白垩纪—古近纪界限时期的陆地气候重建进展

白垩纪—古近纪(K-Pg)界限时期发生了地质历史中最严重的生物大灭绝事件之一,重建该时期气候演化历史及其对生态系统的影响对理解深时气候演化规律和预测未来气候变化都具有重要意义。相比海相剖面而言,基于陆相剖面的白垩纪—古近纪界限时期古气候重建研究开展较晚,相关成果缺乏系统总结和集成。本文系统回顾了全球陆相白垩纪—古近纪界限剖面的分布情况和事件年代学新进展,总结了基于以上剖面重建的定量古气候记录和德干火山喷发记录,建立了界限时期中纬度陆地年平均温度和大气CO₂浓度时间演化序列。陆相剖面分布相对集中且数量较少,中国是该时期陆相剖面发育最多的国家之一,多个盆地已经建立了德干火山喷发记录,在重建该时期陆地气候上具有很大潜力。基于陆相沉积物汞元素地球化学记录表明,德干火山作用导致了晚马斯特里赫特期变暖事件并触发了白垩纪末期生物大灭绝。中纬度陆地年平均温度重建结果显示马斯特里赫特期中期全球经历了～10℃的降温,到马斯特里赫特期晚期德干火山初始喷发前显著升温至～20℃,并在白垩纪—古近纪界限前后发生多次快速波动。尽管65～63 Ma之间陆地温度记录相对缺失,69～65 Ma之间重...     

古近纪Danian期早期热事件Dan-C2研究进展

早古近纪是新生代典型的温室气候期,期间发生了一系列快速短暂的、以碳同位素(δ¹³C)负偏移为特征的增温事件(也被称为极热事件,hyperthermals),其中Danian期早期Dan-C2事件是白垩纪末期生物大灭绝之后出现的第一个热事件,因而其环境效应和生态效应受到了广泛关注。但是随着研究的不断深入,关于Dan-C2事件的争议也不断增加。通过总结Dan-C2热事件研究的最新成果,对其全球性意义及其触发机制进行综述后发现：(1)全球性意义存在争议：海洋记录方面,Dan-C2事件期间的碳同位素负偏移目前局限在大西洋和特提斯洋局部地区的浮游有孔虫和全岩记录中,底栖有孔虫很少记录到该事件,表明其可能只是一次区域性的碳扰动事件。此外,该事件期间全岩和浮游有孔虫的氧同位素(δ¹⁸O)指示的增温也仅局限在北大西洋部分海域的表层海水,底层海水普遍缺乏增温的证据。同时,尽管已有陆相Dan-C2事件的证据被发现,但是与海相记录相比,陆相记录在数量、年代学及地层的连续性上,还存在很大的不足,导致陆相记录难以与海洋记录开展深入有效的对比工作,因此该事件的全球性意义...     

黄土塬区包气带土壤CO2的特征及成因

本文对甘肃省灵台县秋射村黄土包气带土壤CO₂浓度及其δ¹³C、土壤含水量及细菌总数等指标进行了观测。研究结果表明黄土剖面中土壤CO₂浓度远高于大气,不同黄土-古土壤层位的浓度有所差异,但没有明显的规律性。包气带-饱水带界面附近S₁₄层位的CO₂浓度最高,达4180μmol/mol。土壤CO₂的δ¹³C主要集中在-21.31‰~-15.37‰之间,与1/[CO₂]成正相关（r=0.7411）。表明灵台秋射剖面黄土CO₂除来源于微生物分解土壤有机碳外,也与碳酸盐矿物-H₂O-CO₂化学平衡中碳酸盐沉淀的脱气作用有关。利用两端元混合法估算得到微生物降解有机碳对土壤CO₂的贡献比例为40%~78%（平均65%）,碳酸盐矿物风化/沉积过程对土壤CO₂的贡献比例为22%~60%（平均35%）,有机碳的贡献随深度递减,碳酸盐矿物沉积过程的贡献随深度递增。研究结果进一步证明黄土深层碳库内部碳库之间发生着碳的转化迁移,与大气碳库之间也存在着碳迁移。因此现代碳循环过程给黄土古气候定量重建研究提出了新的挑战与机遇,未来黄土古气候研究需重新审视黄土中物质及能量的现代迁移转化过程。

     

白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件与温室气候变化研究

国家重点基础研究发展计划（973）项目“白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件与温室气候变化”，将以白垩纪与碳循环相关的重大地质事件和温室气候变化的关系为主线，以大洋缺氧事件—富氧作用转变过程和机制研究为突破口，进行海陆相整合研究，重点追溯东特提斯洋和我国大陆地球表层系统重大地质事件的记录，探讨这些事件与碳循环、快速气候变化的正/负反馈机制。项目将充分利用中国大陆发育完好的白垩纪海相、陆相地层及古生物记录，通过松辽盆地白垩系科学钻探全岩芯取样和多学科综合研究的途径，着眼于厘定反映地质事件和气候变化的层位及标志和时间格架，解决高分辨率海、陆相沉积事件的精确对比，分析地层记录中气候标志和古生物类群的地理分布，集中研究陆地和海洋环境对同一事件的响应机制，重溯白垩纪地球表层系统重大地质事件过程及成因，探究陆相烃源岩大规模形成、陆地生物群更替与温室气候变化和碳循环之间的正/负反馈关系和机制等科学问题，为预测全球长时间尺度上的气候变化趋势提供科学依据。     

恢复地史时期大气CO2浓度的新指标: 苔藓植物化石

在中国已知最好的苔藓植物化石产地之一河北蔚县, 采集了大量中侏罗世的苔藓植物化石, 选取了3种保存较好的数十块苔类植物化石进行实验室分析处理, 测定了它们的碳同位素组成, 并计算出Δ13C, 运用国际学术界古大气CO₂浓度的最新研究成果, 即通过地质学、植物学、植物生理学、地球化学和概率统计学的多学科交叉研究, 利用苔藓植物化石有机碳同位素判别这一全新指标和重建古大气二氧化碳的模型——BRYOCARB, 恢复出中侏罗世的古大气CO₂浓度约为705(BRYOCARB_NP)或566(BRYOCARB_P)μmol/mol, 结果表明苔藓植物化石是恢复地质历史时期大气CO₂浓度变化的有效新指标.      

广西渐新世宁明组三种植物碳同位素与古气候分析

渐新世代表地球一个早期的“冰室”期,是地球气候演化和生物演替过程中一段特殊的时期。渐新世植物化石的碳同位素可为研究该时期的古气候提供依据。对广西渐新世宁明组三种植物及其最近现生亲缘种的碳同位素进行分析,化石种Buxus ningmingensis,Chuniophoenix slenderifolia和Cephalotaxus ningmingensis的碳同位素组成（δ13C）分别为-29.0‰,-28.3‰,-28.0‰;碳同位素分馏（Δ13C）分别为23.48‰,22.74‰,22.43‰;叶内细胞间和外界大气的CO₂分压比（C_植物/C_空气）分别为0.84,0.81,0.80;水分利用效率（WUE）分别为42.63μmol CO₂/mol H₂O,51.56μmol CO₂/mol H₂O,55.38 μmol CO₂/mol H₂O。其对应的最近现生亲缘种（NLRs）的δ13C分别为-27.9‰,-29.7‰,-28.8‰;Δ13C分别为20.47‰,22.36‰,21.42‰;C_植物/C_空气分别为0.71,0.79,0.75;WUE分别为72.22 μmol CO₂/mol H₂O,51.28μmol CO₂/mol H₂O,61.76 μmol CO₂/mol H₂O。化石种δ13C值均落在现代C₃植物相应的数值范围内,其Δ13C和C_植物/C_空气均高于相应的NLRs数值;而Buxus ningmingensis和Cephalotaxus ningmingensis的WUE低于相应的NLRs数值;其中Chuniophoenix slenderifolia的WUE稍高于相应的最近现生亲缘种C. hainanensis,推测可能与其NLR标本的母本植物生长在水源充足、空气潮湿的湖溪边湿地环境有关。基于Δ13C、C_植物/C_空气和WUE结果,推测化石种可能生活在一种比现在更为温暖湿润的气候环境中;化石种及同层位化石的古气候重建支持了当前古气候分析结果。     

中中新世气候转型期太平洋深层环流变化与碳循环

中中新世气候转型(14.2～13.9 Ma)是全球联动的一个快速气候变化事件,冰盖、洋流和碳循环均发生显著变化,厘清其驱动机制对理解新生代全球变冷有重要意义。对此已有研究提出2种假说：一种重视洋流重组,另一种则突出碳循环的重要性,但二者都无法完美解释中中新世气候转型的种种现象。实际上,冰盖—洋流—碳循环三者形成耦合的系统,共同造成地球气候变化。综合已有的地质记录,两类机制均导致深部大洋碳储库增大,大气p CO₂降低,并进一步促进气候变冷和冰盖增长,表明不同子系统之间的耦合作用引起气候突变。相较于碳循环过程和冰盖变化,学术界对中中新世气候转型期间洋流变化的了解较少,特别是南大洋和太平洋深部水团。未来的研究应聚焦于深部太平洋的洋流变化,以便更全面地完善对中中新世气候转型的理解。     

CO2地质封存与利用示范工程进展及典型案例分析

CO₂地质封存与利用工程实施具有十分可观的CO₂减排效果,推行CO₂地质封存与利用项目对于缓解全球气候变暖、践行我国可持续发展战略具有重要意义。梳理了目前主要的CO₂地质封存与利用方式,统计了全球范围内的CO₂地质封存与利用示范工程,重点介绍了我国典型CO₂地质封存与利用示范工程案例,并对CO₂地质封存与利用技术发展趋势进行了展望。目前,CO₂地质封存与利用方式主要包括CO₂驱油封存、CO₂驱替煤层气封存、CO₂咸水层封存、CO₂枯竭油气藏封存、CO₂驱替页岩气封存、CO₂深部咸水层封存与采水、CO₂封存与增强型地热发电、CO₂封存与铀矿地浸开采等;国内外在CO₂驱油封存、CO₂咸水层封存以及CO...     

新疆沙尔湖中侏罗世狭叶拟刺葵（Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer）的古环境意义

新疆沙尔湖煤田中侏罗统西山窑组产出大量茨康类植物化石.通过选取4块狭叶拟刺葵Phoenicopsis angustifolia Heer化石作为研究对象,在详细揭示其角质层微细构造、统计气孔参数并测定其碳同位素组成的基础上,定量重建研究区中侏罗世早期阿林期至巴柔期古大气CO₂浓度、古温度、古海拔高度,测算该植物的水分利用率.结果表明,狭叶拟刺葵平均气孔指数值5.90%,基于气孔比率法获得的古大气CO₂浓度为（1240.16±122.75）×10-6,该值处于GEOCARB Ⅲ碳平衡模型可信误差范围内.测得植物化石角质层碳同位素δ13C_p平均值-23.07‰,计算出该植物水分利用效率272.06 mmol/mol,重建沙尔湖中侏罗世早期平均温度16.8~20.7℃,古海拔高度196.7 m.整体而言,新疆沙尔湖地区在中侏罗世早期属于一种高CO₂浓度、气候温暖湿润的环境.      

不同含水性无烟煤CO2吸附行为及其对地质封存的启示

深部煤层CO₂地质封存是助力“碳达峰碳中和”战略的重要途径,煤层含水性对以CO₂吸附封存为主的深部煤层CO₂地质封存能力影响显著。以无烟煤为例,开展了45℃下干燥、平衡水、饱和水煤样高压CO₂等温吸附实验,校正了饱和水煤样过剩吸附曲线,利用改进的D-R吸附模型拟合得到三者吸附能力与吸附热,对比了不同含水条件下CO₂绝对吸附曲线,阐释了饱和水增强无烟煤吸附能力的微观作用机理。结果表明:(1)干燥、平衡水、饱和水煤样CO₂吸附能力分别为56.72、45.19和48.36 cm3/g,吸附热分别为29.42、26.23和27.24 kJ/mol。(2) CO₂密度小于0.16 g/cm3(6.48 MPa)时,无烟煤CO₂绝对吸附量大小顺序为干燥煤样、饱和水煤样和平衡水煤样,而CO₂进入超临界状态后,顺序变为饱和水煤样、干燥煤样和平衡水煤样。(3)水分子优先占据高能吸附位是平衡水煤样吸附能力减弱的主要原因,而煤?水体系与CO₂相互作用强于CO₂与H₂O竞争吸附下的煤?CO₂相互作用是饱和水煤样在CO₂超临界阶段吸附能力高于干燥煤样的根本原因。(4)吸附封存是煤层CO₂地质封存的主要形式,深部煤储层条件下,煤层饱和水对超临界CO₂增储作用更为明显,高压注水是提高深部煤层CO₂地质封存潜力,改善煤储层渗透性的有效手段。      

Abrupt climate change and transient climates during the Paleogene: a marine perspective

Detailed investigations of high latitude sequences recently collected by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) indicate that periods of rapid climate change often culminated in brief transient climates, with more extreme conditions than subsequent long term climates. Two examples of such events have been identified in the Paleogene; the first in latest Paleocene time in the middle of a warming trend that began several million years earlier: the second in earliest Oligocene time near the end of a Middle Eocene to Late Oligocene global cooling trend. Superimposed on the earlier event was a sudden and extreme warming of both high latitude sea surface and deep ocean waters. Imbedded in the latter transition was an abrupt decline in high latitude temperatures and the brief appearance of a full size continental ice-sheet on Antarctica. In both cases the climate extremes were not stable, lasting for less than a few hundred thousand years, indicating a temporary or transient climate state. Geochemical and sedimentological evidence suggest that both Paleogene climate events were accompanied by reorganizations in ocean circulation, and major perturbations in marine productivity and the global carbon cycle. The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum was marked by reduced oceanic turnover and decreases in global delta 13C and in marine productivity, while the Early Oligocene glacial maximum was accompanied by intensification of deep ocean circulation and elevated delta 13C and productivity. It has been suggested that sudden changes in climate and/or ocean circulation might occur as a result of gradual forcing as certain physical thresholds are exceeded. We investigate the possibility that sudden reorganizations in ocean and/or atmosphere circulation during these abrupt transitions generated short-term positive feedbacks that briefly sustained these transient climatic states.     

羌塘盆地中部侏罗系埋藏史和生烃史

综合野外观测、地震反射、钻探标定及镜质体反射率、古地温等相关资料,分析羌塘盆地中部不同地区侏罗系海相沉积地层的埋藏史、热史和生烃史。结果显示,羌塘盆地万安湖地区、半岛湖背斜、阿木错地区、比洛错古油藏早侏罗世海相泥页岩在沉积之后,中、晚侏罗世埋深快速增加,镜质体反射率R_o随之增大,晚侏罗世早中期下侏罗统泥页岩镜质体反射率R_o增至0.5%,主力烃源岩进入生烃门限开始生烃;早白垩世早期145～143Ma侏罗系海相地层埋深、古地温和R_o达到极大值,比洛错油页岩开始早期生油,阿木错主力烃源岩进入第一期生烃高峰。早白垩世构造隆升及风化剥蚀导致侏罗系海相地层向上折返,埋深减小,晚白垩世和古近纪早期前陆凹陷和红层沉积导致侏罗系海相地层埋深增加。比洛错古油藏Toarcian期油页岩晚白垩世末期古地温和R_o达到最大值,～66Ma形成生烃高峰;阿木错地区Toarcian期含油泥页岩始新世中期～43Ma埋深达到最大值,形成第二期生烃高峰。     

A Late Quaternary Climate Record Based on Multi-Proxies Analysis from the Jiaochang Loess Section in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, China

We compared the stable carbon isotopic records from a loess transect of the Jiaochang in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, spanning the last ~21,000 years, with multiproxy data for pedogenesis, including magnetic susceptibility, clay fraction, Fed/Fet ratio, carbonate and total organic carbon content, in order to probe the mechanisms of δ13C values of organic matter and Late Quaternary climate variations in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results indicate that there is no simple relationship between δ13C of organic matter and summer monsoon variations. The change in δ13C values of organic matter (in accordance with the ratios of C3 to C4 plants) results from the interaction among temperature, aridity and atmospheric pCO2 level. Drier climate and lower atmospheric pCO2 level contribute to positive carbon isotopic excursion, while negative carbon isotopic excursion is the result of lower temperature and increased atmospheric pCO2 level. Additionally, our results imply that the Tibetan monsoon may play an important role in climate system in the eastern Tibet Plateau, which specifically reflects frequently changing climate in that area. The results provide new insights into the forcing mechanisms on both the δ13C values of organic matter and the local climate system.     

Lake sedimentological and ecological response to hyperthermals: Boltysh impact crater,Ukraine

The Boltysh meteorite impact crater, Ukraine, formed at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary at ca 65·2 Ma. A borehole drilled in the central part of the crater cored a >400 m thick high‐resolution lacustrine succession that covers the Dan‐C2 hyperthermal event associated with a negative carbon isotope excursion. Continuous terrestrial records of past hyperthermals are of limited availability, which makes this record a unique case study of the continental impact of rapid climate warming. This study uses high‐resolution sedimentological core log data together with thin‐section, X‐ray diffraction, microprobe and palynological analyses to: (i) reconstruct lake sedimentological and ecological development across the carbon isotope excursion; and (ii) assess the environmental effect of hyperthermals on terrestrial ecosystems. Based on detailed facies analysis, five gradual stages of lake formation are identified, which show a strong relationship to carbon isotope shifts and associated climatic trends. Initially, sediment supply into the Boltysh lake was controlled by crater morphology. During later lake stages, sediment supply was increasingly controlled by changes in inflow–evaporation ratios which affected seasonal stratification patterns and longer term lake levels. An inferred increase in atmospheric pCO₂ related to the carbon isotope excursion, together with increasing mean annual temperatures, was probably responsible for periodic increases in biological activity of photosynthesising organisms and biomass production. These fluctuations in facies and lake settings largely correspond to orbital‐paced moisture availability oscillations. The gradual reduction in sediment supply commencing during early lake formation prior to carbon isotope excursion inception suggest that the Dan‐C2 event did not initiate sedimentary changes, but intensified sedimentary response to orbital controlled climate change.     

鲁东地区白垩纪地层格架及白垩系与古近系分界问题的探讨

鲁东地区是我国研究晚白垩世和早古近世地层的经典地区,研究历史可追溯到20世纪20年代,积累了大量有关白垩纪和古近纪地层划分与对比的资料。主要介绍在胶州市西郊实施的鲁科一井所揭示的白垩-古近系界线地层的剖面资料。根据岩芯剖面的研究,该区白垩-古近系界线地层自下而上可分为红土崖组、史家屯组和胶州组。对红土崖组的含义重新作了厘定,该组是指介于下伏地层辛格庄组与上覆地层史家屯组之间的1套以产丰富恐龙化石为特征的洪积相、冲积相红色碎屑沉积,客观上包括了原来“金岗口组”的地层。史家屯组是重新恢复使用的一个岩石地层单位,由原先的红土崖组中的“史家屯玄武岩段”提升而来,该组位于王氏群顶部,为一套火山-沉积岩系,厚度可达970余m,与下伏地层红土崖组和上覆地层胶州组均为整合接触。胶州组以1套紫红色粉砂岩为主,夹灰绿色-黄绿色粉砂岩、泥灰岩及少量砂砾岩,与下伏地层王氏群史家屯组为整合接触,但与上覆地层的关系仍不清楚。此外还对鲁东地区晚白垩世地层的划分与对比、恐龙动物群的分布、地质事件、古气候和古环境等进行了探讨,提出白垩-古近纪之交时期,鲁东地区经历了这样一个过程：恐龙繁盛—恐龙消亡—火山喷发—地外撞击（?）—森林大火—白垩纪生物灭绝—古近纪生物群复苏。该过程表明：（1） 将鲁东地区白垩-古近系界线置于胶州组172—148层的这段地层中是合适的;（2） 白垩纪末期生物灭绝与地外撞击事件的关系可能比较密切,而非鸟型恐龙的消亡看来与地外撞击事件的关系不大;（3） 从世界范围来看,非鸟型恐龙均消亡于白垩纪末期撞击事件之前,目前还没有任何证据证明陆地上非鸟型恐龙的消亡与该事件直接相关;（4） 白垩纪晚期曾发生过一系列地质事件,这些事件导致当时的气候、生态、环境等逐渐恶化,生物逐渐失去它们原有的家园,数量和多样性逐步减少,一步一步走上不归之路。非鸟型恐龙也是一样,它们的消亡不是一个事件造成的,而是阶步式的,是多个事件的影响叠加造成的结果。     

Mesozoic-Cenozoic Basin Features and Evolution of Southeast China

The Late Triassic to Paleogene(T_3-E) basin occupies an area of 143100 km~2,being the sixth area of the whole of SE China;the total area of synchronous granitoid is about 127300 km~2;it provides a key for understanding the tectonic evolution of South China.From a new 1:1500000 geological map of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins of SE China,combined with analysis of geometrical and petrological features,some new insights of basin tectonics are obtained.Advances include petrotectonic assemblages, basin classification of geodynamics,geometric features,relations of basin and range.According to basin-forming geodynamicai mechanisms,the Mesozoic-Cenozoic basin of SE China can be divided into three types,namely:1) para-foreland basin formed from Late Triassic to Early Jurassic(T_3-J_1) under compressional conditions;2) rift basins formed during the Middle Jurassic(J_2) under a strongly extensional setting;and 3) a faulted depression formed during Early Cretaceous to Paleogene (K_1-E) under back-arc extension action.From the rock assemblages of the basin,the faulted depression can be subdivided into a volcanic-sedimentary type formed mainly during the Early Cretaceous(K_1) and a red -bed type formed from Late Cretaceous to Paleogene(K_2-E).Statistical data suggest that the area of all para-foreland basins(T_3-J_1) is 15120 km~2,one of rift basins(J_2) occupies 4640 km~2,and all faulted depressions equal to 124330 km~2 including the K_2-E red-bed basins of 37850 km~2.The Early Mesozoic (T_3-J_1) basin and granite were mostly co-generated under a post-collision compression background, while the basins from Middle Jurassic to Paleogene(J_2-E) were mainly constrained by regional extensional tectonics.Three geological and geographical zones were surveyed,namely:1)the Wuyishan separating zone of paleogeography and climate from Middle Jurassic to Tertiary;2)the Middle Jurassic rift zone;and 3)the Ganjiang separating zone of Late Mesozoic volcanism.Three types of basin-granite relationships have been identified,including compressional(a few),strike-slip(a few), and extensional(common).A three-stage geodynamical evolution of the SE-China basin is mooted:an Early Mesozoic basin-granite framework;a transitional Middle Jurassic tectonic regime; intracontinental extension and red-bed faulted depressions since the Late Cretaceous.     

古新世-始新世极热事件研究进展

古新世-始新世极热事件(PETM事件)是发生在早新生代的一次极端碳循环扰动和全球变暖事件,主要表现为大气CO2浓度快速增加和全球增温。研究显示该时期全球地表温度增加了5～6℃,高低纬度间温度梯度减小,同时伴随有水循环加快及大规模生物灭绝、演替和迁徙现象。据估算PETM时期从地层释放到表生系统的CO2总量同预期人类过去与未来燃烧化石燃料所产生的总量可资对比,因此国际学术界将其视作预估今后可能发生的增温效应、环境效应和生态效应的重要基础。本文根据最新研究成果,对该事件的触发机制、碳排放量、气候及生态效应等方面作一综述。     

米兰科维奇冰期旋回理论:挑战与机遇

米兰科维奇理论认为,北半球高纬夏季太阳辐射变化是驱动第四纪冰期旋回的主因。这个理论的核心是单一敏感区的触发驱动机制,即北半球高纬气候变化信号被放大、传输进而影响全球。最近,由于大量高分辨率及精确定年的气候变化记录的获得,从以下4个方面构成了对米氏理论的挑战:1)一些低纬地区并没有明显的10万年冰量周期,而是以2万年岁差周期为主,表明北半球冰盖的扩张、收缩变化并没有完全控制低纬区的气候变化;2)在最近几次冰消期时,南半球和低纬区的温度增高,要早于北半球冰盖的融化,表明冰消期的触发机制并非是北半球高纬夏季太阳辐射;3)大气CO2浓度在第2冰消期的增加同南极升温相一致,表明该时大气CO2浓度增加亦有可能早于北半球冰盖消融;4)南半球的末次冰盛期有可能早于北半球。这就说明单一敏感区触发驱动机制已难以圆满解释所有观察事实,天文因素控制下轨道尺度气候变化机制研究正面临理论突破的新需求和新机遇。     

始新世—渐新世气候转变研究进展

始新世—渐新世（E—O）气候转变（34 Ma前后）是新生代气候演化过程中最显著的变冷事件之一,标志着地球气候由“温室”进入“冰室”。这一转变伴随着地球环境的一系列重大变化,对于研究新生代气候变冷的驱动机制、区域气候对全球重大气候事件的响应方式、重大气候事件对生态环境及生物演替的影响等具有重要意义。近年来地质记录和气候模拟在E—O转变研究上取得了一系列重要进展：①不同纬度区的地质记录揭示出这一转变伴随着全球性的显著降温,指示其触发因素是全球性的;②气候模拟研究揭示出大气CO2浓度降低及与之联系的全球碳循环变化是导致这一转变的主因,否定了传统认为的环南极流形成导致E—O气候变冷的假说;③深海沉积记录揭示出这一转变过程持续400～500 ka,表现为全球降温和南极冰盖形成先后两阶段变化;④海—陆气候记录的对比初步揭示出陆地区域的干旱化可能主要与全球降温（对应于E—O转变的第一阶段）相关。当前对E—O气候转变的研究还存在地质记录分辨率不够高、模拟结果与地质记录不完全吻合、陆地记录相对较少等方面的不足。更精确的大气CO2浓度和温度的重建、更多高分辨率海—陆气候记录的研究以及古气候数值模拟的改进有望进一步揭示出E—O转变过程中气候系统各要素的变化特征和相互关系,为更深入认识这一转变的驱动机制提供依据。     

Mesozoic intracontinental orogeny in the Qinling Mountains,central China

The Qinling Orogenic belt has been well documented that it was formed by multiple steps of convergence and subsequent collision between the North China and South China Blocks during Paleozoic and Late Triassic times. Following the collision in Late Triassic times, the whole range evolved into an intracontinental tectonic process. The geological, geophysical and geochronological data suggest that the intracontinental tectonic evolutionary history of the Qinling Orogenic Belt allow deduce three stages including strike-slip faulting during Early Jurrassic, N-S compressional deformation during Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous and orogenic collapse during Late Cretaceous to Paleogene. The strike-slip faulting and the infills in Early Jurassic along some major boundary faults show flower structures and pull-apart basins, related to the continued compression after Late Triassic collision between the South Qinling Belt and the South China Block along the Mianlue suture. Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous large scale of N-S compression and overthrusting progressed outwards from inner of Qinling Orogen to the North China Block and South China Block, due to the renewed southward intracontinental subduction of the North China Block beneath the Qinling Orogenic Belt and continuously northward subduction of the South China Block, respectively. After the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous compression and denudation, the Qinling Orogenic Belt evolved into Late Cretaceous to Paleogene orogen collapse and depression, and formed many large fault basins along the major faults.