梅雨涡旋与环境场动能的相互作用

在过渡湍流理论基础上建立二维非局地闭合模式，并用所建模式研究沿海地区中尺度海陆风环流和内国界层结构，得到了合理的平均场和湍流场。     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE LOCAL WIND STRUCTURES FORCED BY THE COMPLEX TERRAIN OF QINGDAO AREA

In this paper, some 2-D features of the down- and up-slope winds and sea-land-breeze generated over the com-plex terrain of the Qingdao area and the interaction between them are numerically analysed by use of a 2-Dnon-hydrostatic mesoscale model. The simulated results in the west-east vertical cross-section show that (1) when thelarge-scale wind is a southerly gentle one, the generated easterly down-slope wind is much stronger than with an oppo-site background wind, and the down-slope wind can trigger and intensify the land breeze corresponding to the easterncoast of Jiaozhou Bay; (2) a gentle westerly background wind will reduce the eastward sea breeze and up-slope windduring the daytime due to a cold advection, but shows a little effect on the mesoscale circulation formed in the nighttime.     

微物理过程分档处理的三维对流云模式研究

在三维完全弹性冰雹云参数化模式动力框架和二维面对称分档模式(微物理过程分档处理)的基础上,建立粒子全分档的三维对流云分档模式.利用建立的分档模式对2000年6月29日美国堪萨斯州的一次超级单体风暴进行了模拟,并将模拟结果与三维冰雹云参数化模式的模拟结果作了对比.结果表明:分档模式可以较好地模拟出强对流云中两支上升气流,模拟得到的最大上升气流速度大于参数化模式;分档模式模拟得到的雷达回波强度、顶高和回波宽度更接近实测.     

空气污染的长距离输送模式

所谓长距离输送一般是指区域尺度(几十公里到几百公里)和大陆尺度(几百公里到上千公里)中的污染输送问题。本文讨论一种可利用于区域评价的长距离污染物输送模式。考虑到硫化物在大气污染问题中的重要性及其化学性质相对简单的特点,这个模式首先用于讨论硫化物输送和转换规律。做为模式发展的初期阶段,本文只讨论模式本身结构、计算方法及参数选取等问题。目前区域尺度监测资料尚不足以对模式进行验证,因此关于模式在实际评价工作中的应用,将放在今后模式的进一步改进中去解决。     

Tropical convective responses to microphysical and radiative processes: a sensitivity study with a 2-D cloud resolving model

Summary Prognostic cloud schemes are increasingly used in weather and climate models in order to better treat cloud-radiation processes. Simplifications are often made in such schemes for computational efficiency, like the scheme being used in the National Centers for Environment Prediction models that excludes some microphysical processes and precipitation-radiation interaction. In this study, sensitivity tests with a 2-D cloud resolving model are carried out to examine effects of the excluded microphysical processes and precipitation-radiation interaction on tropical thermodynamics and cloud properties. The model is integrated for 10 days with the imposed vertical velocity derived from the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment. The experiment excluding the depositional growth of snow from cloud ice shows anomalous growth of cloud ice and more than 20% increase of fractional cloud cover, indicating that the lack of the depositional snow growth causes unrealistically large mixing ratio of cloud ice. The experiment excluding the precipitation-radiation interaction displays a significant cooling and drying bias. The analysis of heat and moisture budgets shows that the simulation without the interaction produces more stable upper troposphere and more unstable mid and lower troposphere than does the simulation with the interaction. Thus, the suppressed growth of ice clouds in upper troposphere and stronger radiative cooling in mid and lower troposphere are responsible for the cooling bias, and less evaporation of rain associated with the large-scale subsidence induces the drying in mid and lower troposphere.     

Impact of Atmospheric Surface-layer Parameterizations in the new Land-surface Scheme of the NCEP Mesoscale Eta Model

We tested three atmospheric surface-layer parameterization schemes (Mellor-Yamadalevel 2, Paulson, and modified Louis), both ina 1-D mode in the new NCEP land-surface scheme against long-term FIFE and HAPEX observations, and in a coupled 3-D mode withthe NCEP mesoscale Eta model. The differences inthese three schemes and the resulting surface exchange coefficients do not, in general, lead to significant differences in model simulated surface fluxes, skin temperature, andprecipitation, provided the same treatment of roughness length for heat is employed.Rather, the model is more sensitive to the choice of the roughness length for heat. To assess the latter, we also tested two approaches to specifythe roughness length for heat: 1) assuming the roughness length for heat is a fixed ratio of the roughness length for momentum, and 2) relating this ratio to the roughness Reynolds number as proposed by Zilitinkevich.Our 1-D column model sensitivity tests suggested that the Zilitinkevich approach can improve the surface heat fluxand skin temperature simulations. A long-term test with the NCEP mesoscaleEta model indicated that this approach can also reduce forecast precipitation bias. Based on these simulations, in January 1996 we operationally implemented the Paulsonscheme with the new land-surface scheme of the NCEP Eta model, along with the Zilitinkevich formulation to specify the roughness length for heat.     

Probabilistic comparison between turbulence closure model and Bulk Richardson Number approach for ABL height estimation using copula

In this paper, a numerical study has been carried out to assess changes in Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) height under changing hydro-climatic conditions. ABL height is estimated by using the data from experiments conducted at three different sites- LAnd Surface Process EXperiment (LASPEX-97) in Sabarmati river basin, Gujarat, India, during 1997; Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) in Lannemezan, France, during 2011 and Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive (IGRA) in Tucson at Arizona, USA, during 2011. Here ABL height is estimated, during Intensive Observation Period (IOP), using 1-D turbulence closure model at all three site locations as well as following the Bulk Richardson Number (BRN) Approach. For LASPEX-97 only, the 1-D model with module for sub-surface processes coupled with upper-surface model is used for the estimation and compared with the only upper-surface model. ABL height, estimated by the coupled model, is found to be slightly higher than that by the un-coupled model. A copula-based analysis indicates that ABL height estimated by the 1-D model and same by BRN-based approach are statistically similar within 90% confidence interval (CI) under similar stratification condition. Thus, it validates the 1-D turbulence closure model for ABL height estimation. The sensitivity analysis of height of ABL, derived by 1-D model, against critical parameters reveals that surface condition (soil temperature) is more critical than atmospheric condition (net radiation) in forcing change on height of ABL in summer.     

A wind tunnel study of turbulent dispersion over two- and three-dimensional gentle hills from upwind point sources in neutral flow

A study of turbulent dispersion over hills for upstream, elevated sources was conducted, based on wind tunnel tracer gas (CO₂) experiments over a gentle 2-D ridge and a 3-D circular hill, both having a cosine-square cross-section. The concentration measurements were made with four different source locations for each hill case (2-D or 3-D), and the study focused on dispersion parameters under the influence of the presence of the hills in order to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved.The wind tunnel measurements show that, in the case of gentle hills, the topographic impact on turbulent dispersion from upstream sources is only moderate and is more pronounced for the 3-D than for the 2-D hill. The perturbation in mean flow introduced by the hills, including streamline divergence/convergence, is shown to dominate the changes in the dispersion due to the hills in this case. The plume spread, both in the lateral and the vertical, is enhanced over the upwind hill foot and reduced over the hill top in response to the mean flow slow-down and speed-up at these places, and is further enhanced or reduced due to streamline divergence/convergence in the vertical over the hills as well as in the horizontal over the 3-D hill. These results are also compared with cases of turbulent dispersion over more steep hills (Snyder and Britter, 1987).     

A 2-D Non-local Closure Model for Atmospheric Boundary Layer Simulations

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用二维冰雹云模式预报桂西北地区降雹

建立了二维准弹性对流云模式，利用其对百色、河池两地区1971～1998年期间的冰雹天气进行事后模拟，结果表明该模式对桂西北地区冰雹天气具有一定的预报能力。     

台风运动内在随机性的研究

本文用差分方法，对决定性的正压涡度方程实施了四组数值积分。根据模式输出量，求得了台风中心移速的一维序列和二维序列。计算了移速序列的关联维数和Ｋ熵。结果表明模式大气中台风中心的移动具有内在随机性。最后讨论了局域热源和基流对台风移动路径随机性和可预测性的影响。     

STUDY OF THE RANDOMNESS INHERENT IN THE TYPHOON MOVEMENT*

A difference scheme is adopted to perform numerical integrations of a deterministic barotropic vorticity equation for four designed experiments,and the 1-D and 2-D sequences are obtained for the velocity of the typhoon center with the aid of model output,together with the correlation dimension and K entropy investigated.Results show that there exists randomness inherent in the center movement in the model atmosphere.Eventually the influence of localized heat sources and basic flow upon the stochasticity and predictability of the track of typhoon is discussed.     

Numerical simulation of January 28 cold air outbreak during GALE Part I: The model and sensitivity tests of turbulence closures

A mesoscale planetary boundary layer (PBL) numerical model has been developed to study airflow over complex topography. Turbulence closures using the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and dissipation () equations are investigated in combination with the level 2.5 scheme of Mellor and Yamada (1982) to determine eddy diffusivities for momentum and heat. This modified E- closure is simpler than the level 3 one which requires more prognostic equations for moist turbulent transport.One-dimensional (1-D) model results show that the PBL mean flows under various stability conditions are not significantly sensitive to the modified Blackadar and Kolmogorov eddy mixing-length formulations used in this E- model, although the latter yields excessively large mixing lengths in the entrainment region of the upper PBL. Eddy mixing lengths in the Kolmogorov-type formulation can be better defined by introducing background dissipation. Using the same prognostic TKE equation, the 1-D model results are not significantly affected by different diagnostic formulations in the closures. The simulated results compare well with large-eddy simulations and those obtained using higher-order closure schemes including the level 3 one. The results are found to be insensitive to eddy Prandtl number, in contrast to the 2-D model results (see Part II).     

Three-Dimensional Lagrangian Simulation of Suspended Particles in the Neutrally Stratified Atmospheric Surface Layer

A three-dimensional (3-D) inertial particle – Lagrangian stochastic model for heavy particles in turbulent flows has been constructed. In this model, particle velocities are computed by adopting a non-linear drag law, while fluid velocity in the vicinity of a particle is calculated using a 3-D Langevin equation. Our model results have shown that the inclusion of the horizontal fluid velocity fluctuation computations and a non-linear drag law have an impact on the statistics of both fluid and particles when compared with our earlier one-dimensional (1-D) model with a linear drag law. Model results are compared and contrasted with Businger’s 1965 theory in terms of effective settling velocity.     

强对流云人工增雨和防雹原理的二维数值研究

本文建立了一个二维深对流云数值模式,用该模式模拟了一个实测强对流云个例。其结果同观测相近。本文做了一系列催化数值试验,结果表明:在云发展早期播入高浓度的人工冰晶胚胎,能促使云中产生大量的大冰晶和小霰粒,它们争食液水,不易长成大雷,地面降雹动能可减少45％,但降雨量也有明显减小;减小播撒剂量,催化效果亦减小,防雹和增雨效果不明显;若在云发展早期引进浓度为10~0-10~(-1)/L的小雨滴,则能明显提早和增加降水。对于不同强度的对流云,人工引晶仅对中等积云(云顶高为6—8km)的增雨效果较好。文中还比较了二维和一维的模拟结果。     

大涡模拟模式研究对流层湍流

利用三维大涡模拟模式研究不同地面热力状况和风切变对湍流产生的影响，在对流层湍流发展过程中，这两种作用是同时存在的、同时起作用，水平风速的瞬时垂直切变可以在自由大气中激发湍流，但它不能维持很长时间，对流热泡也可以在自由大气中激发湍流，其湍流强度与地面的热量强度有关。     

Three-dimensional Extension of the Unit-Feature Spatial Classification Method for Cloud Type

We describe how the Unit-Feature Spatial Classification Method(UFSCM) can be used operationally to classify cloud types in satellite imagery efficiently and conveniently.By using a combination of Interactive Data Language(IDL) and Visual C++(VC) code in combination to extend the technique in three dimensions(3-D),this paper provides an efficient method to implement interactive computer visualization of the 3-D discrimination matrix modification,so as to deal with the bi-spectral limitations of traditional two dimensional(2-D) UFSCM.The case study of cloud-type classification based on FY-2C satellite data (0600 UTC 18 and 0000 UTC 10 September 2007) is conducted by comparison with ground station data, and indicates that 3-D UFSCM makes more use of the pattern recognition information in multi-spectral imagery,resulting in more reasonable results and an improvement over the 2-D method.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF OZONE DISTRIBUTIONS AND ITS VARIATION MECHANISM

A 2-D global chemistry-transport model is set up in this paper.The model simulates theatmospheric ozone distributions well with specified dynamical conditions.The analysis of ozonevariation mechanism shows that ozone is chemically in quasi-equilibrium except for the polar nightregion where the variation of ozone concentration is under the control of dynamical processes,thatthe oxygen atoms which produce ozone are mainly provided by the photolysis of O_2 in the upperstratosphere and by the photolysis of NO_2 in the lower stratosphere and the troposphere.and thatthe ozone is destroyed mainly by NO_x:the reactions between NO_x and O_3 and the odd oxygen cyclecontribute 80% to more than 90% of the ozone destruction.     

积云的清除作用与其酸化的数值模拟

一维时变参数化积云模式与污染物浓度连续方程相结合，根据积云内外SO2和HNO3浓度、云水S(VI)浓度、H2O2和O3的氧化速率以及地面雨水S(VI)浓度的时空变化，分别讨论核化清除、液相氧化、云下气溶胶清除、碱性气溶胶、云外污染物的夹卷以及SO2初始分布等因子的重要性。