东天山博格达山前构造变形与地形定量关系:基于三维建模与地貌分析

东天山受印度?欧亚板块碰撞的远程影响,新构造活跃,同时在气候影响下地表侵蚀速率有明显的空间差异,是探讨构造活动、地表过程和气候变化相互作用的理想区域;而反映构造变形的断层滑移量和地形起伏度是理解构造和气候相互作用的重要参数.通过三维地震反射深度剖面解译构建东天山阜康断裂带西端古牧地背斜三维构造几何形态,发现阜康断裂带断...     

构造地貌与低温热年代学若干问题探讨

构造地貌主要是结合地球深部构造活动与地表过程来研究地质地貌塑造和演化过程,探究地球各圈层的相互作用关系.本文简述了构造地貌研究中的几个关键问题:如地幔对流的动力地形效应,定量研究古高程方法,气候、侵蚀和构造之间的相互反馈作用,侵蚀作用与岩石强度、地应力等定量研究问题等.同时,介绍构造地貌演化研究中主要测年方法之一的低温...     

地文期-构造节律-气候旋回耦合与三峡地质灾害关系的探讨

构造-地貌-气候耦合是现代地球系统科学研究的热点之一。大量地质事实表明,构造、地貌、气候与地质灾害的发生密切相关,而三者的阶段性耦合,即地文期-构造节律-气候旋回耦合,在很大程度上决定了地质灾害在时间分布上的群发和空间上的群集。从地文期-构造节律-气候旋回的关系及耦合作用的分析入手,通过地文期、构造节律、气候旋回与地质灾害的关系论述,建立了地文期、构造节律、气候旋回与地质灾害的耦合关系模式。依据现有资料,对三峡地区滑坡的群(高)发与地文期、构造、气候的耦合关系进行了初步分析,并就如何加强这方面的研究进行了讨论。     

基岩河道流域地貌研究的定量计算方法及其进展

造山带基岩河道流域地区的地貌演化定量化的分析主要关注气候、构造等外在因素以及河流内在调节机制对地貌演化的影响.总结了关于基岩河道流域地貌分析的定量方法和模型的研究进展.定量计算方法主要利用detachment-limited模型并结合具体的区域状况对气候变化或构造产生的扰动响应状态进行定量化分析,其中地貌起伏分析涉及对地貌在气候变化下的地貌起伏增强或降低的响应趋势分析,地貌响应时间域涉及地貌在气候变化、构造扰动或两者共同作用下的地貌响应时间问题.研究表明,气候作用引发的剥蚀加强并不能导致地貌起伏增大.气候变化、构造扰动或两者共同作用的地貌响应行为主要是气候、构造以及原地条件的函数.不同的区域其地貌响应时问域不同.在中国西高东低的地貌格局所决定的水文体系中,基岩河道流域占有重要地位.地貌定量化特别是地貌响应时间域的研究,有助于理解造山带的地貌演化过程,以及辨析构造运动、气候变化和地表过程特定的时空尺度.     

厄尔尼诺的三个调控器

在地球系统中,气候和构造活动是相互影响的.气候变化引起地表大规模的物质运动,是长期被忽视的构造运动的动力之一.构造运动改变了陆海分布的类型,又会引起全球气候类型的强烈变化.德雷克通道和环南极海冰的全球气候冷暖开关作用是最典型的事例.环南极海冰的扩大压迫南大洋的西风漂流和赤道辐合带北移,加强三大寒流,引发拉尼娜冷事件.     

川滇块体东北缘晚第四纪区域气候-地貌分析及其构造地貌年代学意义

地貌年代是新构造特别是活动构造定量研究的瓶颈问题.通过对川滇块体北东边界构造带所在的区域气候变化过程和地貌研究成果的综合分析.利用众多的年代学数据,从区域尺度对地貌的年代、形态和物质组成等特征对比分析,探讨了该区冰川地貌、河流阶地和冲洪积扇的演化特征,揭示了区域气候变化与区域性地貌演化存在的内在对应关系.气候变化产生的气温、湿度、降水量等变化控制了该区冰川地貌和流水地貌的演化.区域内冰川地貌主要是末次冰期的产物,对应于末次冰期两个冰阶,河流作用在7～10ka和1～5ka两个阶段改造末次冰期堆积地貌形成相应的侵蚀地貌.主要河流阶地发育对应于降水量剧烈变化的气候过程,其中形成三级阶地而的流水下切作用最强,随后堆积的深厚物质是二级阶地的主体,并一直没有被后期流水下切作用蚀穿,与气候变化的强度等特点对应.区内冲洪积扇主要有3个堆积时期,即3～5ka,7～10ka和20～25ka,主要发育在气候变化最剧烈的时期,大量的碎屑物形成并短距离搬运堆积.将区域分析综合的结果应运到康定南团结乡附近的地貌分析,可以很好的理解该区的地貌演化,用侵蚀改造的地貌演化结论否认了以前的堆积地貌认识,理清了地貌发育的年龄序列.综合分析与应用的结果表明,区域气候-地貌-构造系统研究对于活动构造年代学具有非常重要的意义.     

DEM在构造地貌定量分析中的应用与展望

作为一种描述地形起伏特征的数据模型,数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）通过有限的地形高程数据实现对地形曲面的数字化模拟（即地形表面形态的数字化表示）,为研究地表的演化过程提供了数据基础。文章归纳梳理了DEM在基本地形因子、流域地貌特征、古地貌面的重塑、构造地貌发育模式、地貌分类与制图以及地形特征提取算法等领域的应用现状。总的来看,DEM研究对象以陆地为重点,以河流地貌和山地地貌为主要内容;研究过程从早期对地貌形态的定性描述向多种地貌参数的半定量、定量分析转变;研究尺度空间上从某个小流域到整个造山带,时间上从数小时向百万年扩展。构造地貌演化时间序列的不确定性、地貌参数获取的复杂性、地形模型算法的多样化以及DEM生成过程中的误差因素,这些均影响构造地貌定量分析结果的准确度,因此在归纳梳理已有研究成果的同时,对DEM在构造地貌研究领域的应用进行了一些思考。      

末次冰消期气候转型对青藏高原东部地震活动的影响

探讨构造和气候在地质演化过程中的耦合作用一直是地球系统科学研究的热点.通过对青藏高原东部古地震和古气候资料的收集和分析,发现18–15 ka期间湖相沉积存在大量且强烈的地震成因软沉积物变形构造或地震事件,可能是末次冰消期以来青藏高原大陆冰川(或冰帽)快速消融和冰川剥蚀卸载作用,引起中上地壳应力卸载和均衡反弹,以及冰川融水引起地下水波动,导致区域应力场变化和断层活动增强,诱发了区域频繁的地震所致.本研究为更好地理解晚第四纪青藏高原东部的地震活动、气候变化和地貌过程具有一定的启示意义.     

不同构造带硅酸盐化学风化率的制约:气候还是构造?

虽然构造—风化-气候之间的制约关系仍然存在各种争论,但无疑的是,硅酸盐矿物的化学风化是调节地质时间尺度全球大气二氧化碳分压,进而保持地球表层气候稳定的关键性因素。目前最大的挑战在于如何理解地表制约硅酸盐矿物化学风化的因素,特别是当仅仅从气候要素变化难以解释长时间尺度硅酸盐化学风化率的时候。综合不同构造区内岩石物理剥蚀率和硅酸盐化学风化率的数据表明,不同时间、空间尺度硅酸盐风化率与构造和气候之间既存在相互耦合也存在矛盾的关系,仅仅归因于单一要素是不能得到圆满解释的。构造隆升区的强剥蚀可能是造成硅酸盐风化率增加的重要因素之一,但是将晚新生代地表系统的各种变化与各构造带（如青藏高原）的阶段性隆升联系起来可能是草率的。在不同类型构造带内,气候和构造对硅酸盐风化的制约并非是相互排斥的,特别是长时间尺度,因此“构造隆升-化学风化-气候变化”假说也正面临着全新的挑战。     

历史文献中的气象记录与气候变化定量重建方法

历史文献记载是研究古气候变化的主要代用证据之一,对于定量重建过去数千年的气候变化序列具有独特价值.本文分析了中国历史文献中气象记录的特点及主要内容,重点梳理了利用各类记录定量重建气候变化序列的基本方法,并列举了通过多源记载集成、多时段记录衔接重建过去2000年中国东中部地区温度与干湿变化序列的校准案例;旨在为客观提取气候变化信息、获取高信度的气候变化数据和进一步发展利用文献记载定量重建气候变化序列的方法提供参考依据.主要认识是:1)历史文献中的气象记录主要有4类:天气、气象灾害、物候与区域气候特征及其影响记载;定量重建气候序列的基本方法有:回归分析、物理模型、分等定级、频次统计、类比分析等,但各类记录的来源、格式、连续性、详略与定量化程度不一,导致利用各类记录定量重建气候变化序列的方法也各不相同.2)对根据多源记载或不同方法反演的代用记录进行集成,利用回归分析、方差匹配、记录影响趋势剔除等校准技术,加强多源数据的相互插补方法研究,可解决古代气象记录的漏、缺记问题,是重建连续气候变化序列的主要途径.     

雅鲁藏布江大峡谷地貌响应时间域的定量计算

基岩河道流域地区的地貌演化定量化研究在构造-气候-表面过程关系的探讨中具有十分重要的意义。定量化的分析主要关注气候、构造等外在因素以及河流内在调节机制对地貌演化的影响。本文总结了关于基岩河道流域地貌分析的定量方法和模型的研究进展,并利用DL模型对雅鲁藏布江中下游河段进行了演算,结果显示该地区在稳定状态下地貌演化时间域在0.065～0.420M a之间,反映了该地区快速的地貌演化过程。     

沙漠化:从圈层耦合到全球变化

从沙漠化概念提出伊始 ,沙漠化成因机理的研究就一直成为学术界关注的焦点。沙漠化过程究竟有多少是由自然因素所致 ,多少是由人类活动所为 ,诸因素与沙漠化之间有何内在关系 ,沙尘天气发生发展过程及其诱因等 ,当属地球系统科学应解决的难题。文章从全球变化的角度 ,将沙漠系统视作一种类生命的非线性动力系统 ,指出沙漠化源于地球表层系统各圈层之间复杂的相关与耦合作用 :气候变化是控制沙漠进退的首要因素 ;陆表水持续亏损则是导致干旱、半干旱地区沙漠化发展的直接原因 ;岩石圈构造运动塑造了不同的地形地貌单元 ,奠定了沙漠分布的地理格局 ;人类的不当活动和气候变化引起的生物生产力的衰退及土地覆盖的破坏 ,造成了现代沙漠化的快速扩张。     

Time-dependent effects of heat advection and topography on cooling histories during erosion

Both erosion and surface topography cause a time-dependent variation in isotherm geometry that can result in significant errors in estimating natural exhumation rates from geochronologic data. Analytical solutions and two-dimensional numerical modelling are used to investigate the magnitude of these inaccuracies for conditions appropriate to many rapidly exhumed mountain chains of rugged relief. It is readily demonstrated that uplift of the topographic surface has a negligible effect on the cooling history of an exhumed rock sample and cannot be quantified by current geochronologic methods. The topography itself perturbs the isotherms to a depth that depends on both the vertical and horizontal scale of the surface relief. Estimations employing different isotopic systems in the same sample with higher closure temperatures (> 200°C) are not generally influenced by topography. However, direct conversion of cooling rates to exhumation rates assuming a simple constant linear geotherm markedly underestimates peak rates, due to variation of the geothermal gradient in time and space and to the time lag between exhumation and cooling. Estimations based on the altitude variation in apatite fission-track ages are less prone to such inaccuracies in geothermal gradient but are affected by near-surface time-dependent variation in isotherm depth due to advection and topography. In tectonically active mountain belts, high exhumation rates are coupled with rugged topography, and exhumation rates may be markedly overestimated, by factors of 2 or more. Even at lower exhumation rates on the order of 1 mm/a, the shape of the cooling curve is modified by advection and topography. A convex-concave shape to the cooling curve does not necessarily imply a change of exhumation rate; it may also be attained by a more complicated geothermal gradient induced by topographic relief. Very fast cooling below 100°C, often interpreted as reflecting faster exhumation, can be more simply explained by the lateral cooling effect of topographic relief, with samples exhumed in valleys displaying a different near-surface cooling history to those on ridge crests.     

Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Tectonics and Precipitation on the Evolution of Alluvial Fans at the Northern Foot of Qilian Mountains

As achieves of regional environmental changes in the past, alluvial fans have received extensive attention from geoscience community. Tectonic activity and climate change are two of the main factors affecting the development of alluvial fans. The Qilian Mountains, which is located on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, experienced severe uplift since the Cenozoic. With the huge relief from surrounding areas, a series of alluvial fans developed at the northern foot of the Qilian Mountains. That makes it become an ideal area to study the relationships between tectonic uplift, climate change, and alluvial fan development. In order to explore how climate and tectonic changes have effect on the formation and development of alluvial fans, based on stream power model and diffusion equations, a numerical model of the drainage basin-fan system was built. Xigou River and Dayekou River with their fans in Qilian Mountains were simulated by using the above-mentioned numerical model. The results show that both the change in precipitation and the uplift rate affect the fan slope. Either the increase in the uplift rate or the decrease in precipitation causes the increment of fan slope, and vice versa. Fan slope changes linearly with the uplift rate variation, while the effect of precipitation on fan slope is relatively small. The response of catchment to tectonic activity and precipitation disturbances, as the change of sedimentary flux, is also in different patterns. The research will provide a new perspective for understanding the influence of regional tectonic activities and climate change on the geomorphological process.     

我国沿海不同气候带山溪性河流沉积物输运特征

近年来许多研究发现山溪性小河流具有瞬时大通量、受极端气候事件控制、沉积物快速输运等特性,但是由于缺乏充足的监测数据和系统总结,其对全球沉积物输运的影响被低估,导致对于这个不同于大河流域的河海交互和风化传输系统的研究是不充分的.揭示不同气候带山溪性河流在自然变化与人类活动共同影响下的沉积物输运特征有助于深入理解地球表生过...     

Early and Middle Pleistocene landscapes of eastern England

This paper reviews the pattern of climate and environmental change in eastern England over the period of the Early and Middle Pleistocene, focussing especially upon northern East Anglia. Particular attention is given to the climate and tectonics that have brought about these changes and the distinctive geology, topography and biology that has developed. Throughout, an attempt is made to describe the new models that have been proposed for the Early and Middle Pleistocene of eastern England, and explain the reasons for these changes. The Early Pleistocene experienced relatively high insulation and relatively low magnitude climatic change and is represented primarily by non-climatically forced processes in the form of tidal current- and wave-activity which formed shallow marine deposits. It is possible to recognise a tectonic control in the distribution of deposits of this age because the surface processes do not have the power to remove this signature. The early Middle Pleistocene was dominated by higher magnitude climatic change involving, occasionally, climatic extremes that ranged from permafrost to mediterranean. The landscape at this time was dominated by the behaviour of major rivers (Thames, Bytham, Ancaster) and extensive coastal activity. In the latter part of the early Middle Pleistocene and the Late Middle Pleistocene the climate experienced major changes which resulted in periods of lowland glaciation and short intervals when the climate was warmer than the present. Details of tectonic activity are difficult to identify because they are removed by powerful surface processes, but it is possible to infer uplift focussed on the major interfluves of central England and subsidence in the North Seas basin. In the areas of glaciation the landscape changed radically from an organised terrain dominated by large rivers and extensive shallow coastal zones to complex, with small valleys, disrupted drainage and often discontinuous river, slope and coastal deposits. Likewise the switching off of the North Sea Delta and the opening of the Strait of Dover, separating Britain from continental Europe can be attributed to the onset of lowland glaciation. The case is made that eastern England was glaciated four times during the Middle Pleistocene: during MIS 16, 12, 10 and 6, and attention is given to recent evidence contradicting this model. Over the period of the Middle Pleistocene there is evidence for high biomass production occurring over short intervals coinciding with the climatic optima of MIS 19, 17, 15, 13, 11, and 7c, 7a and during most of these warmer periods, extending back to c. 750 ka (MIS 19/17), there is evidence in the region for the brief appearance of humans.     

青藏高原东南缘构造地貌、活动构造和下地壳流动假说

利用高精度的SRTM 数字高程模型（DEM）,定量勾画出青藏高原东南缘大尺度地形地貌的特征。分析表明,高原东南缘地貌特征为“负地形”,即海拔高程与地形坡度,与地形起伏度之间均为负相关关系,与高原中部的“正地形”--海拔高程或地形坡度与地形起伏度之间呈正相关关系,形成鲜明对比。但是,在高原东南缘,在河谷之间保留有高海拔、低起伏的残留面。这些残留面与高原内部的平坦面具相似的渐变地貌特征,从腹地的正地形逐渐变为川西的高海拔平坦面与深切河谷相间的负地形。虽然随着河流下切深度往南逐渐增加,残留面虽越来越少,但仍然可以识别,最终终止在雅砻江逆冲断裂带附近,该断裂带以南地区没有明显负地形特征。北东向展布的雅砻江逆冲断裂带对应着50～200 km宽的地形相对陡变带。综合区域新构造和构造地貌研究的最新成果表明： 1）雅砻江逆冲断裂带可能代表着现今正经受侵蚀改造和弱化的高原老边界,该边界以北和以南地区抬升历史不同; 2）三江地区的峰值抬升期已过,目前以侵蚀为主。虽然不能排除与河流侵蚀对应的均衡反弹抬升作用,但具有真正意义的地壳增厚型的构造抬升较弱。国际上流行的高原东缘下地壳流动模式的依据之一是从高原内外流分界线到南中国海,存在一个区域上延伸数千公里的抬升前低海拔“类夷平面”的残留面。地貌特征,构造和地质综合分析都表明高原东缘不存在这样的类夷平面,不支持解释高原东缘地形演化和相应构造变形的下地壳流动模式。     

Late-glacial sedimentological and morphological changes in a lowland river in response to climatic change: the Maas,southern Netherlands

The late Pleniglacial and Late-glacial Maas valley, south of Nijmegen, contains four terraces. Three river systems are described based on the morphology of channel scars on these terrace surfaces and by sediment characteristics. The River Maas reacted to climatic warming at the start of the Weichselian Late-glacial by changing its river system slowly, from a braided system to a transitional phase between braiding and meandering and finally to a highly sinuous meandering system. The Maas reacted rapidly to the Younger Dryas climate deterioration by again establishing a braiding system. At the onset of the Holocene, the river changed abruptly to a meandering river without a transitional phase. The triggering factor for change in the Maas river pattern is almost certainly the changing climate in the Late Glacial. Gradient lines on the terrace surfaces show that tectonic activity did not modify the morphology of the channels. A division of the terraces is shown, the morphological, sedimentological and petrographical characteristics are presented and the linking of changing fluvial patterns with climatic changes or tectonic movements is discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Formation of small scale folds and faults in northern Ohio

Folds and faults in the Devonian shales of the Berea area, Ohio have been analyzed on a small scale (several meters) to determine their method of formation. A simple elastic model has been developed to account for stress concentration due to lithostatic pressures induced by local relief. This analytical model is then coupled to the beam–column buckling stability theory. The possibility of failure due to faulting is also examined using the Coulomb criterion. Initial results indicate that local stresses due to topography are a probable cause of these structures, though the possible role of regional tectonic effects cannot be eliminated. The state of the local stress field and the possibility of seismic events have important implications for surface and subsurface design problems.