山西大同采凉山钾镁煌斑岩的地质与岩石学特征

本文总结了大同采凉山饮牛沟钾镁煌斑岩地质学、岩石学、岩石化学、地球化学与矿物学特征及其形成的区域地质构造背景,与世界典型地区及其它地区的钾镁煌斑岩进行了对比,并探讨了其找矿意义。山西大同地区沿采凉山深断裂分布两个金伯利岩带,一个位于采凉山深断裂北部,与钾镁煌斑岩和煌斑岩共生;另一个位于南部与碱性玄武岩共生,饮牛沟钾镁煌斑岩由六种岩石组成;金云母透辉透长钾镁煌斑岩、霓辉金云透长钾镁煌斑岩、钾碱镁闪石金云钾镁煌斑岩、钾碱镁闪石透辉透长钾镁煌斑岩、金云透长钾镁煌斑岩、金云透辉白榴钾镁煌斑岩。饮牛沟钾镁煌斑岩的主要成分为金云母、单斜辉石、钾碱镁闪石、假象白榴石和透长石,岩石含TiO_2低(0.98%~1.29%)、K/Na(3.18~6.05)和(K+Na)/A1(0.88~1.13)高,Rb、Sr、Ba、Zr含量高,饮牛沟岩体多数岩石为与世界各地相似的钾镁煌斑岩。     

钾镁煌斑岩型金刚石矿床找矿准则和找矿判别模型

利用钾镁煌斑岩的地质特征、标型矿物和岩石化学参数,预测钾镁煌斑岩含金刚石的可能性,指导金刚石的普查找矿工作,国内外学者已做过一定的研究,总结出一些有效的成矿规律。我们在前人研究的基础上,收集了若干典型含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩、不含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩及与钾镁煌斑岩相似岩石的各种地质资料,总结了对形成金刚石有利或不利的地质因素,     

黔东南钾镁煌斑岩岩石学特征

黔东南地区位于扬子地台东南缘与江南褶皱系西缘的过渡带。本文以黔东南马坪、麻江地区发现的钾镁煌斑岩体为主要研究对象,通过地质特征、岩石学、矿物学、地球化学等研究,认为马坪地区金云钾镁煌斑岩具基性-超基性岩的标型元素Cr、Ni、Co含量较高,不相容元素总体富集,稀土元素配分模式为右倾型且分异程度较高,与典型钾镁煌斑岩(西澳含金刚石矿钾镁煌斑岩)在岩浆来源、地球化学特征上具有较大的相似性;麻江地区钾镁煌斑岩Al_2O_3、K_2O含量低,轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,轻稀土特高,其岩浆形成温度、地球化学成分上与典型钾镁煌斑岩有较大差异。     

贵州白坟钾镁煌斑岩中钾碱镁闪石的研究

本文简要总结了近年有关钾镁煌斑岩的定义、矿物学及其地球化学研究的成果；讨论了钾碱镁闪石在钾镁煌斑岩研究中的意义；回顾了钾碱镁闪石的词源及其分类定名方法，详细介绍了贵州镇远地区白坟岩带中钾碱镁闪石的矿物学特征及其成分特征。     

山西大同钾镁煌斑岩地质地球化学特征

根据饮牛沟钾镁煌斑岩的岩石学、岩石化学、矿物化学、微量及稀土元素地球化学特征,本文认为该岩体属钾镁煌斑岩,但在矿物成分及化学成分上与世界上典型的含金刚石的钾镁煌斑岩相比,相对贫钛和钾,未出现含Ｋ,Ｂａ,Ｔｉ,Ｚｒ的副矿物。该岩体的成因可能为母岩部分熔融后又经分离结晶作用而形成的,岩浆起源于贫钛的金云母二辉橄榄岩,形成深度１００ｋｍ左右。     

湖南宁乡县金刚石找矿取得进展

1990年10月8日．湖南地矿局413队首次在宁乡县云影窝地区发现含金刚石的钾镁煌斑岩。经近期研究，已知该区共有钾镁煌斑岩体27个，其中岩管6个，可分为岩浆型和火山碎屑型两个岩相，包括四个类型：金云透辉橄榄钾镁煌斑岩、透辉金云橄榄钾镁煌斑岩、钾镁煌斑岩质火山角砾岩和钾镁煌斑岩质碎屑角砾岩。     

塔里木地台南缘发现钾镁煌斑岩

首次在塔里木地台南缘皮山县境内找到钾镁煌斑岩,它们呈脉状产出,围岩为白云母石英片岩。该钾镁煌斑岩的岩石化学成分与亚洲钾镁煌斑岩的平均岩石化学成分接近,与澳大利亚西金伯利地区钾镁煌斑岩一致,稀土元素及其配分模式位于世界钾镁煌斑岩的范围之内,其中大多数标本具有已知世界钾镁煌斑岩的共同微量元素特征：具Ｂａ、Ｋ、Ｌａ和Ｃｅ的正异常及Ｔａ、Ｎｂ、Ｓｒ和Ｔｉ的负异常。该钾镁煌斑岩的发现对研究区金刚石找矿和深部地质过程研究均具深远意义。     

甘肃宕昌好梯碱性超基性火山岩:一种含上地幔包体和巨晶的钾质超镁铁煌斑岩

甘肃宕昌好梯含上地幔包体和巨晶的碱性超基性火山岩为新生代火山作用的产物。该火山岩的岩相学、矿物学、岩石化学和地球化学特征显示了从碱性基性岩(霞石碱玄岩-碧玄岩)-超基性岩(苦橄岩-玻基辉橄岩)-钾镁煌斑岩之过渡类型岩石的特征。表明好榜火山岩是一种煌斑岩。根据火山岩的岩相学、矿物学、岩石化学和地球化学特征,火山岩的镁铁指数>90,特别是岩石中含一定数量的金云母以及含白榴石、原生方解石、碱性角闪石和碱性辉石的球状分异物等特征,将该火山岩命名为钾质超镁铁煌斑岩。本文还提出该钾质超镁铁煌斑岩代表一种原生煌斑岩浆的标志。     

西昆仑北缘钾镁煌斑岩及超镁铁岩地质特征

产于塔里木地台铁克力克隆起内的钾镁煌夺岩石化学成分与亚洲钾煌斑岩的平均岩这成分接近,与澳大利亚西后利地区钾镁煌斑岩一致。稀土元素、微量元素组成与世界已 知钾镁煌斑岩具有相同特征。铁克力克隆起南缘柯岗－塔伦深断裂南阔绰人串珠状分布的超镁铁岩体,与钾镁煌斑岩具有相同的地质背景。该深断裂与西昆仑北缘深断裂交汇处是寻找含矿钾镁煌斑岩的有利部位。     

桂北地区钾镁煌斑岩的发现及找矿意义

1地质概况钾镁煌斑岩型原生金刚石矿是我国金刚石找矿的一种新的重要类型,特别是自20世纪60年代以来在华南地区贵州、湖南等地相继发现的含金刚石钾镁煌斑岩表明,华南扬子克拉通及其周缘地区具有寻找钾镁煌斑岩型原生金刚石的重要潜力。最近,我们在广西桂北融水、都安地区新发现了2处金云母钾镁煌斑岩,进一步证明桂北地区具有寻找钾镁煌斑岩型原生金刚石矿的重要潜力。桂北     

Kimberlites and lamproites: Criteria for similarity and differences

Based on original data on the East European and Siberian platforms and materials on the best studied foreign objects, a comparative analysis of kimberlites and lamproites was conducted and the criteria of their differences were formulated. Among most significant differences are the following: (1) the high-Mg potassic rocks (kimberlites and lamproites) show major-component variations, which are significantly wider in lamproites as compared to kimberlites. Kimberlites differ from lamproites not only in the content of SiO₂, but also in alkalis, volatiles, and some trace elements. Kimberlites are characterized by CO₂-dominated regime, whereas formation of lamproites was assisted by essentially H₂O fluid; (2) Kimberlites are localized within ancient cratons, while within-plate lamproites are restricted to adjacent Proterozoic belts. Kimberlites are produced in the low-heat flow regions, whereas lamproites occur in the high-heat flow regions; (3) Kimberlites and lamproites were formed in different time; in particular, most productive kimberlitic magmatism was observed in the EEP and SP in the Devonian; (4) Kimberlite and lamproite bodies have different morphology: lamproites compose small subvolcanic bodies with lava flows, while kimberlites form volcanic pipes with no lavas; (5) Kimberlites contain highly silica-undersaturated minerals, while ultrabasic lamproites—silica-undersaturated ones; priderite and wadeite, the characteristic accessory minerals of lamproites, are not observed in kimberlites; (6) The primary melts of kimberlites and lamproites were derived from different types of mantle. The moderate and low-Ti kimberlites were generated from BSE or EMI type mantle. Precisely these types of kimberlites host diamond deposits, including economic grade objects in EEP. The lamproite sources were localized only in the enriched mantle (EMI and EMII). At the same time, these rocks share some similarities, primarily, with respect to their genesis and classification. Diamonds are common accessory minerals of kimberlites (low-Ti and some other types), but are observed only in only lamproite variety—olivine lamproites.     

Petrology and geochemistry of the Mesoproterozoic Vattikod lamproites,Eastern Dharwar Craton,southern India: evidence for multiple enrichment of sub-continental lithospheric mantle and links with amalgamation and break-up of the Columbia supercontinent

Numerous lamproite dykes are hosted by the Eastern Dharwar Craton, southern India, particularly towards the northwestern margin of the Cuddapah Basin. We present here a comprehensive mineralogical and geochemical (including Sr and Nd isotopic) study on the lamproites from the Vattikod Field, exposed in the vicinity of the well-studied Ramadugu lamproite field. The Vattikod lamproites trend WNW–ESE to NW–SE and reveal effects of low-temperature post-magmatic alteration. The studied lamproites show porphyritic texture with carbonated and serpentinized olivine, diopside, fluorine-rich phlogopite, amphibole, apatite, chromite, allanite, and calcite. The trace-element geochemistry (elevated Sr and HFSE) reveals their mixed affinity to orogenic as well as anorogenic lamproites. Higher fluorine content of the hydrous phases coupled with higher whole-rock K₂O highlights the role of metasomatic phlogopite and apatite in the mantle source regions. Trace-element ratios such as Zr/Hf and Ti/Eu reveal carbonate metasomatism of mantle previously enriched by ancient subduction processes. The initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr-isotopic ratios (calculated for an assumed emplacement age of 1350 Ma) vary from 0.7037 to 0.7087 and ?Nd range from ??10.6 to ??9.3, consistent with data on global lamproites and ultrapotassic rocks. We attribute the mixed orogenic–anorogenic character for the lamproites under study to multi-stage metasomatism. We relate the (1) earlier subduction-related enrichment to the Paleoproterozoic amalgamation of the Columbia supercontinent and the (2) second episode of carbonate metasomatism to the Mesoproterozoic rift-related asthenospheric upwelling associated with the Columbia breakup. This study highlights the association of lamproites with supercontinent amalgamation and fragmentation in the Earth history.     

Discovery of lamproites near Vattikod Area, NW margin of the Cuddapah basin, Eastern Dharwar craton, southern India

A cluster of lamproite dykes are located 1 km west of Vattikod village at the NW margin of the Cuddapah basin, Eastern Dharwar craton, southern India, during the pursuit for locating primary diamond source rocks by adapting multifarious applications. These exotic rocks are emplaced along WNW-ESE to NW-SE trending fractures in the granitic rocks belonging to the Peninsular Gneissic Complex. Ten out of twelve lamproites occur near Vattikod village and one each is located in the vicinity of Marepalli and Gundrapalli villages respectively. These lamproites, though highly altered, contain microphenocrysts of altered olivine, clinopyroxene, phlogopite, leucite and sanidine and translucent to opaque, amoeboid shaped patches of glass set in a groundmass rich in carbonate, phlogopite, serpentine, and chlorite. This new cluster of lamproites constitutes a part of the recently discovered Ramadugu lamproite field. The Vattikod and Ramadugu lamproites, together with those from Krishna lamproite field and the Cuddapah basin, constitute, a wide spectrum of ultrapotassic magmatism emplaced in and around the Palaeo-Mesoproterozoic Cuddapah basin in southern India.     

Occurrence of lamproitic dykes at the northern Margin of the Indravati Basin,Bastar Craton,Central India

Occurrence of two lamproitic dykes intruding the basement granite near Khadka village at the northern margin of the Indravati Basin, Bastar craton is reported. Combined field, microscopy, XRD, EPMA and whole-rock geochemical investigations reveal that these lamproites were subjected to high degree of hydrothermal alteration as well as possible metamorphism. However, relicts of their original textures are well-preserved thereby providing important clues as to the nature of the protolith. Quartz, carbonate, chlorite and phlogopite constitute the bulk mineralogy whereas spinel, apatite and iron oxides are the accessory phases. Chemical composition of the groundmass spinels are strikingly similar to those from the lamproites. The Khadka lamproite dykes display high abundances of compatible elements such as Ni (238–396 ppm), Cr (484–892 ppm), and V (160–200 ppm) as well as high-field strength elements such as Zr (719–2057 ppm) and Nb (92–126 ppm) that resemble those in lamproites. Khadka lamproites also have high whole-rock REE abundances (ΣREE up to 1260 ppm) and display fractionated chondrite-normalized REE patterns (La/Yb= 113–237) which together with their average compatible and incompatible trace elemental ratios (e.g. Nb/Zr, Nb/La, Ba/Rb) are strikingly similar to those of the Mesoproterozoic Krishna lamproites of the Eastern Dharwar craton. Available field evidences suggest the Khadka lamproites to be of at least Palaeoproterzoic age (1.88 Ga) which makes them some of the oldest such rocks as yet documented from the Indian shield.     

中国大陆岩石圈厚度特征研究及其在金刚石原生矿预测中的作用

依据中国大陆三维速度扰动图象,编制了中国大陆现代岩石圈和华北—扬子地台古岩石圈厚度图,并对含与不含金刚石的金伯利岩及钾镁煌斑岩中部分指示矿物和上地幔捕虏体地质特征进行分析,发现岩石圈底部某些地球物理特征与金刚石赋存部位有密切关系。在此基础上,从深部角度讨论了含金刚石的金伯利岩及钾镁煌斑岩时空分布特征,并作了预测研究。     

V. The Central Province

A re‐examination in the field of the lamproites of the Fitzroy Basin, Western Australia, shows that for the most part they occur in concentrically‐zoned plugs occupying diatremes. The zonal distribution of the lamproites in each plug is due to the different rates of cooling in different parts of the plug and the peculiar nature of the lamproite magma (high potash dominant over alumina, absence of soda, and abundance of titania, zirconia, baryta and fluorine) is ascribed to upward gas transfer of these constituents in the diatremes, the parental magma being of peridotitic character.     

Petrology of Lamproites from Smoky Butte, Montana

Hyalo-armalcolite-phlogopite lamproites and sanidine-phlogopitelamproites occurring at Smoky Butte, Montana are rocks formedfrom rapidly quenched, high temperature, uncontaminated lamproiticmagma. Petrographic variations are attributable to differentcooling histories of several batches of compositionally identicalmagma. Compared with other occurrences of lamproite, the rocksare unusually rich in TiO₂ and are characterized by the presenceof abundant armalcolite and the most TiO₂-rich phlogopites yetfound in this paragenesis. Compositional data are given fortitanian phlogopite, olivine, diopside, titanian potassian richterite,armalcolite, sanidine, analcite, and glass. The mafic mineralsare Al-deficient and exhibit very little compositional variation.Original leucite has been pseudomorphed by sanidine or analcite.The latter mineral was probably formed at the same time thatthe glass lost K, and gained Na, during alteration by groundwater.All of the lamproites are strongly enriched in Ta, Hf, and thelight REE (La /Yb = 162–280), and have high MgO and Crcontents. Mineralogical, geochemical, and previously publishedisotopic data are combined in developing a petrogenetic modelwhich suggests that these lamproites were derived from an ancient(2.5 Ga) doubly metasomatized harzburgitic source, and thatthey represent relatively primitive lamproites which were intrudedat near-liquidus temperatures.     

A review and assessment of experiments on Kimberlites,Lamproites and Lamprophyres as a guide to their Origin

Liquidus experimental studies on kimberlite, lamproite and lamprophyre compositions are reviewed with respect to the information they carry on the mantle origin of these rock types. This information is coupled with melting experiments on peridotite in the presence of H₂O and mixed H₂O+CO₂ volatile species. The origin of most lamproites is explained by the melting of mica-harzburgite assemblages at depths ranging from 40km for leucite lamproites to more than 150km for olivine lamproites. Clinopyroxene-rich, silica-poor lamproites remain enigmatic, but are possibly derived by the melting of a mica-bearing ultramafic source richer in clinopyroxene and under more oxidized, CO₂-bearing conditions. There are insufficient experimental studies on kimberlite to reasonably constrain their origin, and what remain are only general indications of the compositions of partial melts of mantle under volatile-bearing conditions. Melt compositions are not sufficiently well known to prevent very conceptual use of melt ‘names’ such as ‘kimberlitic’ or ‘carbonatitic’, and melts similar to alkaline and ultramafic lamprophyre may be hidden under this shroud. Clearer definition of the origins of alkaline melt compositions such as kimberlites and various lamprophyre types badly needs more exact bracketing of melt compositions of a variety of possible mantle mineral assemblages. The recently-developed sandwich reversal technique is ideally suited to study small degrees of partial melting, and could usefully be applied to lherzolitic and non-lherzolitic materials with hydrous and/or carbonate minerals.     

贵州东部镇远地区钾镁煌斑岩的矿物学和岩石学研究

摘要：通过对贵州东部镇远地区的一套偏碱性的基性超基性煌斑岩的矿物学及岩石学研究,发现该套岩石具有多种钾镁煌斑岩的特征矿物和结构：含钛的钾碱镁闪石、钛金云母、低铝透辉石、含铁透长石,以及金云母的嵌晶状结构、橄榄石的＂犬牙＂结构。在岩石地球化学方面,它们与世界典型地区的钾镁煌斑岩相似。根据对比鉴定,将这套岩石定名为：（１）金云母钾镁煌斑岩;（２）含橄榄石嵌晶状钾镁煌斑岩。