珲春盆地古近纪含煤地层层序–古地理与聚煤规律

珲春盆地是吉林省重要聚煤盆地,分析古近纪珲春组的沉积古地理,总结其层序格架下聚煤规律,可以为研究区煤炭和煤层气资源的勘探规划提供理论依据。基于区域地质、钻孔岩心和测井资料,对珲春组岩相类型、沉积体系、层序–古地理和聚煤特征进行分析。结果表明,珲春组共发育砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩和可燃有机岩5类岩石类型和12种岩相类型。根据区域不整合面、河流下切谷冲刷面和沉积体系转换面等3类层序界面,将珲春组划分为3个三级层序,建立了珲春组等时地层格架。基于各三级层序内的地层厚度、砂岩厚度、砂泥比和煤层厚度分布,恢复了各层序岩相古地理,认为珲春组共发育冲积扇、辫状河、辫状河三角洲和湖泊4类沉积体系,具体包括12类沉积亚相和13类沉积微相,物源主要位于研究区的南北两侧。在各层序地层格架内,珲春盆地煤层展布具有明显规律性。层序Ⅰ—Ⅲ,聚煤作用先增强后减弱,厚煤层主要发育在湖侵体系域和高位体系域等碎屑沉积体系明显减弱时期。珲春组主要有3个聚煤中心,分别位于研究区西部八连城地区、南部板石地区和东部的54-9钻孔附近。聚煤中心和地层沉积中心有较好的对应关系,且两者从层序Ⅰ—Ⅲ呈现出由盆地西部向东部再向西部迁移的趋势,成煤古地理单元主要为扇端漫流沉积、辫状河河漫滩、辫状河三角洲平原分流间湾及湖泊滨湖亚相。      

Early Cretaceous volcanism in the northern Songliao Basin,NE China,and its geodynamic implication

The Songliao Basin is characterized by episodic rifting and intense volcanism during its early development, and forms a key concealed part of the Late Mesozoic magmatic province of NE China. Few precise geochronological and geochemical data were previously available for the volcanic elements of this basin, restricting understanding of its geodynamic setting and evolution. We present new SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages and geochemical data for the volcanic rocks from the northern Songliao Basin, which limit this volcanism to the Early Cretaceous period (115–109 Ma). Although dominated by rhyolite, the rocks cover a wide compositional spectrum encompassing trachyandesite, basaltic trachyandesite, trachyte and dacite. This suite exhibits a range of geochemical signatures characteristic of subduction-related genesis, falling into a high-K calc-alkaline series, with enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare earth elements (LREE), and weak depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE) and heavy rare earth elements (HREE). The suite also shares a common isotopic composition, consistent with derivation from partial melting of a single depleted mantle source. This Early Cretaceous volcanism occurred in an extensional back-arc setting associated with the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate, large scale upwelling of the asthenosphere, and intensive lithospheric thinning of the eastern continental margin of NE China which may have lasted until ca. 109 Ma.     

Early Cretaceous provenance change in the southern Hailar Basin,northeastern China and its implication for basin evolution

Gamma-ray (GR) logging and detrital zircon geochronology provide new constraints on changing provenance in the southern Hailar Basin of northeastern China. The basement of this region is characterized by low GR values of 70–90 API. This is overlain by a rift-fill sequence, the GR values of which exhibit a broad range in its lower part (70–160 API), but a more restricted range (80–110 API) in its upper part. Post-rift sediments dominate the basin fill, and are characterized by higher GR values of 120–160 API. Detrital zircon samples from the lower rift sequence and post-rift sediments share similar age distributions, with a single dominant age population of 150–110 Ma. Samples from the upper rift sequence exhibit a bimodal age distribution with peaks at 180–150 Ma and 360–300 Ma. The synchronous changes in zircon age populations and GR values in the strata suggest changing sedimentary source characteristics, thus revealing a rapid shift from active rifting to post-rift thermal sagging of the Hailar Basin in the Early Cretaceous. The basal rift-fill deposits are interpreted to have been mainly derived from erosion of local highs internal to the basin itself, although acidic air-fall ash from the extensive late Mesozoic volcanism in the Great Xing'an Range probably also contributed. Post-rift sediments are dominated by materials shed from the Great Xing'an Range magmatic belt.     

Evaluation of heavy metal contamination and implication of multiple sources from Hunchun basin, northeastern China

Present concentrations and distributions of heavy metals through profiles, surface soil, and stream sediment samples in the Hunchun area, north-eastern China, were investigated to determine the elemental background values. This study also aims to characterize potentially toxic materials such as pulverized fly ash (PFA) from power stations or ash and slag from coal used domestically in urban areas, agrochemicals applied inappropriately, and urban sewage sludges from Hunchun City, as well as to ascertain the possibility of natural enrichment through site characterization by mineralogical and geochemical investigation. The distribution of contaminants in the alluvial soils (fluvisol) of this area has been influenced by several interacting factors. The parent alluvial materials from weathered products of amphiboles have made coatings such as ferrihydrite, goethite, and hematite. This natural inheritance factor is supported by the fact that the concentrations of weak acid-extractable (plant-available) heavy metals are very low, except for Fe and Mn. However, in agricultural soils and adjacent stream sediments, an anthropogenic input of Cd, Pb, Ni and Cr by agrochemicals is strongly suggested. Also, F contamination by coal combustion and the dissolution of F-bearing minerals could cause some future problems. Wide distribution and significantly high concentrations of Cd, Fe, Mn, and F in soils throughout the combination of pollutants originating from lithogenic and the anthropogenic sources pose potential problems in utilizing water resources. Received: 14 June 1999 · Accepted: 27 December 1999     

Behaviour of lithium and its isotopes during weathering in the Mackenzie Basin, Canada

We report Li isotopic compositions, for river waters and suspended sediments, of about 40 rivers sampled within the Mackenzie River Basin in northwestern Canada. The aim of this study is to characterize the behaviour of Li and its isotopes during weathering at the scale of a large mixed lithology basin. The Mackenzie River waters display systematically heavier Li isotopic compositions relative to source rocks and suspended sediments. The range in δ⁷Li is larger in dissolved load (from +9.3‰ to +29.0‰) compared to suspended sediments (from −1.7‰ to +3.2‰), which are not significantly different from δ⁷Li values in bedrocks. Our study shows that dissolved Li is essentially derived from the weathering of silicates and that its isotopic composition in the dissolved load is inversely correlated with its relative mobility when compared to Na. The highest enrichment of ⁷Li in the dissolved load is reported when Li is not or poorly incorporated in secondary phases after its release into solution by mineral dissolution. This counterintuitive observation is interpreted by the mixing of water types derived from two different weathering regimes producing different Li isotopic compositions within the Mackenzie River Basin. The incipient weathering regime characterizing the Rocky Mountains and the Shield areas produces ⁷Li enrichment in the fluid phase that is most simply explained by the precipitation of oxyhydroxide phases fractionating Li isotopes. The second weathering regime is found in the lowland area and produces the lower δ⁷Li waters (but still enriched in ⁷Li compared to bedrocks) and the most Li-depleted waters (compared to Na). Fractionation factors suggest that the incorporation of Li in clay minerals is the mechanism that explains the isotopic composition of the lowland rivers. The correlation of boron and lithium concentrations found in the dissolved load of the Mackenzie Rivers suggests that precipitation of clay minerals is favoured by the relatively high residence time of water in groundwater. In the Shield and Rocky Mountains, Li isotopes suggest that clay minerals are not forming and that secondary minerals with stronger affinity for ⁷Li appear.Although the weathering mechanisms operating in the Mackenzie Basin need to be characterized more precisely, the Li isotope data reported here clearly show the control of Li isotopes by the weathering intensity. The spatial diversity of weathering regimes, resulting from a complex combination of factors such as topography, geology, climate and hydrology explains, in fine, the spatial distribution of Li isotopic ratios in the large drainage basin of the Mackenzie River. There is no simple relationship between Li isotopic composition and chemical denudation fluxes in the Mackenzie River Basin.     

青藏高原尼玛盆地东部古近系昆虫化石的发现及其对古气候的指示

藏北尼玛盆地自白垩纪以来沉积了巨厚的陆相碎屑岩夹灰岩地层,由于缺乏生物化石证据,其地层时代一直存在较大的争议。最近,在尼玛盆地东部赛布错一带的细碎屑岩夹灰岩地层中发现大量的昆虫、鱼类和植物化石。昆虫化石主要为伦坡拉大黾蝽Aquarius lunpolaensis,与伦坡拉盆地达玉地区和尼玛盆地西部江弄淌噶地区报道的种属形态特征基本一致,显示该套地层为晚渐新世丁青湖组沉积,而不是竟柱山组或牛堡组。另外,伦坡拉大黾蝽主要生活在温暖湿润的低海拔地区,结合近年在青藏高原中部伦坡拉盆地和尼玛盆地晚渐新世地层中发现的热带-亚热带鱼类和大植物化石组合,指示青藏高原腹地在晚渐新世为温暖湿润的低地环境,而不是过去认为的高寒气候。     

斜向挤压构造的物理模拟及其对焉耆盆地构造解释

针对焉耆盆地的实际构造问题,设计了刚性边界基底均匀收缩斜向挤压砂箱实验模型。实验结果表明,斜向挤压情况下,挤压带边界方向和挤压方向对构造线走向起控制作用,其中边界方向的控制作用更加显著。斜向挤压作用与压扭作用不完全等同,斜向挤压虽然也有走滑分量,但被均匀地分布在整个变形区域,故不一定形成具明显走滑特征的断层。笔者认为,对于焉耆盆地这类构造的形成,用斜向挤压作用可以得到更好的解释。     

Genesis of tuff interval and its uranium enrichment in Upper Triassic of Ordos Basin,NW China

Recently measured high gamma ray values in the Yanchang Formation of the Upper Triassic in the Ordos Basin have added an interesting and controversial twist to the study of the formation’s uranium enrichment and genesis. High uranium and thorium contents in the tuffaceous layer cause high gamma ray values in the Yanchang Formation. Petrographic studies, major elements, rare earth elements (REEs), and trace elements have been systematically analyzed to determine the composition, geochemical environment, and diagenetic processes of the layer. The observed color of the tuffaceous layer in the study area varies from yellow to yellowish brown. The tuff consists of matrix supported with sub-rounded to sub-angular lithic fragments. These lithic fragments probably derived from pre-existing rocks and incorporated into the tuffaceous layer during volcanic eruption. Quartz, plagioclase, and biotite were observed in well to poorly sorted form, in addition to framboidal pyrite and organic laminae. Measured ratios of SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ranged from 3.277 to 6.105 with an average of 3.738. The ratio of TiO₂/Al₂O₃ varied from 0.037 to 0.201 with an average of 0.061, indicating that the sediments of the tuffaceous layer originated from an intermediate magma. REE distribution patterns show sharp negative Eu anomalies, indicating a reducing environment, which is suitable for uranium deposition. A reducing environment was confirmed by black shale in the base of the Yanchang Formation. Such black shale has high organic matter content that can take kerogene from mudstone and provide a reducing environment for uranium enrichment in the tuffaceous layer. Moreover, negative Eu anomalies and the REE patterns indicate a subduction-related volcanic arc environment as the magma source of the tuffaceous layers. High values of Rb, Ba, and Sr might be the result of fluid phase activities; low values of Hf and Eu indicate the involvement of crustal material during diagenesis of the tuff. Discrimination diagrams (Th/Yb vs Ta/Yb, Th/Hf vs Ta/Hf) suggest an active continental margin as the tectonic setting of source volcanoes. Plots of Nb versus Y, Rb versus Y + Nb, TiO₂ versus Zr, and Th/Yb versus Nb/Yb of the tuffaceous content point to calc-alkaline continental arc-related magmatism. We concluded that uranium enrichment in the tuffaceous layer was supported by oxidation–reduction.     

莺歌海盆地乐东斜坡区乐东A构造储层超压形成机制及其对天然气成藏的启示

莺歌海盆地乐东斜坡区乐东A构造深层超压天然气资源丰富,查明超压形成机制对于认识乐东斜坡区天然气运移成藏过程和地层压力准确预测至关重要。根据超压测井响应、数值模拟及天然气成藏条件解剖讨论了乐东A构造储层超压成因机制,分析了储层强超压形成与天然气成藏的关系。结果表明：乐东A构造中新统储层普遍发育超压,压力系数最大可达2.27,接近地层破裂压力梯度,纵向上压力系数发生突变。富泥地层快速埋藏导致的机械压实不均衡作用可使压力系数达到1.5～1.6左右。强超压（压力系数>1.6）表现出明显的卸载响应特征,表明储层压力远高于原位泥岩压力。储层中卸载型超压主要是由三亚组超压沿断层垂向传递作用引起的。储层强超压的形成与天然气运移成藏过程密切相关,深层成熟—高成熟的三亚组烃源岩提供了强超压传递的流体来源,烃源岩与储层之间发育的隐伏断层/微裂隙系统为天然气垂向运移及超压垂向传递提供了有利通道,天然气晚期充注有利于透镜状砂体中传递超压的保存。研究认识将为钻前压力预测和安全钻井设计提供有效参考,并为莺歌海盆地非底辟区高温高压天然气成藏过程提供新的见解。     

Distribution of Hg in mangrove trees and its implication for Hg enrichment in the mangrove ecosystem

The aim of this study was to evaluate Hg distribution in mangrove plants and changes of Hg content during leaf aging; the contribution of litterfall to Hg enrichment in mangrove ecosystems is also discussed. Contents of total Hg (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in mangrove plants and sediments were determined. Contents of THg and MeHg in the sediments were 225 ± 157 ng/g and 0.800 ± 0.600 ng/g. Concentrations of THg and MeHg in the mangrove plants were 1760 ± 1885 ng/g and 0.721 ± 0.470 ng/g (dry weight), respectively, which were much higher than those in terrestrial plants. Enrichment of THg in mangrove plants was different, following the order Rhizophra apiculata > Rhizophora stylosa > Kandelia candel > Aegiceras corniculatum > Avicennia marina; while MeHg contents in mangrove plants decreased in the order of R. stylosa > K. candel > A. corniculatum > R. apiculata > A. marina. There were obvious interspecies differences, regional differences, individual differences and tissue differences between THg and MeHg contents of mangrove plants, all of which were closely related to the environmental and the physiological characteristics of mangrove plants. In juvenile leaves, mature leaves and leaf litter, THg contents ranged 55.3-1760 ng/g, 204-1800 ng/g, and 385-2130 ng/g (dry weight), respectively; MeHg contents ranged 0.17-2.39 ng/g, 0.01-1.28 ng/g, and 0.13-1.47 ng/g (dry weight), respectively. Except for A. corniculatum and Bruguier gymnorrhiza, THg content of mature leaves was always higher than that in juvenile leaves, but MeHg showed a contrasting trend. THg content of litter leaves was between that of juvenile leaves and mature leaves, while MeHg content was generally lower than that of juvenile leaves and mature leaves. In the mangrove ecosystem, Hg enrichment contributed by the litterfall decreased in the order of K. candel > A. corniculatum > A. marina.     

龙江盆地西缘中侏罗世孢粉植物群及其对古气候的指示

对产于龙江盆地中侏罗统万宝组含煤地层中的孢粉化石进行了系统研究,共识别出中侏罗世孢粉化石45属73种,蕨类植物孢子15属16种,裸子植物花粉30属57种,自下而上建立了Alisporites-Chasmatosporites-Cyclogranisporites,Chasmatosporites-Piceites-Cyclogranisporites及Cyclogranisporites-Baculatisporites-Protopinus3个孢粉组合。该孢粉植物群以裸子植物花粉占优势,蕨类孢子次之,其中,裸子植物花粉以松柏类植物的双囊花粉和苏铁类、本内苏铁类、银杏类植物的单沟花粉为主。通过对龙江盆地万宝组孢粉植物群的组成分析,其时代应为中侏罗世。结合对该地质时期的植物群生态环境的研究,万宝组孢粉植物群反映了由半湿润到湿润的暖温带-亚热带的气候特点,并存在一定低矮山地的古环境。     

四川盆地五峰组—龙马溪组页岩U-Mo协变模式与古海盆水体滞留程度的判识

古海盆海水的氧化还原条件和滞留状况可通过沉积物中微量元素的富集程度来指示。本文利用页岩中U、Mo微量元素含量,研究了五峰组和龙马溪组沉积时期四川盆地的水体滞留情况。龙马溪组页岩在厌氧环境中Mo/TOC平均值为15,接近于半滞留海盆。且随着还原程度的增强,U、Mo富集系数趋于增加,但海水中较低的Mo浓度限制了Mo/U比值的继续增加,稳定在1倍海水值左右,指示龙马溪期四川盆地属于半滞留海盆。五峰组页岩Mo/TOC平均值为4.7,接近于黑海(4.5)这样的强滞留环境。U、Mo富集系数明显小于龙马溪组,在缺氧的环境中未表现出随富集系数增大Mo/U比值增大的趋势,且Mo/U比值低于正常海水值,表明五峰组沉积时期海盆的滞留程度要比龙马溪组沉积时期强烈,属于强滞留环境。五峰组沉积时期强烈的海盆滞留导致水体交换速度缓慢,形成了有利于有机质保存的缺氧环境,而龙马溪组沉积时期海平面上升造成的缺氧环境控制了半滞留海盆有机质的富集。     

A hydrochemical framework and water quality assessment of river water in the upper reaches of the Huai River Basin, China

This study characterizes the major ion chemistry for river water in the upper reaches of Bengbu Sluice in the Huai River Basin in wet and dry seasons, and assessed the suitability of water quality for irrigation and human consumption. It is found that sodium and calcium are the dominant cations and bicarbonate is the dominant anion in most river water samples. River water in Zhoukou of the Ying River and Bozhou of the Guo River is characterized as a Na–Cl water type, whereas river water from the upper reaches and the lower reaches of the two cities is characterized as a Na-HCO₃ water type, which may be attributed by anthropogenic influences in these cities. The river water types vary from the upstream to the downstream of the Fuyang sluice, which indicates that the sluices play a critical role in determining the water type. The water chemistry of these rivers clearly shows that the second group of rivers is affected more severely by waste effluent than is the first group. Calculated values of sodium adsorption ratio, %Na, and residual sodium carbonate indicate that, in general, most of the river water is of acceptable irrigation quality. The river water in Zhoukou section of the Ying River and the Bozhou section of the Guo River cannot be used as drinking water; pollution control should be further improved and enhanced across the river.     

Characteristics of overpressure distribution and its implication for hydrocarbon exploration in the Qiongdongnan Basin

The Qiongdongnan Basin is a strongly overpressured basin with the maximum pressure coefficient over 2.2. Two types of vertical overpressure configuration can be identified by electronic logs and mud pressure, based on the calibration with the test pressure. The first is a double overpressure configuration, in which the middle low overpressure zone divides the entire overpressure zone into two zones. The double overpressure configuration lies primarily in the western part of the basin. The second is a single overpressure configuration, in which overpressure increases with depth. The single overpressure configuration lies primarily in the eastern part of the basin. Distribution maps of the overpressure top and overpressure horizons show three important characteristics: (1) The distribution of the pressure coefficient is not uniform. There are many low overpressure zones against a background of high overpressure. (2) The pressure coefficient in the western area is greater than in the eastern area. The maximum pressure coefficient in the western area is greater than 2.2. (3) There is a low overpressure interval between the high overpressure zones in the western area. Based on the overpressure distribution, some important implications for hydrocarbon exploration can be drawn. In the Qiongdongnan Basin, it has been shown that normal pressure zones are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation, and strongly overpressured zones (pressure coefficient greater than 1.8) are unfavorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Accordingly, the NW low overpressure belt around wells R, Q and S should be beneficial for hydrocarbon accumulations, and should be considered as the next exploration play in the Qiongdongnan Basin. Theoretical hydrofracture calculation and interpretation of the sand injectites indicate the presence of widespread hydrofractures in the basin. Comparison between the sealing capacities of the double overpressure and single overpressure configurations shows that the former is superior for hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation. Because of the strong sealing capacity provided by the displacement pressure and pore pressure difference between the seal rock and reservoir in the double overpressure configuration zone, hydrocarbons barely penetrate the seal rock in the middle low overpressure zone. Therefore, the exploration interval should be within and below the middle low overpressure zone in the western basin.     

Hydrochemistry of formation water with implication to diagenetic reactions in Sanzhao depression and Qijia-gulong depression of Songliao Basin, China

The Sanzhao depression and Qijia-gulong depression are two of the most important hydrocarbon-bearing sub-depressions in the Songliao basin, dominated by Cretaceous fluvial and lacustrine strata with volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. In this paper, the pressure distributions and hydrochemistry variations in those two depressions are investigated. It is found that the Qijia-gulong depression is dominated by overpressure, but the Sanzhao depression is dominated by underpressure, especially in the Quantou formation. The salinity of formation water ranges from 1.0 g/L to 20 g/L, with a mean of 4 g/L in most formations. Water composition is dominated by NaHCO₃ water type but varies greatly in salinity and ionic ratios in the different depressions. The results of mass balance calculation reveal that, fluid chemistry in the Qijia-gulong depression is dominated by dissolution of silicate minerals and halite, whereas in the Sanzhao depression it is dominated by silicate mineral dissolution, evaporite dissolution (halite and gypsum), carbonate mineral dissolution/precipitation, and cation exchange.     

Hydraulic,textural and geochemical characteristics of the Ajali Formation,Anambra Basin,Nigeria: implication for groundwater quality

This study highlights the distribution of hydraulic conductivity (K) in the regional aquiferous Ajali Formation of SE-Nigeria on one hand and assesses the possible influences of textural and geochemical characteristics on the hydraulic conductivity on the other hand. The investigation approach involved field sampling and collection of 12 sandstone samples from different outcrop locations, followed by laboratory studies such as grain-size analysis (GSA), constant head permeameter test and geochemical analysis of major and trace elements using X-ray fluorescence method. GSA and textural studies show that the sandstones range from fine to medium sands, constituting about <75–99% sand fraction, with graphic mean grain size of 0.23–0.53 mm. Other parameters such as coefficient of uniformity (C_u) range from 1.58 to 5.25 (av. 2.75), while standard deviation (sorting) values of 0.56Ø–1.24Ø imply moderately well sorted materials. In addition, the order of the estimated K values is K_permeameter>K_Beyer>K_Hazen>K_{Kozeny-Carmen}>K_Fair-Hatch with average values of 1.4×10^?3, 4.4×10^?4, 3.8×10^?4, 2.2×10^?4 and 8.1×10^?5m/s, respectively. These values fall within the range of 10^?5 and 10^?3m/s for fine to medium sands. However, multivariate factor analysis of the data revealed significant positive dependence of the empirically determined K values on graphic mean grain size and percentage sand content and much less dependence on sorting and total porosity. Geochemical profiles of the fresh samples are dominated by quartz with corresponding SiO₂ content of 76.1–98.2% (av. 89.7%) while other major oxides are generally below 1.0wt.% in the fresh samples. However, the ferruginized samples exhibited elevated concentrations of Al₂O₃ (3.50–11.60wt.%) and Fe₂O₃ (1.80–3.60wt.%), which are clear indications of weathering/ferruginization processes with attendant trace metal release/enrichment (2.5mg/l Cu, 7.5mg/l Pb, 6.5mg/l Zn, 3.9mg/l Ni and 19.6mg/l Cr) call for concern in respect of the chemical quality of the groundwater system. The associated groundwater is generally soft, slightly acidic, and with low dissolved solids (EC=14–134μs/cm) dominated by silica; implying water from clean sandy aquifer devoid of labile and weatherable minerals. Nonetheless, most of the metals (with exception of Si, Fe and Mn) exhibited higher degree of mobility (2–12 folds), which can be attributed to reduction of Fe-/Mn-oxyhydroxides as sinks/hosts for trace metals. Consequently, infiltration-induced geochemical reactions (redox, ferruginization and leaching processes) signify potential environmental impact in terms of groundwater quality as well as borehole/aquifer management, especially under humid tropical environment of the study area.     

The role of the border city Hunchun on Tumen River, China

Since the Tumen River Area Development Project(TRADP) was launched in 1991, Hunchun city located between North Korea and Russia along the river corridor, has become an important and unique border city. Hunchun, formerly a strategic military city, is emerging as an international trade linkage center through Satouz and Quanhe on the North Korea side and through Changlinzi on the Russian side. Furthermore, the establishment and operation of the Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone (HBECZ) in the city is becoming the main source of the growth, providing a new role for the border city. Its underlying economic momentum comes from the combination of the Chinese-Korean labor force and foreign investment and technology transferred from Korea, Japan, and others. The most important expected new role for Hunchun is as a new 21st century entrepot connection between the Pacific rim and Eurasia by rail and trunk lines, and as a new regional center of the border region based on both a newly generated urban subsystem and the increasing informal sector of cross border business. However, there are many obstacles to overcome in the near future, such as the possible military tensions among the three border nations, the guarantee of free entries and sailing on the Tumen river, and agreements concerning environmental conservation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Water content in natural eclogite and implication for water transport into the deep upper mantle

Infrared spectroscopy and ion micro-probe measurements showed that the major constituent minerals of eclogites from the Kokchetav massif, which have been subducted to 180 km depths, contain significant amounts of water up to 870 ppm H₂O (by weight) in omphacite, 130 ppm H₂O in garnet and 740 ppm H₂O in rutile. Omphacite shows three hydroxyl absorption bands at 3440–3460, 3500–3530 and 3600–3625 cm^− 1, garnet has a single band at 3580–3630 cm^− 1 and rutile has a single sharp band at 3280 cm^− 1. The hydroxyl absorbance at these wavenumbers changes with the crystal orientation in polarized infrared radiation, indicating that the water is structurally incorporated in these minerals. The water contents in omphacite and garnet increase systematically with the metamorphic pressure of the host eclogites. The partitioning coefficient of the water content between coexisting garnet and omphacite is similar in different eclogites, D^Grt/Omp0.1–0.2, but decreases slightly at high pressure. Based on the mineral proportions of the eclogites, we estimate bulk-rock water content in the eclogites ranging from 3070 to 300 ppm H₂O (by weight). Although hydrous minerals are absent in the diamond-grade eclogite (60 kbar and 1000 °C), trace amounts of water are incorporated in the nominally anhydrous minerals such as omphacite and garnet. The presence of significant water in these minerals implies that the subducting oceanic crust can transport considerable amounts of water into the deep upper mantle beyond the stability of hydrous minerals. Such water may be stored in the deep upper mantle and have an important influence on dynamics in the Earth's interior.     

The interaction between surface water and groundwater and its effect on water quality in the Second Songhua River basin,northeast China

The relationship between surface water and groundwater not only influences the water quantity, but also affects the water quality. The stable isotopes (δD, δ ¹⁸O) and hydrochemical compositions in water samples were analysed in the Second Songhua River basin. The deep groundwater is mainly recharged from shallow groundwater in the middle and upper reaches. The shallow groundwater is discharged to rivers in the downstream. The runoff from upper reaches mainly contributed the river flow in the downstream. The CCME WQI indicated that the quality of surface water and groundwater was ‘Fair’. The mixing process between surface water and groundwater was simulated by the PHREEQC code with the results from the stable isotopes. The interaction between surface water and groundwater influences the composition of ions in the mixing water, and further affects the water quality with other factors.     

海拉尔盆地基底晚古生代adakite的发现及其地质意义

海拉尔盆地的前中生代基底隶属中亚造山带东段的兴蒙造山带。 在盆地基底地层中发现了具有adakite成分特征的粗面安山岩、英安岩和闪长玢岩。 这些火成岩与晚古生代沉积地层交互或伴生, 共同构成晚中生代裂陷盆地的基底。 地球化学研究表明, 这些火成岩基本上属于高钾钙碱性和准铝质岩石系列, 具有高SiO₂和Al₂O₃含量, 高Sr、Sr/Y和La/Yb值, 富集轻稀土(LREE), 亏损重稀土(HREE)、Y和高场强元素(HFSE),Eu表现弱的负异常或轻微的正异常, 相容元素Mg、Cr和Ni含量低, 这些特征与增厚下地壳部分熔融成因的adakite非常相似, 而明显不同于典型的由俯冲洋壳熔融形成的adakite。 样品的(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值基本一致,为0.7041, (¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_i值为0.51243~0.51247, ε_Nd (t)为正值(+3.7~+4.5), 显示其岩浆源区可能源于弱亏损地幔, 或亏损地幔受到地壳物质混染。 本文认为海拉尔地区晚古生代adakite型岩浆很可能是由当时新底侵的玄武质下地壳在角闪岩相向榴辉岩相过度或榴辉岩相条件下部分熔融形成。 这些adakite岩石的出现反映了兴蒙造山带晚古生代受到了古亚洲洋的俯冲消减引起的强烈的地幔玄武质岩浆底侵作用, 并由此导致地壳垂向上显著的增生加厚过程。