三维陆架海模式在渤海中的应用

本文用三维斜压陆架海模式对渤海温度的季节性变化进行了研究。模式较好地再现了渤海温度场从混合在层化至再混合和季节性变化过程；在混合区与层化区之间有一次冷水带；夏季，３个湾的湾顶和秦皇岛外海的海表层温度相对较高，后者与秦皇岛外海较弱的风和潮混合有关，ＳＳＴ、温跃层及潮锋位置的变化与气象外力和潮运动有关，具有天气尺度和大小潮变化的特征。     

齐次湍流动能输运方程封闭模型在浅海动力学中的应用

该文对已建立的齐次湍流动能输运方程封闭模型 (HKE)封闭的浅海动力学模型进行了检验。湍流混合强度的垂直分布会影流速剖面 ,在风海流、狭长渠道稳态风潮及渠道振荡流流场等的模拟中 ,HKE封闭均取得满意效果 ,结果表明 HKE封闭在正压浅海动力学中是有效的 ,可避免混合长理论的缺陷 ,并未过多增加计算量。振荡流的湍流粘性系数的时间分布特性是时变的 ,其变化频率为振荡频率的两倍 ,且在流速变化最大时湍流混合最强。对应于浅海潮波系统 ,平潮和停潮时局地混合最弱 ,因而最适宜水质采样 ,反之 ,涨急和落急时刻湍流混合最强。但当取湍动能的Schmidt数 σk>10时 ,湍粘性系数的振幅仅为其平均值的 15 % ,因此可以认为在 15 %误差内振荡流的粘性系数可用一个时间平均值来代表     

三维陆架海模式在渤海中的应用Ⅱ.温度的季节性变化

本文用三维斜压陆架海模式对渤海温度的季节性变化进行了研究。模式较好地再现了渤海温度场从混合到层化至再混合的季节性变化过程；在混合区与层化区之间有一冷水带；夏季，３个湾的湾顶和秦皇岛外海的海表层温度（ＳＳＴ）相对较高，后者与秦皇岛外海较弱的风和潮混合有关；ＳＳＴ、温跃层及潮锋位置的变化与气象外力和潮运动有关，具有天气尺度和大小潮变化的特征。     

渤海的潮混合特征及潮汐锋现象

人们对黄海的潮汐锋现象已有一些报道和研究[1～4],但对渤海的潮汐锋现象却没有进行过认真的分析和讨论,迄今只有赵保仁[1]在讨论黄海的潮汐锋时,指出过渤海海峡的潮汐锋现象;而黄大吉等[5]在数值计算渤海的温度变化时也指出在渤海内部存在着潮汐锋现象,但却没有进行深入的分析和给出任何实测证据.本文试图根据方国洪和曹德明最近在渤海取得的潮汐潮流数值计算结果1),计算由Simpson等[6]提出的陆架海的潮混合层化参量,来讨论渤海的潮混合特征;并进一步利用实测水文资料和海面温度的卫星遥感图像来说明渤海潮汐锋的分布和变化特征.     

黄海西部海洋湍流的季节变化特征分析

在2006—2007年开展的"中国近海海洋综合调查与评价"项目中,作者利用自由下降湍流剖面仪MSS60在南黄海海区分别进行了夏、冬、秋季三个航次的微尺度湍流观测,并计算分析了该海区的湍动能耗散系数ε,湍扩散系数κ等。通过与温度、流速分布图对比,结果表明三个季节的湍流混合趋势大体一致。在沿岸浅水区,混合作用比较强烈。而深水区湍流混合的垂直分布明显地表现出三层结构,混合较强的上混合层和底混合层,及相对较弱的中层。风混合和潮混合是黄海湍流混合的主要形式。风的影响主要表现在海洋上层,潮流的影响则表现于底层。     

湍能封闭模型在渤海潮流模拟中的应用

将一个三维湍能封闭模型应用于渤海潮流模拟，通过流速分解的初边值方法，计算了渤海全海区潮波系统、潮流结构，结果与观测符合较好。计算同时给出了湍粘性系数和湍动能的时空分布，比较常湍粘性系数和湍的垂直抛物分布及湍能封闭模拟表明，湍粘性系数的不同选取会对流场结构有显著影响。     

基于舟山外海连续测站的湍混合研究

利用2010年4月3日在舟山外海观测的25hLADCP海流数据与CTD连续观测数据,综合利用Thorpe方法、功率谱分析、交叉谱分析等方法对测站所在海域的小尺度湍混合参数进行估计,分析并讨论了其时空分布特征及影响因子。研究结果表明,上混合层湍流所致的垂向翻转尺度普遍大于下混合层,较大尺度翻转均出现在潮位峰值附近,涨潮时段混合明显大于落潮时段且半日周期,1/4周期显著。该站点存在明显的"上强下弱"双密度跃层现象,湍动能耗散率、湍混合率也呈现出"表强底弱"特征。弱跃层中近惯性频率的内波和近半日潮频率的内潮信号最为显著,而强跃层中则是高频内波和近半日潮频率的内潮信号明显,上下跃层及其之间伴有间歇性强湍流发生。上混合层平均的湍混合对风应力的响应要快于对海流的响应,底应力是下混合层水体湍混合的重要因子。     

地形变化下渤海湾M2分潮潮致余流的相应变化及其对污染物输运的影响

利用嵌套模式通过流速驱动对渤海湾的潮汐潮流进行了高分辨率数值模拟,分析了开边界条件的选取对渤海湾潮致余流模拟的影响。并用定点观测流速资料验证了在渤海湾流速作开边界条件驱动模式的模拟结果。近年来由于围海造田,使渤海湾海岸线向里推进,岸线变的更加平缓。在渤海湾新旧地形下,对渤海湾环流进行了模拟,分析了地形变化对渤海湾环流的影响。结果表明,渤海湾西北角的顺时针流环在新地形下消失,并表现为较强的逆时针流,湾口双环结构依然存在,但南部流环在新地形下由于受到西部强的逆时针流而变弱,流环半径减小。通过分析潮致Lagrange余流场和调查的污染物浓度分布特征发现,渤海湾的污染物分布特征与Lagrange余流有很强的相关性,Lagrange余流结构影响了污染物的分布特征,新旧地形下余流场的改变也导致了污染物浓度场分布特征上的变化。     

黄海的风、潮混合特征及其对冷水团边界的影响

本文第一作者早在1985年就提出,潮混合效应控制着夏季黄海冷水团的边界及海面冷水分布(赵保仁,1985)。1987年又进一步通过水文调査资料和卫星图片给出了黄海周围的浅水陆架锋(或称潮汐锋)的分布及强锋区的跨锋断面中的温度、盐度和坏流结构特征,并指出夏季的黄海沿岸流在性质上属沿锋面运动的强流(赵保仁,1987a,b),而后又对黄海西部的陆架锋进行了一次专门调査(赵保仁等,1991)。此外,他还指出黄海的强温跃层的形成和转移现象也与潮混合现象密切相关(赵保仁,1989)。因此,研究潮混合现象对阐明发生在黄海的多水文物理现象都是至关重要的。 为深入了解黄海的潮混合特征,作者把渤海、黄海和东海作为一个整体完成了一次精度较高的潮汐、溯流数值计算,在潮汐、潮流的分布方面,揭示了前人尚未阐明的一些特征。本文根据这些数值结果,计算了近最大潮流流速和层化参数,阐明了渤海、黄海和东海的潮混合特征及其对降温期黄海冷水团分布变化的影响。此外,还用 Sim pson等人(1981)的能量模式计算了南黄海西部的风、潮混合效率。     

浅海流体动力学一种含变湍粘性系数的流速分解模型(Ⅱ)——模型在超浅海风暴潮零阶问题中的应用

本文将流速分解模型应用于作为超浅海风暴潮的渤海风潮,并讨论了变湍粘性系数的确定。作为一个初步的,但较为成功的数值试验例子,描述了实际风场作用下的渤海风潮,比较了变湍粘性系数模型与常湍粘性系数模型的计算结果间的差异。     

Three-dimensional structure of tidal current in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea

A three-dimensional tidal current model is developed and applied to the East China Sea (ECS), the Yellow Sea and the Bohai Sea. The model well reproduces the major four tides, namely M₂, S₂, K₁ and O₁ tides, and their currents. The horizontal distributions of the major four tidal currents are the same as those calculated by the horizontal two-dimensional models. With its high resolutions in the horizontal (12.5 km) and the vertical (20 layers), the model is used to investigate the vertical distributions of tidal current. Four vertical eddy viscosity models are used in the numerical experiments. As the tidal current becomes strong, its vertical shear becomes large and its vertical profile becomes sensitive to the vertical eddy viscosity. As a conclusion, the HU (a) model (Davieset al., 1997), which relates the vertical eddy viscosity to the water depth and depth mean velocity, gives the closest results to the observed data. The reproduction of the amphidromic point of M₂ tide in Liaodong Bay is discussed and it is concluded that it depends on the bottom friction stress. The model reproduces a unique vertical profile of tidal current in the Yellow Sea, which is also found in the observed data. The reason for the reproduction of such a unique profile in the model is investigated.     

Dissipation of baroclinic tidal energy and diapycnal mixing in the White Sea

The modeling results obtained using the original version of the three-dimensional finite-element hydrostatic model QUODDY-4 testify that the spatial distributions of dissipation of baroclinic tidal energy and the related coefficient of diapycnal mixing in the deepwater stratified subdomain of the White Sea (the Basin and Kandalaksha and Dvina bays together) are highly similar to those found for low- and midlatitude oceans. It is in the open part of the sea that their values remain equal to the minimum possible values determined by the molecular kinematic viscosity; at its lateral boundaries (not all boundaries, but only individual segments (sites of mixing)), their values increase. In the shallow homogeneous subdomain of the White Sea, the dissipation of baroclinic tidal energy is considerably larger than in the deep stratified subdomain. Accordingly, the vertical eddy viscosity in the first subdomain is a few orders of magnitude higher than the coefficient of diapycnal mixing in the second subdomain. This is caused by an increased tidal velocity due to reduced depths.     

FVCOM模型关键参数的处理及其在涌潮模拟中的应用

通过改进海床阻力系数和设置合适的垂向紊动背景系数,应用FVCOM模型成功再现了钱塘江河口强涌潮的演进过程。海床阻力系数采用Manning公式形式,取值随水深、地形在0.000 2~0.002 9之间变化;垂向紊动背景系数取1×10^-4 m²/s。模拟结果较好地复演了涌潮到达时刻、涌潮高度及涌潮抬升过程、涌潮水平流速以及其沿垂向分布规律,表明阻力系数及垂向紊动背景系数等关键参数的改进和处理是合理的,可应用于涌潮三维潮流运动特征模拟。     

Modeling of the eddy viscosity by breaking waves

Breaking wave induced nearsurface turbulence has important consequences for many physical and biochemical processes including water column and nutrients mixing,heat and gases exchange across air-sea interface.The energy loss from wave breaking and the bubble plume penetration depth are estimated.As a consequence,the vertical distribution of the turbulent kinetic energy(TKE),the TKE dissipation rate and the eddy viscosity induced by wave breaking are also provided.It is indicated that model results are found to be consistent with the observational evidence that most TKE generated by wave breaking is lost within a depth of a few meters near the sea surface.High turbulence level with intensities of eddy viscosity induced by breaking is nearly four orders larger than υwl(=κuwz),the value predicted for the wall layer scaling close to the surface,where uw is the friction velocity in water,κ with 0.4 is the von Kármán constant,and z is the water depth,and the strength of the eddy viscosity depends both on wind speed and sea state,and decays rapidly through the depth.This leads to the conclusion that the breaking wave induced vertical mixing is mainly limited to the near surface layer,well above the classical values expected from the similarity theory.Deeper down,however,the effects of wave breaking on the vertical mixing become less important.     

Structure and variability of current and water temperature fields near the Mascarene Ridge

An anticyclonic mesoscale eddy is found using the current and temperature data obtained at six moorings near the eastern foot of the Mascarene Ridge (Southern Hemisphere). Its spatial parameters radius, depth of penetration, and direction of the vertical axis tilt are given. The volume of water transported by the eddy across its radial section is calculated. Numerical characteristics of the spatial-temporal variability of the current and temperature field in the eddy are obtained. The relative contributions of the variability of mesoscale, tidal and inertial, and high-frequency oscillations are estimated.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

A Study of Eddy Viscosity Coefficient in Numerical Tidal Simulation

Based on the fluid motion equations, the physical meaning of eddy viscosity coefficient and the rationality of the Boussinesq hypothesis are discussed in this paper. The effect of the coefficient on numerical stability is analyzed briefly. A semi-enclosed rectangular sea area, with an orthogonal spur dike, is applied in a 2-D numerical model to study the effect of horizontal eddy viscosity coefficient (AH). The computed result shows that AH has little influence on the tidal level and averaged flow velocity, but has obvious influence on the intensity and the range of return flow around near the spur dike. Correspondingly, a wind-driven current pool and an annular current are applied in a 3-D numerical model respectively to study the effect of vertical eddy viscosity coefficient (Av). The computed result shows that the absolute value of Av is inversely proportional to that of horizontal velocity, and the vertical gradient value of Av determines the vertical distribution of horizontal velocity. The distrib     

Three dimensional modal model of wind induced flow in a sea region

The solution of the linear three dimensional hydrodynamic equations describing wind induced flow in a sea region is developed using the Galerkin method through the vertical. A basis set of B-splines is shown to have some computational advantages over a set of eigenfunctions (vertical modes). However, a basis set of modes leads to a system of essentially uncoupled equations and current profiles can be interpreted in terms of vertical modes.The influence of wind induced surface turbulence and turbulence at depth due to tidal motion upon current profiles in both deep (260 m) and shallow (35 m) sea regions is examined. The variation in the angle between surface current and surface wind for different viscosity profiles, and the effect of bottom friction upon it is considered.The magnitude and direction of the surface current is significantly influenced by surface eddy viscosity. However, viscosity at depth due to tidal motion also has an important effect upon the surface current.The time evolution of current structure following the sudden onset of a wind is examined using the modal model. Calculations show that the rate of damping of the internal modes is inversely proportional to the square of the depth. Consequently wind induced current structure takes longer to reach a steady state in a deep sea region than a shallow area.The influence of sea surface elevation gradients in determining the direction of surface current is also considered.     

Turbulent momentum and salt transport in the mixing zone of the Elbe estuary

Measurements in the mixing zone of the Elbe estuary were performed during three consecutive tidal cycles with three types of instruments—a moored tripod with velocity and temperature/conductivity/light attenuation sensors, a profiling sonde with similar sensors lowered from an anchored vessel, and instrumented moorings. Acoustic-travel-time sensors were used for velocity measurements.Spectral analysis of 12·8 min pieces of the obtained time series gives results that are consistent with isotropic turbulence for part of the frequency space. Temporal changes of turbulent kinetic energy are correlated with tidal current velocity. A retardation is found between changes in tidal current and turbulent energy. Not all shear stress terms are in similar phase with tidal flow. Mean gradients, Reynolds stress terms, and turbulent salt flux terms are combined to determine eddy viscosity and eddy diffusion coefficients.     

Numerical Study on Tidal Mixing in the Bohai Sea

The spatial and temporal variability of tidal mixing in Bohai Sea is studied using a numerical approach. In calculating tidal mixing, accurate barotropic tidal current is obtained via a harmonic analysis package utilizing the simulated current output from a high-resolution regional ocean model. And a “small-scale” roughness map is adopted to describe the detailed topographic features of Bohai Sea. It is shown that the tidal mixing estimated in Bohai Sea is much higher than the level of global background, and fluctuates considerably at some regions within a single day. In Liaodong Bay, Bohai Bay and Bohai Strait, the mixing varies greatly, with the peak value of O (10^?2) m² s^?1. The order of magnitude of mixing in Laizhou Bay is about O (10^?5～10^?3) m² s^?1. Mixing with background level of O (10^?5) m² s^?1 only appears in central area. Result also shows that rough topography plays relatively a more important role than tidal current in enhancing diapycnal mixing in Bohai Sea. The distributions of tidal mixing in selected sections reveal that the vertical stratification in Bohai Sea is not obvious, generally renders a barotropic structure.     

Some properties of tidal currents estimated from analytical and LES simulation studies

Some features of tidal current ellipses near the ocean floor are estimated from the bottom-limit solutions of the tidal equations with constant eddy viscosity. It is verified that a clockwise rotating ellipse becomes broad descending through the bottom boundary, whereas a counterclockwise ellipse becomes narrow except near the critical latitude. The major axis of an ellipse near the floor is directed 45° leftward (rightward) against that of the overlying tidal flow ellipse poleward from the critical latitude in the northern (southern) hemisphere. Equatorward from the critical latitude, the major axis near the floor lines up with that of the overlying tidal current ellipse in both hemispheres. The retrograde rotating hodograph against the overlying clockwise tidal hodograph appears near the floor around the critical latitude. These features are confirmed from the numerical studies using the large eddy simulation model. The deflection of the major axis poleward from the critical latitude is a little smaller, about 19°. Furthermore, the effects of nontraditional Coriolis force resulting from the horizontal component of the earth-rotating vector on the development of turbulence were investigated. When the diurnal tidal current is directed westward, the effective vertical eddy viscosity becomes maximum with developing turbulence. While in the case of a semidiurnal tide, a northward tidal current is preferred for turbulence development.