秦皇岛地区新生代古地理若干问题的初步探讨

早第三纪古新世本区构造长期稳定,气候炎热潮湿,地表风化剥蚀形成准平原化夷平面,其表面发育了红色风化壳,矿物颗粒没有经过搬运与分选,属原生残积风化壳类型.特征与目前南亚热带类似,生长热带、亚热带常绿林. 始新世初EW向断裂活跃,北部上升为丘陵山地,中部稳定,南部下沉为渤海盆地.中新世渤海盆地尚有火山喷发.达时北部某些河段下切与地壳抬升速度大致平衡,开始形成嵌入曲流,气候由始新世 的南亚热带演化至中、上新世为北亚热带.早更新世初NE向断裂活动,东西分异,柳江盆地形成.石河水系沿断裂袭夺扬河上游.山间河谷有棕灰色泥砾堆积.古生物资源反映当时已演化为温带气候.     

巴丹吉林沙漠沙山发育与环境演变研究

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠风沙地貌、沙山地层结构、古沙山层理构造、沙山TL测年和区域输沙率等的综合研究表明,巴丹吉林地区自西北而东南大致可划分为河湖为主的弱水冲洪积扇、以河湖与风沙交替作用过度区和以风沙作用为主沙丘区。弱水冲洪积扇的发育为沙漠、沙山的发育提供了丰富的沙物质来源。高大沙山是更新世期间起伏的沙质下垫面与西风环流和季风环流相互作用的结果。末次冰期以前为西风环流为主时期,地表主导风向为西风,次为西北风,河湖环境发育;末次冰期以来为东亚季风环流为主时期,地表盛行风向为西北风,次为西风,风沙活动盛行。期间,风积床面经历了新月形、新月形沙丘链、复合新月形、复合沙丘链到复合型高大沙山的一系列复合、演变与发展过程。     

昆仑山阿什库勒盆地15000年以来古环境演化的初步研究

根据昆仑山阿什库勒盆地几个露头湖相沉积剖面的孢粉分析结果和~(14)C年龄数据,揭示出15 000年以来的气候、植被、环境发展曾经历了5个阶段。较低温度出现在13 000aB.P.前后,当时湖面较低,盆地边缘冰水平原区出现地面切割。大约在11 000 aB.P.前后,气候转暖,冰川大量消融,湖面上升,沉积速度加快,进入全新世。8 000 aB.P.前后的中全新世,曾出现高潮面期,但高温期却出现在后,故盆地内高潮面期与高温期并不同步。全新世后期,气候进一步转向干暖,蒸发增加,湖面逐渐缩小,生态环境日趋向荒漠草原发展。     

北半球冬季纬向平均环流的结构及对我国气候的影响

冬季对流层纬圈平均纬向风 (u)最主要的模态表现为两个相反符号的极值中心 ,一个在 30°～ 35°N之间 ,另一个则在 5 5°N。与此相联系的纬圈平均高度场最突出的模态也是有两个相反符号的中心 ,一个在 40°N附近 ,另外一个则在 6 5°N附近。因此 40°N和 6 5°N纬圈平均位势高度的差可以很好定义西风指数。西风环流的强弱不仅对北半球的气候有显著影响 ,对我国冬季的气温和降水也有显著关系。在高指数环流盛行的年份 ,我国普遍气温偏高。 16 0个站平均气温与西风指数的相关系数达到 0 .6 3。同时华北及以南降水增加 ,其中黄土高原、关中平原及以东地区相关最显著。 16 0站平均降水量与西风指数的相关达 0 .38。高指数年份里 ,西伯利亚高压和东亚大槽都减弱 ,低指数年份则增强 ,因此影响我国冬季气候     

格尔木河小干沟坡积沉积特征与古环境重建

格尔木河小干沟坡积剖面的地质地貌环境、宏观沉积构造、石英砂SEM结构特征及年代学研究揭示出该区坡积的沉积特征和坡地环境演化过程.格尔木河流域普遍存在坡积上覆风尘堆积,下部坡积代表坡面片流过程盛行,反映较湿润的气候环境,上部风尘堆积则代表风沙过程盛行,反映较干旱多风的气候.小干沟坡积物石英砂SEM结构特征组合不同于其它沉...     

我国西南地区2009年秋季特大旱灾大气环流特征分析

利用西南地区5省市126个气象站1961―2009年逐月降水资料以及NCEP/NCAR月平均资料,分析了西南地区2009年秋季特大旱灾降水变化特征以及同期的环流特征。结果显示:(1)2009年秋季,来自孟加拉湾地区、南海地区暖湿水汽与来自内蒙古水汽均减弱;西南地区大部分地区水汽净获得减少或者由水汽净获得转换为水汽净失去。(2)2009年9―10月份西风带纬向环流较往年增强,西风槽偏东,东亚大槽西翼偏北;11月份西风带经向环流较强,但内蒙古西部、宁夏、甘肃、青海东部南下偏北风经向分量较往年减弱,西风槽偏北。(3)2009年9月份副高偏西偏强,西南在副高控制下,辐合上升水汽减少;10月份云南、贵州、广西大部分地区受控副高;11月份副高西伸至孟加拉湾地区,偏南风只存在17.5°N以北的孟加拉湾地区,这削弱了孟加拉湾地区向我国西南地区输送的水汽量。     

巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山的形成发育研究

通过对巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙山的考察，以及沙丘形态和风况、沙山TL测年、古沙丘层理产状等的研究表明，高大沙山的形成发育受沙源、风系、底基地形和灌草植被等因素的影响。第四纪以来弱水古水系的变迁为沙漠及沙山的发育提供了丰富的沙物质来源。沙山发育的受西风和西北风两大盛行风系的控制，末次冰期以前为西风环流主导时期，地表盛行风向为西风，次为西北风；末次冰期以来为季风环流主导时期，地表盛 行风为西北风，次为西风。沙山底基地形的起伏不仅诱发近地表气流产生波伏运动，同时也是风沙流运行的障碍。气候湿润期发育的沙丘灌草植被通过抑制风蚀、扑捉风沙等作用加速沙山的发育。高大沙山是新月形沙丘和沙丘链、复合新月形沙丘和沙丘链演进而形成的大型稳定风积床面形态。     

晚新生代中国北方风尘沉积的可能物源及变化

中国北方风尘沉积是晚新生代中纬西风和冬季风输送的粉尘相互加积的结果。对北方风尘沉积物来源和搬运动力的分析表明,风尘沉积的物质来源具有多样性,物源类型和分布、传输路径随时间变化。认为亚洲中部山地古风化壳可能是中国北方早期风尘沉积,尤其是第三纪红粘土的重要物源之一;晚新生代的粉尘源区类型由山地因干旱化被风蚀的红色风化壳逐渐向盆地周边被抬升的中、新生代砂泥岩过渡,再由盆地周边过渡到盆地内部的中生代与新生代的河湖沉积物和沙漠。同时大气环流格局的变化相应地导致了粉尘源区分布和传输路径的迁移。     

西北东部气候异常特征及其对冬季高原感热的响应

利用1960—2000年西北东部100个测站,经过面积权重区域平均的降水、气温资料,对该区域气候异常进行分析。结果表明：①对异常旱涝年,亚洲西风带环流及西太平洋副热带高压的位置最为关键。异常涝年,亚洲地区经向环流占优势,东亚大槽偏东,西太平洋副热带高压偏北;异常旱年,亚洲地区纬向环流占优势,东亚大槽偏西,西太平洋副热带高压偏南。②对异常冷暖年,极涡、西风带环流以及西太平洋副热带高压的状况最为关键。气温异常偏高年,北半球极涡强度及亚洲极涡强度均偏弱,欧亚地区盛行纬向环流,西太平洋副热带高压面积偏大,强度明显偏强,西伸脊点明显偏西,位置偏北;气温异常偏低年,北半球极涡强度及亚洲极涡强度均偏强,欧亚地区盛行经向环流,西太平洋副热带高压面积偏小,强度明显偏弱,西伸脊点明显偏东,位置偏南。③冬季高原感热与滞后一个季度的夏季降水、气温的相关较春季的相关更好。     

西北地区东部夏季水汽输送特征及其与降水的关系

采用ERA Interim 再分析资料和160 站逐月站点降水资料,运用经验正交函数（EOF）分析、合成分析等方法揭示了西北东部3 个分区的水汽输送的区域气候特征、与降水EOF气候模态相对应的整层水汽输送特征以及降水偏多（少）年的水汽输送异常特征。结果表明：西北地区东部夏季经向水汽输送的大值区处于900 hPa~800 hPa 高度上;纬向水汽输送大值位于700 hPa~500 hPa 高度上。对西北东部降水做EOF 分析,第一模态为全区一致型,与降水相对应的西风影响区主要盛行西风水汽输送,季风边缘区的南部盛行西南风水汽输送;第二模态为东南-西北型,东风、东北风水汽输送流入西北东部地区;第三模态为东北－西南型,西风和西北风水汽输送将水汽带到西风影响区内。     

High (ground) water levels and dune development in central Australia: TL dates from gypsum and quartz dunes around Lake Lewis (Napperby), Northern Territory

An episode of high lake levels prior to the last maximum glaciation has been identified at many localities in wastern Australia. Similar events have been recognized at playa lakes in central Australia, where gypsum dunes along playa margins formed during one or more episodes of high groundwater discharge, with a large influx of calcium sulphate.At Lake Lewis, exposures at two islands show similar sediment sequences: three pedogenic gypcrete layers interbedded with aeolian quartz and gypsum sand horizons form three units within gypsum dunes up to 7 m high. The lowest unit has cliffed edges buried by the upper units, indicating a significant time break. Four TL dates (coarse-grained quartz) show that this lowest unit was deposited at or before 70–80 ka. The middle unit of mixed gypsum and quartz sand capped by gypcrete represents the major phase of gypsum dune formation, and 6 TL dates range from 33 to 46 ka with overlapping error bars. These are slightly younger but statistically similar to TL dates (from 39 to 59 ka) of the shoreline gypsum dune at Lake Amadeus in the same region. The top unit of the two islands, up to 1 m thick, has not yet been well dated. One date is inconsistent with the well dated middle layer below, possibly because of incomplete bleaching, and has been rejected. The other date (17 ± 5 ka) is much younger which possibly indicates a minor and local reactivation of old gypsum sediments. At the lake margin, there are quartz dunes overlying the gypsum dunes, and a buried aeolian quartz sand layer occurs in a lake-margin terrace. These represent reactivation of the regional quartz dune field after the major gypsum dune formation. Two consistent TL dates (21 ± 4 ka and 23 ± 6 ka) indicate that regional dunes were active at about the time of the Last Glacial Maximum.     

普若岗日冰原西侧冰前风沙地貌的形成与我国冰川型沙漠的发现

在青藏高原中央、普若岗日冰原西侧流石坡地带山麓面上,分布有约100 km²的由戈壁与沙丘组成的地貌,这是世界罕见的、也是我国发现的首例中纬度、高海拔地区冰前沙漠沉积。野外地貌、地层测量和室内样品的粒度、矿物、¹⁴C测年分析等结果表明,其形成时代约为16 ka BP以来;沉积特征在沙丘沉积序列中表现为风成砂夹零星腐殖质层,在戈壁中表现为砾石表面具次生方解石或碳酸钙沉淀层;演化模式为冷直线式;形成条件为以下伏冰碛物为主要砂源,以行星西风环流和高原冬季风引起的地面西风为主要动力,以持续的寒冷半干旱为气候背景;成因主要与冰原西缘冰川作用形成丰富的冰碛物砂源有关;因此,这类沙漠与一般冰缘沙漠以河湖相砂为源具有显著区别,可称为"冰川型沙漠"。由于其形成兼与冰原、气候和环流的变化密切相关,所以它是高原腹地全新世气候环境变化的重要记录。     

库车盆地古近纪—新近纪蒸发岩沉积演化特征及其资源效应初步探讨

库车盆地古近纪—新近纪时期具有巨厚的蒸发岩沉积,古近纪时期岩盐沉积的最大厚度达1 447.5 m,新近纪时期岩盐沉积的厚度有所减小,岩盐层最大厚度402 m。库车盆地在古近纪—新近纪时期沉积沉降中心也有所改变,从盆地西部的拜城凹陷转移到东部的康村—阳霞地区。库车盆地东西部蒸发岩岩体特征的差异,对此地区油气藏规模造成一定影响。初步判断库车盆地西部蒸发岩有可能比东部蒸发岩盐下形成的油气藏量较大。盆地中蒸发岩沉积中心的迁移对钾盐沉积也有重要影响。     

Appalachian basin stratigraphic response to convergent-margin structural evolution

ABSTRACT From study of Palaeozoic formations in the Appalachian foreland basin, a predictive stratigraphic model is proposed based on facies tract development during convergent-margin structural evolution. Five major facies tracts are recognized: shallow-water carbonates that formed during interorogenic quiescence and initial foreland subsidence; deep-water siliciclastics that accumulated in the proximal foreland basin during early collision; syn-collisional shallow-water siliciclastics; syn-collisional, channellized fluvial sandstones that aggraded in the proximal foreland; and progradational shoreline sandstones that were deposited in response to filling of the proximal foreland. Two other facies tracts that occur are organic-rich siliciclastics ('black shales'), which accumulated in oxygen-deficient areas of low clastic-sediment influx, and incised valley-fill deposits, which formed where subsidence rate was low.
Because the origin of each facies tract is dependent upon a unique combination of rate of accommodation change and rate of sediment supply, facies tract distribution is predictable from spatial and temporal patterns of subsidence and uplift associated with plate convergence. Alternating phases of thrust loading and quiescence caused fluctuations between underfilled and overfilled conditions during Palaeozoic evolution of the Appalachian basin. Along-strike variations in stratigraphic thickness, facies tract distribution, and development of unconformities in the Appalachian basin reflect the influence of structural irregularities along the collisional margin. In distal parts of the Appalachian foreland and in areas of structural recesses, eustatic influence on stratigraphic patterns is expressed more clearly than in areas of higher subsidence rate.     

新疆东昆仑东部砂金分布及成因探讨

通过对新疆东昆仑东部地区砂金资源的野外实地调查,研究了区内砂金的分布类型,总结分析了砂金分布特征及规律。在成矿地质背景分析基础上,结合本地地理环境特点,气候特点,提出该区砂金的分布及形成与区内特定的高寒环境相关,并对原生金的寻找远景进行了初步评价。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠简单线形沙丘形态动力学过程研究

采样分析、风沙观测以及计算结果表明,在不同风向作用以及沙丘形态参数改变等因素的控制下,简单线形沙丘表面起动剪切速度有明显的差异。表面的气流强度随风向的改变而有所不同。气流与沙丘正交时迎风一侧的输沙率远大于背风一侧同地貌部位的输沙率,但当气流与沙丘走向斜交时,沙丘两侧同地貌部位的输沙率差异不是太大,这是线形沙丘在动力学过程中能保持其形态的最主要原因之一。风向的多变以及沙丘形态的变化使风沙流内边界层内随高度的风速与所观测的输沙率虽也表现为幂函数关系,但相关性较低。沙丘表面被输移的沙物质的粒度分布与下垫面物质组成有一定的差异,在中低强度的起沙风范围内,被输移的沙物质的平均粒径小于下垫面沙物质的平均粒径,且随风速或输沙率的增大,粒度组成也趋于统一。总体上,地表沙物质的输移仍是一随机过程。     

兰坪-思茅盆地勐野井组钾盐矿床成矿构造背景

兰坪—思茅盆地是国内唯一发现古钾盐沉积的盆地。对云南兰坪—思茅盆地钾盐成矿背景作了总结与分析,指出中生代以来盆地经历了陆内裂谷形成到消亡、侏罗纪箕状断陷盆地发育、早白垩纪双断式断陷盆地发育、早白垩晚期干化成盐和后期挤压走滑几个阶段。在此基础上通过盐系地层沉积特征的分析,得到了盆地在成盐期(早白垩世晚期)构造活动强烈,由统一的湖盆解体为多个次级成盐盆地,盐类资源的沉积应该分属不同的沉积序列的认识。兰坪—思茅盆地成盐期构造背景分析对于了解该区蒸发岩矿床特征和成矿机理具有重要的参考意义。     

Tectono‐sedimentary Evolution of Early Pennsylvanian Alluvial Systems at the Onset of the Alleghanian Orogeny,Pocahontas Basin,Virginia

Foreland basin strata provide an opportunity to review the depositional response of alluvial systems to unsteady tectonic load variations at convergent plate margins. The lower Breathitt Group of the Pocahontas Basin, a sub‐basin of the Central Appalachian Basin, in Virginia preserves an Early Pennsylvanian record of sedimentation during initial foreland basin subsidence of the Alleghanian orogeny. Utilizing fluvial facies distributions and long‐term stacking patterns within the context of an ancient, marginal‐marine foreland basin provides stratigraphic evidence to disentangle a recurring, low‐frequency residual tectonic signature from high‐frequency glacioeustatic events. Results from basin‐wide facies analysis, corroborated with petrography and detrital zircon geochronology, support a two end‐member depositional system of coexisting transverse and longitudinal alluvial systems infilling the foredeep during eustatic lowstands. Provenance data suggest that sediment was derived from low‐grade metamorphic Grenvillian‐Avalonian terranes and recycling of older Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks uplifted as part of the Alleghanian orogen and Archean‐Superior‐Province. Immature sediments, including lithic sandstone bodies, were deposited within a SE‐NW oriented transverse drainage system. Quartzarenites were deposited within a strike‐parallel NE‐SW oriented axial drainage, forming elongate belts along the western basin margin. These mature quartzarenites were deposited within a braided fluvial system that originated from a northerly cratonic source area. Integrating subsurface and sandstone provenance data indicates significant, repeated palaeogeographical shifts in alluvial facies distribution. Distinct wedges comprising composite sequences are bounded by successive shifts in alluvial facies and define three low‐frequency tectonic accommodation cycles. The proposed tectonic accommodation cycles provide an explanation for the recognized low‐frequency composite sequences, defining short‐term episodes of unsteady westward migration of the flexural Appalachian Basin and constrain the relative timing of deformation events during cratonward progression of the Alleghanian orogenic wedge.     

The stratigraphic and structural evolution of the Dzereg Basin, western Mongolia: clastic sedimentation, transpressional faulting and basin destruction in an intraplate, intracontinental setting

The Dzereg Basin is an actively evolving intracontinental basin in the Altai region of western Mongolia. The basin is sandwiched between two transpressional ranges, which occur at the termination zones of two regional‐scale dextral strike‐slip fault systems. The basin contains distinct Upper Mesozoic and Cenozoic stratigraphic sequences that are separated by an angular unconformity, which represents a regionally correlative peneplanation surface. Mesozoic strata are characterized by northwest and south–southeast‐derived thick clast‐supported conglomerates (Jurassic) overlain by fine‐grained lacustrine and alluvial deposits containing few fluvial channels (Cretaceous). Cenozoic deposits consist of dominantly alluvial fan and fluvial sediments shed from adjacent mountain ranges during the Oligocene–Holocene. The basin is still receiving sediment today, but is actively deforming and closing. Outwardly propagating thrust faults bound the ranges, whereas within the basin, active folding and thrusting occurs within two marginal deforming belts. Consequently, active fan deposition has shifted towards the basin centre with time, and previously deposited sediment has been uplifted, eroded and redeposited, leading to complex facies architecture. The geometry of folds and faults within the basin and the distribution of Mesozoic sediments suggest that the basin formed as a series of extensional half‐grabens in the Jurassic–Cretaceous which have been transpressionally reactivated by normal fault inversion in the Tertiary. Other clastic basins in the region may therefore also be inherited Mesozoic depocentres. The Dzereg Basin is a world class laboratory for studying competing processes of uplift, deformation, erosion, sedimentation and depocentre migration in an actively forming intracontinental transpressional basin.     

萨拉乌苏河流域萨拉乌苏组沙丘砂沉积特征

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面萨拉乌苏组含7层古流动沙丘砂、4层古固定-半固定沙丘砂.对这些沙丘砂的沉积构造观察以及粒度、扫描电镜和常量化学元素分析结果表明：（1）这些沙丘砂具有与现代沙丘砂相似的风成沉积构造特征;（2）粒度及其参数——Mz、σ、Sk和Kg,以及主要化学组分SiO2、Al2O3和TOFE也与现代沙丘砂相近;（3）Mz-σ、SiO2-Al2O3＋TOFE散点图和概率累积曲线显示这些沙丘砂与萨拉乌苏组中的河湖相、古土壤差别明显,而与现代沙丘砂一致;（4）石英砂颗粒具有良好的磨圆以及碟形坑、新月形坑、麻坑、上翻解理薄片、硅质沉淀和硅质裂纹等表面结构特征,反映其曾受持久的风力搬运作用.沉积构造、粒度、石英砂颗粒表面结构和化学元素等多个方面具备了与现代沙丘砂类似的风成特征,证明这些沙丘砂的成因是风成的.