南海北部陆区岩石磁化率的矿物学研究

基于2517套现场测量资料,245块岩石样品的体积磁化率测量和详细的岩矿鉴定及硅酸盐全分析结果,结合单矿物磁化率特征及各岩石之间的对比研究,发现岩石磁化率主要受组成岩石的矿物磁化率控制.即岩石磁化率(κr)与组成岩石各个矿物磁化率(κ1)及其体积含量(C2)成正比.例如侵入岩磁化率,κr=-5.68×102Cq+2.8...     

Magnetic monitoring of top soils of Merida (Southern Mexico)

This paper focuses on the study of the correlation between magnetic parameters with the level of contamination by heavy metals in urban soils. We report a magnetic investigation of urban soil samples from Merida, state of Yucatan, Southern Mexico. It appears that most of our samples contain ferrimagnetic minerals as the magnetic carriers, probably coming from the titanomagnetites/titanomaghemites series. This is inferred by the acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization, which shows that most of samples are almost completely saturated at about 200 mT. The S₋₂₀₀ value (factor characterizing stability of remanent magnetization) is between 0.8 and 1.0, characteristic of ferrimagnetic minerals. The susceptibility vs. temperature measurements also point to some titanomaghemites and titanomagnetites as probable responsible for magnetization. On the other hand, measurements of magnetic susceptibility at high and low frequencies helped us to determine the high content of superparamagnetic grains in the majority of the samples, although not all of these showed high values of magnetic susceptibility. We found that the most contaminated samples by Pb and Zn showed the higher saturation isothermal remanent magnetization values, whereas the higher values in magnetic susceptibility correspond to samples contaminated by Cr. Finally, we noted that a high level in Sr decreases the magnetic susceptibility.     

Track of fluid paleocirculation in dolomite host rock at regional scale by the Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility (AMS): An example from Aptian carbonates of La Florida,Northern Spain

The present study aims to apply the AMS method (Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility) at a regional scale to track the fluid circulation direction that has produced an iron metasomatism within pre-existing dolomite host rock. The Urgonian formations hosting the Zn–Pb mineralizations in La Florida (Cantabria, northern Spain) have been taken as target for this purpose. Sampling was carried out, in addition to ferroan dolomite host rock enclosing the Zn–Pb mineralizations, in dolomite host rock and limestone to make the comparison possible between magnetic signals from mineralized rocks, where fluid circulation occurred, and their surrounding formations. AMS study was coupled with petrofabric analysis carried out by texture goniometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations and also Shape Preferred Orientation (SPO) statistics. SEM observations of ferroan dolomite host rock illustrate both bright and dark grey ribbons corresponding respectively to Fe enriched and pure dolomites. SPO statistics applied on four images from ferroan dolomite host rock give a well-defined orientation of ribbons related to the intermediate axis of magnetic susceptibility K₂. For AMS data, two magnetic fabrics are observed. The first one is observed in ferroan dolomite host rock and characterized by a prolate ellipsoid of magnetic susceptibility with a vertical magnetic lineation. The magnetic susceptibility carrier is Fe-rich dolomite. These features are probably acquired during metasomatic fluid circulations. In Fe-rich dolomite host rock, ?c? axes are vertical. As a rule, (0001) planes (i.e. planes perpendicular to ?c? axes) are isotropic with respect to crystallographic properties. So, the magnetic anisotropy measured in this plane should reflect crystallographic modification due to fluid circulation. This is confirmed by the texture observed using the SEM. Consequently, AMS results show a dominant NE–SW elongation interpreted as the global circulation direction and a NW–SE secondary elongation that we have considered as sinuosities of the fluid trajectory. The second type of magnetic fabric is essentially observed in the limestone and characterized by an oblate form of the ellipsoid of magnetic susceptibility, a horizontal magnetic foliation and mixed magnetic susceptibility carriers. It is interpreted as a sedimentary fabric.     

The Use of Field Dependence of Magnetic Susceptibility for Monitoring Variations in Titanomagnetite Composition - A Case Study on Basanites from the Vogelsberg 1996 Drillhole,Germany

In high Ti basanites from the Vogelsberg 1996 drillhole distinct variations in the field dependence of AC magnetic susceptibility correlate with compositional variations of titanomagnetite, as determined by temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility. Curie temperatures for the basanites are in the range of 240 to 525°C. The field dependence reaches up to 20% for measurements in 30 A/m and 300 A/m AC field amplitude. It is demonstrated that two-field magnetic susceptibility measurements can prevail information about compositional changes of titanomagnetite and therefore support the interpretation of magnetic susceptibility logs from drillcores of basaltic rock suites.     

Earthquake ground motion predictive equations for Garhwal Himalaya,India

Predictive equations based on the stochastic approach are developed for earthquake ground motions from Garhwal Himalayan earthquakes of 3.5≤M_w≤6.8 at a distance of 10≤R≤250 km. The predicted ground motion parameters are response spectral values at frequencies from 0.25 to 20 Hz, and peak ground acceleration (PGA). The ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) are derived from an empirically based stochastic ground motion model. The GMPEs show a fair agreement with the empirically developed ground motion equations from Himalaya as well as the NGA equation. The proposed relations also reasonably predict the observed ground motion of two major Himalayan earthquakes from Garhwal Himalayan region. For high magnitudes, there is insufficient data to satisfactorily judge the relationship; however it reasonably predicts the 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake (M_w=6.8) and 1999 Chamoli earthquake (M_w=6.4) from Garhwal Himalaya region.     

西秦岭温泉岩体的磁组构特征及其侵位机制意义

结合岩石磁学、磁化率各向异性度与区域构造分析了西秦岭温泉岩体的侵位机制及意义.温泉岩体的样品的平均磁化率k_m值总体很大,岩石磁学表明对于磁化率较低的样品,顺磁性矿物（如黑云母等）对磁化率的贡献较大,而少量铁磁性矿物（如磁铁矿等）可能作为剩磁载体.对于磁化率较高的样品,其主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿;花岗岩样品的校正磁化率各向异性度P_J总体小于1.2,显示了岩体为流动磁组构的特征,磁化率椭球体形态参数T总体大于0,扁率E总体大于1,以压扁椭球体为主;岩体的磁面理同磁线理相比更为发育,样品的磁面理普遍表现出围绕岩体边界分布的特点,且倾角较陡;而在岩体内部磁线理与磁面理分布相对散乱,定向性差,这一特征说明温泉岩体的磁组构主要由侵位时的侧向挤压作用形成的;虽然岩体的磁组构特征总体显示了N-NEE和SW向的挤压作用,但岩体侵位时由商丹缝合带闭合所产生的垂直于缝合带方向的挤压作用已相对较弱.本文认为,温泉岩体侵位时是一种弱挤压环境,或者是一种相对稳定的环境甚至可能是一种相对引张的背景,这与温泉岩体形成于后碰撞环境,秦岭造山带已演化至后碰撞拆沉作用发生的伸展阶段所反映的区域构造背景是一致的.     

杭州城区土壤的磁性与磁性矿物学及其环境意义

对杭州城区四个不同功能区块土壤进行了系统的环境磁学测定,结果表明城市土壤的磁化率平均值为128×10^-8m³·kg^-1,频率磁化率平均值3.6%(样品数=182),城市土壤呈现明显的磁性增强. 城市土壤的磁化率与频率磁化率呈极显著指数负相关,表明城市土壤磁性增强明显区别于自然成土过程引起的以超顺磁性(SP)颗粒为主的表土磁性增强机理. 统计分析表明,城市土壤磁化率与软剩磁和饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)呈显著直线正相关,说明亚铁磁性矿物是城市土壤剩余磁性的主要载体. 综合等温剩磁获得曲线、热磁曲线、磁滞回线等岩石磁学测定和SEM/EDX分析,城市土壤的磁性矿物以磁铁矿和赤铁矿为主,磁性矿物以假单畴-多畴（PSD-MD）颗粒存在,粒度明显大于成土过程形成的磁性颗粒,这些磁性颗粒主要来自燃料燃烧、汽车尾气等环境污染物. 因此,城市土壤磁测可作为城市土壤污染监测、污染空间分布和污染物来源判断的新手段.     

毛乌素沙地风沙沉积物磁学特征及其古环境意义

在沙漠沉积环境中,成土作用对磁化率的贡献较小,往往被原生磁信号掩盖,因此分离两种磁组分对气候和粉尘代用指标的提取至关重要.本研究选取位于毛乌素沙地东缘的锦界风沙沉积剖面为研究对象,利用多变量一元线性回归中的"平均值概念"进行磁化率的原生碎屑组分0和次生成土组分Xpedo的分离,并探讨磁学参数所承载的气候和环境意义.结果显示,磁学比值参数(如Xpedo/X0、Xfd/HIRM、Xfd%和XARM/SIRM)彼此之间存在显著线性或指数/对数相关关系,它们对成土强度指示明确,可以在一定程度上减小或避免磁性矿物背景值差异所产生的误差,与磁化率相比更适宜用于该区的古降水量重建.HIRM主要由碎屑赤铁矿含量控制,HIRM与X0存在明显正相关关系,表明碎屑赤铁矿随原生磁性矿物总体含量的增加(减少)而增加(减少),在粉尘成因磁性矿物中所占比例大致稳定,从而HIRM可以指示源区粉尘通量的变化.锦界剖面的原生和次生磁性矿物浓度均明显低于黄土高原黄土,不同地层X0和Xpedo在磁化率中所占的比例存在较大差异,因此磁化率的环境意义比较复杂,在使用其恢复古气候古环境时需慎重.     

Magnetic susceptibility of cambisol profiles in the vicinity of the Vír dam,Czech Republic

Magnetic susceptibility of 72 cambisol profiles from the vicinity of the Vír dam, NW Moravia was measured. The enhanced susceptibility of topsoil, particularly of the horizon O, was assessed from the aspect of vegetation setting and magnetic mineralogy. Magnetic susceptibility variations with field and temperature as well as frequency dependent susceptibility were applied to indicate magnetic carriers. It was found that the enhanced magnetic susceptibility is caused very likely by the presence of maghemite and magnetite of various grain sizes. Magnetic minerals are pedogenic in origin in all three horizons, while in the O and A horizons they are mostly anthropogenic in origin. Magnetic susceptibility was correlated with contents of trace elements Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag, As, Cd, Sb, Bi, Hg, Se, furthermore with TOT/C, TOT/S, and ¹³⁷C. The close association of susceptibility with Pb, Sb and Hg, or also with Mo, As, Se and their similar depth variations suggest a slight anthropogenic input in soils from a long-distant source. The same is valid for ¹³⁷C, its strong correlation with magnetic susceptibility has been found.     

Two pedogenic models for paleoclimatic records of magnetic susceptibility from Chinese and Siberian loess

The magnetic susceptibility (MS) of Chinese loess showing a general proportional relationship to pedogenic grade has been widely recognized and used for reconstruction of paleoclimate by Quaternary scientists. The in-situ pedogenic enhancement of ferrimagnetic content is normally believed to be the main reason for the increase of susceptibility in soil units. However, this pattern of high magnetic susceptibility in palaeosols, and low values in loess, are not replicated in some loess deposits. Siberian loess deposits display a completely opposite susceptibility behavior: high values in loess and low values in palaeosols. This inverse relationship has been explained by the idea that magnetic susceptibility is reflecting the magnitude of an aeolian ferrimagnetic component of consistent mineralogy, the grain size of which is related to average wind velocity. Our magnetic study of Siberian samples in this paper suggests that there are notable differences in magnetic properties between Siberian loess and developed palaeosols, not only in magnetic grain-size and concentration but also in magnetic mineralogy. This evidence is difficult to explain fully through variation in wind strength alone, but implies that the low magnetic susceptibility values in the Siberian paleosol units are a reflection, at least in part, of the alteration of the ferrimagnetic content by post-depositional processes. The Loess Plateau is a very arid area where potential evaporation is always higher than precipitation; pedogenesis occurs under dry oxidising conditions. The Siberian Kurtak region is located on the edge of the tundra where it is always wet and saturation during interglacials will lead to a reducing pedogenic environment. Ferrimagnetic minerals under this condition will be destroyed, resulting in lower magnetic susceptibility. Therefore, great care should be taken when using susceptibility values for paleoclimatic reconstruction.     

塔里木盆地南缘8.5 ka以来的黄土岩石磁学特征及其磁化率变化机制

黄土岩石磁学参数是古气候研究中的重要指标,其中磁化率应用最为广泛,并在黄土高原地区取得重大进展,其受控于成壤作用的变化机制也被普遍接受.然而在黄土高原外缘的新疆地区,磁化率的变化机制仍不明确,导致磁化率的古气候意义在该区存在较大争议.本文选取塔里木盆地南缘具有精确年代控制的典型黄土剖面（羊场剖面）开展岩石磁学和高分辨率磁化率研究,利用交叉小波分析方法并结合剖面粒度、矿物及元素特征对该地区磁化率变化机制进行初步探讨.结果显示,羊场剖面的岩石磁学性质主要由粗颗粒软磁性矿物所控制,同时也表现出一定的顺磁性特征.根据载磁矿物和磁化率变化特征可将剖面进一步划分为两个阶段：阶段Ⅰ（8.5~2.5 ka）,载磁矿物以亚铁磁性的磁铁矿为主,磁化率值整体较高;阶段Ⅱ（2.5~0.2 ka）,亚铁磁性矿物依然占据主导地位,但硬磁性矿物和以黄铁矿为代表的顺磁性矿物相对增多,磁化率值显著降低.相关性研究和交叉小波分析表明：阶段Ⅰ磁化率与粗颗粒组分的变化具有一致性,符合"风速论"模式;阶段Ⅱ磁化率不仅与粗颗粒组分具有明显的正相关关系,而且与指示成壤作用强度的频率磁化率百分含量呈现出显著的负相关关系,暗示了阶段Ⅱ的磁化率变化可能受到"风速论"和"还原性成壤"模式的共同影响.本文拓宽了对新疆地区黄土岩石磁学特征及其磁化率变化机制的深入理解,也为利用磁化率恢复新疆及中亚地区全新世以来的古气候变化历史提供了新的线索.     

Inverse magnetic fabric in carbonate-bearing rocks

The observation of a magnetic susceptibility ellipsoid whose maximum axis corresponds to the minimum axis of petrofabric (pole of bedding or schistosity) is referred to as an inverse magnetic fabric. The investigation of the magnetic properties of some ferroan carbonate monocrystals and paramagnetic limestones demonstrates thatc-axis preferred orientation of paramagnetic carbonates results in a maximum susceptibility parallel to the flattening direction.Inverse magnetic fabrics due to magnetite are also encountered in weakly deformed limestones. A mineralogical model based on the property of single-domain grains to have a zero susceptibility parallel to their long axis is proposed. However, more complex cases are also encountered.     

天山黄土区与黄土高原表土磁性特征对比及环境意义

本文对黄土高原和天山黄土区表土进行系统的岩石磁学和粒度测试分析,探讨了表土磁性特征及其环境意义,结果表明表土中的强磁性矿物均为磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,弱磁性矿物为赤铁矿和纤铁矿或针铁矿,黄土高原黄土地层中的磁赤铁矿至少有部分属于风积成因.黄土高原表土中磁化率与频率磁化率呈良好的正相关,气候作用是主导黄土高原表上磁化率增强的主...     

Anisotropy of magnetic remanence: A brief review of mineralogical sources,physical origins,and geological applications,and comparison with susceptibility anisotropy

The magnetic fabric of rocks and sediments is most commonly characterized in terms of the anisotropy of low-field magnetic susceptibility (AMS). However, alternative methods based on remanent magnetization (measured in the absence of a magnetic field) rather than induced magnetization (measured in the applied field) have distinct advantages for certain geological applications. This is particularly true for; (1) adjunct studies in paleomagnetism, in order to assess the fidelity with which a natural remanence records the paleofield orientation; (2) studies of weakly magnetic or weakly deformed rocks, for which susceptibility anisotropy is very difficult to measure precisely; and (3) quantitative applications such as strain estimation. The fundamental differences between susceptibility and remanence (and their respective anisotropies) are due to several factors: (1) susceptibility arises from all of the minerals present in a sample, whereas remanence is carried exclusively by a relatively small number of ferromagnetic minerals; (2) ferromagnetic minerals are generally more anisotropic than para- and diamagnetic minerals; (3) for ferromagnetic minerals, remanence is inevitably more anisotropic than susceptibility; and (4) a number of common minerals, including single-domain magnetites, possess an inverse anisotropy of susceptibility, i.e., they tend to have minimum susceptibility parallel to the long axis of an individual particle; remanence is immune to this phenomenon. As a consequence of all these factors, remanence anisotropy may generally provide a better quantitative estimate of the actual distribution of particle orientations in a rock sample.Contribution number 9102 of the Institute for Rock Magnetism, University of Minnesota.     

核磁共振测井在火成岩地层应用的适应性分析

火成岩岩石具有高磁化率特征,与沉积岩差别明显,岩石的高磁化率会对核磁共振信号产生显著影响,开展核磁共振测井在火成岩地层应用的适应性分析研究,为广泛使用核磁共振测井用于火成岩储层评价提供参考.采用理论模拟、实验分析及实际测井资料相结合的方法,分析了高磁化率岩石的核磁共振响应特征.分析结果表明,火成岩岩石具有很高的磁化率,从酸性火成岩到基性火城岩,岩石的磁化率一般是逐渐增大的.高磁化率岩石孔隙内部会产生强梯度磁场,孔隙内部的磁场梯度越强,核磁共振的T2谱前移越明显,核磁信号衰减幅度也越大,核磁分析孔隙度与常规分析的孔隙度误差也越大;相同岩石磁化率情况下,岩石孔径越小,岩石孔隙内部磁场梯度越强,核磁信号衰减越大,核磁共振测井计算的孔隙度也越低.因此,核磁共振测井与岩性有关系,核磁共振测井会受到高磁化率岩石的显著影响.核磁共振测井在部分火成岩,尤其在中基性火成岩和小孔径火成岩储层中应用具有很大的局限性.     

矫顽力组分定量分析揭示下蜀黄土磁化率异常降低的原因

镇江大港下蜀黄土剖面多个层位的磁化率出现异常降低,导致与北方黄土的磁化率记录难以对比.为探讨磁化率异常降低的原因,我们在大港钻探ZK孔获取了岩芯.在10个具代表性的层位采样并测量了其等温剩磁获得曲线.通过基于期望最大化算法的计算程序（Irmunmix V2.2）,定量分析了样品的磁性矫顽力组分（magnetic coercivity component）.结果显示这10个样品可大致分成3类,第一类不含中磁组分,第二类含有较少的中磁组分,第三类则含较多的中磁组分.矫顽力组分的含量与样品中铁锰结核的含量密切相关.铁锰结核含量高的样品,中磁组分、硬磁组分含量也高,而软磁组分含量低,与此对应的是这类样品的磁化率低.表明在铁锰结核的形成过程中,原始的软磁组分被溶解,而产生新的中磁组分、硬磁组分,这个次生变化过程导致样品磁化率异常降低.铁锰结核含量高的样品,经历过较强的还原作用,因此ZK剖面磁化率异常降低是还原作用的结果,可能是某时期降水量增大所致.     

Pedogenic factors affecting magnetic susceptibility of the last interglacial palaeosol S1 in the Chinese Loess Plateau

The magnetic susceptibility has been used as a quantitative or semi‐quantitative proxy for reconstructing the summer monsoon intensity in the Chinese Loess Plateau based on extensive studies on climatic or/and environmental mechanisms producing the magnetic susceptibility signatures. However, the precise nature of the link between past climates and the susceptibility signatures has remained uncertain primarily due to lack of our understanding in the ?nalizing and preserving processes of the signatures. This paper attempts to examine the reliability or acceptability of this summer monsoon proxy from non‐magnetic perspectives of soil‐forming processes. We chose nine sections along two transects: one across the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau and another across the eastern part. Several conclusions can be drawn from our analytical data. First, clay translocation within the S1 palaeosol pro?les, as indicated by ?eld‐observed clay coatings on ped faces in Bt and Bk horizons and demonstrated by laboratory‐analysed clay contents, must have moved some of the magnetic minerals downward so that the susceptibility re?ects only the post‐translocation distribution of the magnetic‐susceptibility‐producing minerals. Second, the best‐developed palaeosol S1S3 at most of the sections studied is not expressed by the magnetic susceptibility because this palaeosol developed in underlying coarse loess (L2) and coarse textures tend to lower the susceptibility. Third, carbonate concentration is normally negatively correlated with the magnetic susceptibility or simply suppresses the magnetic susceptibility peak when the susceptibility enhancement exceeds the carbonate dilution effect. To conclude, extreme caution must be observed when using magnetic susceptibility signatures to retrieve high‐resolution records of the last interglacial palaeoclimate in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Magnetic susceptibility variations of carbonates controlled by sea-level changes

This paper presents magnetic susceptibility results of 578 samples from three Devono-Carboniferous carbonate successions in the Yangtze Block. They indicate that the magnetic susceptibility variations in carbonates are controlled by ancient sea-level changes. It is particularly so if the supply of detrital materials was low, when the magnetic susceptibility was mainly controlled by the content of authigenic minerals. If the supply of detrital materials was high, the average susceptibility value would be higher, but there is still a correlation between susceptibility and sea-level curves. A sea level rise would lead to a decrease in the content of the detrital materials, and therefore to a decrease in the susceptibility values. On the top of HST, the uplift and exposure events may lead to elevated magnetic susceptibility values. Carbonate susceptibilities can therefore be considered as one of the environmental proxy data for the research of sequence stratigraphy.     

典型沙漠绿洲城市表土磁性特征及环境指示意义

选取典型沙漠绿洲城市（乌海、石嘴山、银川）表土为研究对象,对其环境磁学性质、土壤质地与重金属含量分布进行系统研究.结果表明,乌海市和石嘴山市表土为典型砂土,银川市为砂壤土.三个城市表土样品均以较粗的MD-PSD颗粒的亚铁磁性矿物（磁铁矿）为主导,磁化率均值分别为152×10^-8、104×10^-8和117×10^-8 m³·kg^-1.乌海市表土磁性矿物含量和磁性颗粒大小都显著高于石嘴山和银川市.重金属（Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Fe）的污染负荷指数（PLI）均显示,三个城市表土均存在轻度污染特征.同时磁化率和污染负荷指数在非工业区表现出点状高值分布,在工业区表现为面状高值分布特征.乌海市表土磁参数与重金属的相关系数显著高于石嘴山和银川,表明磁参数对于污染来源单一地区的污染程度评估更具优势.尽管三个城市表土磁学性质存在较大差异,但其磁化率均随污染负荷指数的增加呈现相同程度的递增.磁化率可以作为宁夏平原地区表土重金属污染程度评估的统一有效的代用指标.     

Magnetic properties of natural Mn-oxides

Summary The paper is devoted to the study of the magnetic properties, of the volume magnetic susceptibility in a weak magnetic field, of the specific magnetic susceptibility in a strong magnetic field, of natural remanent magnetization and its stability in A.C. fields, and of the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility of natural Mn-oxides. Samples of pyrolusite, polianite, manganite, hausmannite, psilomelan and wad from different localities all over the world were studied; the measured values are statistically treated so that the given values are valid in general. Hausmannite displayed typical values of the magnetic susceptibility, different from the values of the other Mn-oxides. In general, many natural Mn-oxides contain heterogeneous admixtures of Fe-oxides, which are responsible for their ferromagnetic properties. A high degree of magnetic hardness, predetermining the minerals for palaeomagnetic research, was proved with many of the natural Mn-oxides.