respectively. Combining previously published results, we reconstructed a three-stage northward drift process for the NQB. (1) The northern Qiangtang Block was located in the subtropical part of the southern hemisphere until the Early Triassic; (2) thereafter, the block rapidly drifted northward from southern to northern hemispheres during the Triassic; and (3) the block converged with the Eurasian continent in the Late Triassic. The ∼4800 km northward movement from the Early to Late Triassic corresponded to an average motion rate of ∼11.85 cm/yr. The rapid drift of the NQB after the Early Triassic led to a rapid transformation of the Tethys Ocean.     

北羌塘北缘玉树三叠纪火山岩的成因机制及其构造意义

位于北羌塘地体北缘玉树隆宝地区三叠纪火山岩主要以英安岩为主。LA_ICP_MS锆石U_Pb定年结果显示这些火山岩的形成年龄约为230±2 Ma(MSWD=0.5)。岩石样品在成分上富硅和铝,并且相对于原始地幔富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs:Rb、Ba、Th和U等)和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素(HFSEs:Nb、Ta和Ti等),其总体分布样式与典型弧火山岩的化学特征类似。样品均具有相对高的εNd(t)值(-0.91~-0.53)、低的ISr值(0.707)以及正的εHf(t)值(+3.81~+7.61),表明其源区应以新生地壳组分为主。与现已报道的其他三叠纪火山岩资料进行系统对比,发现中晚三叠世火山岩具有明显的分带性,分别集中出露在北羌塘地体的北缘和南缘。另外,与北缘火山岩相比,南缘火山岩在岩石组合上具有双峰式的特点,并且其中的长英质组分具有更低的εNd(t)值(-8.79~-1.77)、相对高的ISr值(0.706~0.714)以及与南缘三叠纪S型花岗岩基本一致Hf同位素组成[εHf(t)=-15.3~-10.1],反映了其源区应以古老陆壳物质为主。综合区域最新研究资料可以判断,北羌塘地体南缘中晚三叠世火山岩的形成应与南、北羌塘地体碰撞阶段的板片断离有关,而北缘中晚三叠世火山岩的形成则与甘孜-理塘古特提斯洋盆向南俯冲有关。     

北羌塘北缘多彩三叠纪高硅花岗岩的成因及其构造意义

高硅花岗质岩浆作用不仅是衡量大陆地壳成熟度的重要指标之一, 而且能为示踪陆壳生长过程和稀有金属成矿提供非常关键的信息。然而, 目前国内外学者对于这一特殊花岗质岩浆的起源、演化及其相关地球动力学背景还存在较大的分歧。本文选择青藏高原中部多彩高硅花岗岩为研究对象, 开展岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd同位素等综合研究, 为深入理解高硅花岗岩的形成机制和青藏高原中部晚三叠世的构造演化提供新线索。研究结果显示, 多彩高硅花岗岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为219±2 Ma, 表明其为晚三叠世岩浆活动的产物。岩石样品的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr初始比值(I_Sr)为0.708 4, εNd(t)值为-8.12~-7.36, 两阶段模式年龄(t_2DM)为1.65~1.59 Ga, 总体上与可可西里-巴颜喀拉-松潘-甘孜(HBSG)地体三叠纪浊积岩成分特征类似。结合岩石地球化学的研究结果可进一步确定, 多彩高硅花岗岩的形成应该与变杂砂岩的部分熔融有关, 并且经历了较高程度的分离结晶。综合区域上多学科研究成果, 可以判断北羌塘北缘晚三叠世中酸性岩浆岩(包括高硅花岗岩)的产生很可能与甘孜-理塘古特提斯洋的板片回撤作用密切相关。     

The Cretaceous crustal shortening and thickening of the South Qiangtang Terrane and implications for proto-Tibetan Plateau formation

The timing and magnitude of deformation across the central Tibetan Plateau, including the South Qiangtang Terrane (SQT), are poorly constrained but feature prominently in geodynamic models of the Tibetan Plateau formation. The Ejiu fold and thrust belt (EFTB), which is located in the SQT, provides valuable records of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic deformation history of the central Tibetan Plateau. Here we integrate geochronology of volcanic rocks, low-temperature thermochronology, geologic mapping and a balanced cross section to resolve the deformation history of the SQT. Geochronologic data suggest that major deformation that initiated in the early Cretaceous continued until at least 80 Ma and ceased by ∼40 Ma. The balanced cross section resolves ∼66 km upper crustal shortening (34%) mainly during the Cretaceous Qiangtang-Lhasa collision. However, the Cenozoic crustal shortening is not well constrained because of a lack of successive Cenozoic strata. We also discussed whether the observed crustal shortening can account for the modern crustal thickness and elevation in the SQT. Our observations indicate that crustal shortening and thickening within the central Tibetan Plateau was mostly accomplished during the Cretaceous Lhasa-Qiangtang collision. A thick crust could be maintained since the Cretaceous due to slow erosion rates since ∼40 Ma. Minor Late Cenozoic shortening also contributed to a small amount of crustal thickening in the central Tibetan Plateau. However, close to modern >4700 m elevation was finally attained by lithospheric mantle foundering in the Qiangtang Terrane at ∼25 Ma.     

Test of Deep Seismic Reflection Profiling across central Uplift of Qiangtang Terrane in Tibetan Plateau

A test of deep seismic reflection profiling across the central uplift or metamorphic belt of the Qiangtang (羌塘) terrane, Tibet plateau, provides a first image of the crustal structure. Complex reflection patterns in the upper crust are interpreted as a series of folds and thrusts, and hivergent reflections in the lower crust may represent a convergence between the Indian and the Eurasian plates.     

Reconstruction of the Triassic Tectonic Lithofacies Paleogeography in Qiangtang Region, Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

The Triassic petrostratigraphic system and chronologic stratigraphic sketch have been updated and perfected in the Qiangtang area, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on the integrated 1:250000 regional geological survey and the latest research progeny. The first finished 1:3000000 Triassic tectonic lithofacies paleogeographic maps in the Qiangtang area shows that the Triassic tectonic unit in the Qiangtang area can been divided into three parts from north to south: northern Qiangtang block; Longmucuo-Shuanghu suture zone; and southern Qiangtang block.