行政区划调整与管理体制改革对经济强县经济发展的影响——以广东省佛山市顺德区为例

以顺德为案例,对基于区域一体化的“撤县（市）设区”以及基于地方积极性的“省直管县”2个阶段中行政区划体制和管理自主权变化、经济发展变化及其相互关系进行分析,探讨行政区划体制变化对顺德经济发展的影响,并结合DEA模型,从经济增长和经济效率水平2方面对其经济发展变化进行多阶段自身纵向和区域横向对比。结果表明：1）撤市设区,有限弱化了顺德规划管理等重要事权、财权财力和核心人事权,不利于顺德经济的长期增长,降低了经济效率;2）强县扩权、省直管,推动顺德财政独立,强化其一般事权和核心人事权,有利于顺德经济增长和经济效率的提高;3）撤市设区后,行政管理层级增加,县级政府对各部门有效制衡被弱化,县域发展意志被制约,更为重要的是,在“中心城市经济实力较弱,为撤并工作顺利,县级制度部分保留”的背景下,市县两级政府分歧下的区域分割等问题难以解决,区域一体化受限明显,这是顺德乃至佛山整体长期经济发展弱化的重要原因;4）强县扩权、省直管后,行政管理趋于扁平化,“大部制改革”“简政放权”权限与动力得到强化,县域发展意志得以实现,是顺德经济发展强化的主要因素。     

中国县域城镇化的道路交通影响因素识别及空间协同性解析

本文基于人口普查数据和路网数据,利用空间滞后回归模型和耦合协调度模型等,对中国县域城镇化率的道路交通影响及其空间耦合协同性进行分析,研究表明：①中国县域低城镇化水平的县(区)主要集中在传统农区、集中连片贫困山区、高寒经济欠发达区。经济发展水平与人力资源空间上的错位,致使经济欠发达地区的人口倒挂,异地城市化特征显著;②中国县(区)道路交通优势度宏观上呈现出东西部区域差异和交通枢纽与外围区域的差异,“点—轴”地域结构特征显著,县域道路交通优势度数值呈现偏正态分布;③道路交通是城镇间和城镇与区域间联系的核心纽带和产业转型升级发展的传输廊道,开放式的道路系统增强了农村生产要素非农化转型的市场可介入性,对县域城镇化发展有积极作用。高速公路出口、火车站的布局对城镇化影响和带动农村要素非农化作用较为明显;④中国县域交通优势度与城镇化率耦合协调度分级分布为偏正态分布,城镇化发展与交通优势度相互影响显著,呈一定的双向耦合性。     

产业依托型淘宝村时空发展特征及其影响因素

电子商务在农村推进中,出现了淘宝卖家集聚于某些村落的现象,这些村落被称为淘宝村。近几年淘宝村在农村地区快速发展,有些淘宝村甚至成为带动县域经济发展的新引擎。以河北省羊绒产业集聚区为案例,运用ArcGIS空间分析方法,探讨了县域尺度下基于当地产业发展起来的淘宝村的时空发展特征,并尝试分析其影响因素及影响机理。研究发现：（1）河北清河、南宫等地以羊绒产业为主导,其发展主要经历了两个时期：羊绒产业快速集聚时期和羊绒产业转型升级电子商务时期;（2）淘宝村的时空发展过程大致可以分为三个阶段：初步发展—迅速发展—平稳发展,以东高庄村为中心,淘宝村通过渐进式、跳跃式向外围呈环状展开分布,最终形成“小范围集聚,大范围分散”的空间格局,并呈现近地缘扩散及沿交通轴线发展的空间特征;电子商务扩散强度随距离增长逐渐衰减,目前淘宝村的辐射范围仅涉及清河县东北部及南宫市的东南部地区,而两县的其他地区尚未出现淘宝村;（3）能人效应、农区特有的社会网络关系、雄厚的产业基础、交通条件以及政府的扶持等多重因素共同促进了县域电子商务蓬勃发展。     

Influencing mechanism of energy-related carbon emissions in Xinjiang based on the input-output and structural decomposition analysis

Analysis of carbon emission mechanism based on regional perspectives is an important research method capable of achieving energy savings and emission reductions. Xinjiang, an important Chinese energy production base, is currently going through a period of strategic opportunities for rapid development. Ensuring stable socio-economic development while achieving energy savings and meeting emission reductions targets, is the key issue currently facing the region. This paper is based on the input-output theory, and conducts a structural decomposition analysis on the factors affecting energy-related carbon emissions in Xinjiang from 1997 to 2007; this analysis employs a hybrid input-output analysis framework of “energy - economy - carbon emissions”. (1) Xinjiang’s carbon emissions from energy consumption increased from 20.70 million tons in 1997 to 40.34 million tons in 2007; carbon emissions growth was mainly concentrated in the production and processing of energy resources, the mining of mineral resources, and the processing industry. (2) The analysis of the direct effects of the influencing factors on carbon emissions showed that the change in per capita GDP, the final demand structure, the population scale, and the production structure were the important factors causing an increase in carbon emissions, while the decrease in carbon emission intensity during this period was the important influencing factor in stopping the growth of carbon emissions. This showed that while the sizes of Xinjiang’s economy and population were growing, the economic structure had not been effectively optimized and the production technology had not been efficiently improved, resulting in a rapid growth of carbon emissions from energy consumption. (3) The analysis of the indirect effects of the influencing factors of carbon emission showed that the inter-provincial export, fixed capital formation, and the consumption by urban residents had significant influence on the changes in carbon emissions from energy consumption in Xinjiang. (4) The growth of investments in fixed assets of carbon intensive industry sectors, in addition to the growth of inter-provincial exports of energy resource products, makes the transfer effect of inter-provincial “embodied carbon” very significant.     

社会变革和制度文化制约下的“多尺度嵌入”——以缅甸莱比塘铜矿项目为例

“一带一路”倡议的深入推进加速了中国企业对外投资的步伐。而对于这些“走出去”的企业而言,往往面临着东道国社会环境及治理结构变革、制度制约、文化冲突等多重挑战。此前经济地理学提出的“主动嵌入”和“被动嵌入”,并不能完全解释“一带一路”倡议背景下中国企业在“走出去”过程中所呈现的“外资”与东道国治理结构、地方制度文化环境之间的复杂相互作用关系。本研究构建了“全球-国家-地方”多尺度嵌入的分析框架,以缅甸莱比塘铜矿为例,阐释企业如何通过多样化制度创新,顺应东道国的社会变革,突破制度和文化的制约,从而取得政府、企业、当地社区“多赢”局面的合作模式,从而从新的视角理解制度的多尺度性和尺度之间的相互作用。研究发现：尺度要素之间存在耦合关联作用,且作用模式有不同的组合,同时多个尺度要素的嵌入和影响过程也存在时序效应。最后,结合莱比塘案例,为中国企业“走出去”提出了政策建议。     

东北振兴以来吉林省区域经济差异的时空演变研究

基于吉林省2003~2015年间地区生产总值和人均地区生产总值数据,以市域、县域两个尺度单元为研究对象,采用人口加权变异系数、基尼系数、泰尔指数等统计分析方法,对吉林省东北振兴战略实施以来的13 a内,区域经济差异的时空演变进行定量分析,并运用泰尔指数的分解方法,探讨了吉林省区域经济差异的空间格局。结果发现：① 吉林省区域经济总体差异、市域差异、县域差异均呈逐年下降趋势。② 通过差异贡献率显示：县域差异是区域总体差异变化的主导力量,长春市域的内部差异远高于其他市域,但有逐年减小的趋势,长吉两地的二元结构仍然突出,是全省区域经济差异产生的主要来源,主导着全省区域经济差异走向;③ 从2003~2015年来看,全省经济增长速度较快的地区主要还是集中在“三核一带”;④吉林省经济差异主要是由资源禀赋、产业结构、极化效应和政策导向等多种因素综合作用的结果。     

浙江陆路交通对区域旅游空间结构及发展的影响研究

基于加权平均出行时间、“板块旅游”空间结构理论、空间计量模型等方法,探讨1996~2016年浙江陆路交通对区域旅游空间结构及发展影响。研究表明：① 交通路网建设带来城市可达性提升,其地理过程、格局呈现围绕“四大都市区”轴带放射状“Π型”演变特征。② 交通网络效应下,新增景区密集分布于邻近中心城市主要对外交通要道两侧,耦合于可达性时空演变,且“板块”旅游地域结构特征显著。③ 空间计量结果发现,交通区位、经济基础、资源禀赋等因素不同程度影响地域旅游经济发展。     

环渤海“C型”经济区经济格局的空间演变研究

利用空间自相关指数、经济平均增长指数和空间变差函数,分析1990年以来环渤海“C型”经济区经济格局的空间演变特征。结果表明：经济发展呈现显著空间自相关,高-高、低-低集聚度不断提高,京津唐都市圈、沈大经济带和山东半岛城市群成为经济发展的热点集中区,其他内陆县市和省际邻接地区是冷点集中区;经济增长空间集聚,高增长率转化快,热点区跃迁特征明显,1990~2000年呈不规则的团块状零散分布,2000~2010年呈带状集中分布于辽西北,省内经济差异不断缩小,而省际经济差异逐渐增大;经济发展的结构化分异显著,空间自组织性增强,大城市的辐射作用减弱,以东部沿海为中心,向周边多峰值递减,西南与西北内陆始终处于低谷。最后,从区域战略政策、经济产业基础、区位与交通条件探讨经济格局演化的驱动机制。     

甘肃省县域农业经济空间差异分析

农业是国民经济发展的基础。甘肃省地处西部,经济发展缓慢,对其农业经济空间的研究具有代表性。采用甘肃省县域农业经济统计资料,对全省87个县域进行因子分析和聚类分析,发现县域农业经济空间差异明显,并且表现出“空间四轴分级布局模式”,呈现“井”型格局。在此基础上,探讨了自然区位与社会经济发展对县域农业经济的影响。     

South Central Farmers and Shadow Hills Homeowners: Land Use Policy and Relational Racialization in Los Angeles∗

This article draws from the recent relational turn in geography to develop a model of relational racialization. It argues that racism functions through the legal and discursive production of linked, interdependent, and unequal places. By comparing two social movements in Los Angeles, the South Central Farmers and the Shadow Hills homeowners, I examine two spatial discourses through which race is relationally reproduced: unequal abilities to mobilize the entitlements of “property rights” and unequal claims to represent hegemonic forms of local heritage. When materialized and naturalized in land use policy, these discourses re-create racial disparities in wealth and poverty and reproduce the qualitative nature of the physical places on which racism depends.     

Commodifying Legality? Who and What Counts as Legal in the Indonesian Wood Trade

This article examines how legality verification in Indonesia, as developed under the European Union (EU) Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA), shapes who and what count as legal. A review of Indonesia’s evolving legality verification system and in-depth stakeholder interviews reveal a process of commodification driven by international demand for an interchangeable label of “legality.” This interchangeability is produced through a reduction of forest governance to a narrow set of legal standards and third-party, private auditing, which risks obscuring key governance challenges such as corruption and unclear tenure, and excluding most domestic and small-scale operators from economic and legal recognition. Given the market logic of legality licensing, it is more likely to “ratchet down” than “ratchet up” local access to, and benefit from, wood production, unless there is greater support and investment in legal and tenure reforms and improved local benefit capture.     

人力资本促进区域旅游经济效率的空间差异研究

在DEA-MI模型的基础上,采用空间计量模型就人力资本与区域旅游经济效率的关系进行分析,探究人力资本对区域旅游经济效率的贡献。结果发现:旅游经济效率具有典型的"胡焕庸线"空间特征,旅游业及其子行业的区域旅游经济效率以1为标准线上下波动;人力资本与区域旅游经济效率空间关系也基本具备"胡焕庸线"空间特征。宁夏等西北地区区域经济效率较高,虽然人力资本存量不足,但其贡献率较大。福建等东南地区、四川和云南等沿线地区旅游业存在"人力资本错配"现象,东南地区虽然人力资本富集,但其贡献率较低,星级饭店业和旅行社业打破"胡焕庸线"的区域特征;中等人力资本在旅游业及其子行业中能正向促进区域旅游经济效率,高水平人力资本在旅游子行业中能推进经济效率的增长,但在旅游业整体中反而抑制旅游经济效率,这说明旅游业整体上还是一个典型的劳动密集型行业,而星级饭店和旅行社业已经初步具备知识密集型行业特征;区域地理性、对外开放度、基础设施等是人力资本效能发挥的主要影响因素,制约着区域旅游经济效率的提升。因此需要健全旅游人才匹配体系,最大程度地发挥人力资本效能,科学构建人力资本与区域旅游经济效率协同机制。     

Fiscal geographies: “Placing” taxation in urban geography

As the state’s primary means of both redistributing wealth and incentivizing private investment, tax plays an outsized role in a range of critical urban processes, including (re)development, gentrification, financialization, and local and regional governance. We argue, through reference to existing literature in urban and economic geography, as well as our own research on taxation and the state, that urban scholarship could benefit by close and careful engagement with taxation and the tax system. We term this new vein of research “fiscal geographies” and see it as offering potential for more nuanced study of urban political economy, politics, and processes.     

Trouble in paradise: resilience and Vancouver’s second life in the “new economy”

Resilience is an increasingly important concept within urban studies, economic geography, and evolutionary economics for measuring the capacity of city-regions to respond to economic shocks. In this article, we provide a sympathetic critique of the resilience metaphor in urban studies, which we explicate through an analysis of the recent history of the Vancouver economy. On the surface, Vancouver seemingly showed resilience when it overcame the abrupt decline of its resource-based economy in the 1980s, and established an alternative flourishing “new economy” by the 1990s. But over the last five years, the key local “creative” industries such as video game development and film production have suffered, with a number of large firms leaving Vancouver, and industry employment declining sharply. Drawing on more than 40 interviews conducted over a five-year period with members of the local video game community, our paper documents the rise and more recent decline of Vancouver’s “new economy” sector. Our research raises questions about the value of the resilience metaphor in urban studies and highlights the difficulties facing city-regions reliant on highly mobile “new economy” industries.     

长江经济带创新产出的时空演化特征及其成因

利用区位基尼系数、空间自相关、相对发展率指数（NICH指数）以及空间面板数据模型等分析方法,以长江经济带沿线38个中心城市作为空间观测单元,结合专利授权量等相关数据,研究了创新产出的时空演化特征及其成因。结果表明：2000~2013年长江经济带沿线中心城市的创新产出在整体上逐年增长,地理集中度呈现波动下降趋势;长三角地区相对发展速度较快;创新产出的空间集聚程度表现出反“Z”字形的波动上升态势;创新产出的热点区域由长三角-成渝“双核心”空间结构发展成长三角“单极突出”空间格局,且长三角热点区域范围有所增长,冷点区域则分布在长江中游地带;技术溢出、政府行为、空间区位和金融支持均对长江经济带沿线中心城市的创新产出具有显著地正向影响,经济基础对下游城市具有促进作用。根据研究结论还提出了相应政策建议。     

安徽省县际经济联系网络结构演变及影响因素

选取安徽省全部78个县级经济区域作为网络节点,采用修正后的1996年、2004年及2013年的经济联系强度反映节点之间的联系,运用GIS工具和社会网络、空间马尔科夫等方法分析县际经济联系网络结构的动态变化及其影响因素。结果表明：① 安徽省县际经济联系网络密度不断增强,县际经济联系逐渐多向化、稠密化、纵深化;② 合肥中心城区一直处于网络中心,经济扩散能力不断增强;③ 无为、怀远、肥东等县逐渐成为衔接地区经济联系的“门户节点”;④ 县际经济联系网络结构具有分层集聚特征,基本上形成“四大八小”的空间格局;⑤ 影响县际经济联系网络结构演变的因素主要包括要素集聚与扩散、空间近邻作用、交通可达性改善、政策激励与引导。     

中国绿色发展时空演变轨迹与影响机理研究

绿色发展战略既是实现区域经济社会与资源环境耦合协调的重要内容,也是推进区域人地协调的重要路径。研究运用投影寻踪评价模型（PPM）以及基尼系数、变异系数、空间自相关和空间计量等方法分析中国30个省市区绿色发展时空演变轨迹与影响机理,得出以下结论：① 构建涵盖“绿色增长-绿色福利-绿色财富”三个维度的绿色发展系统,三个维度的协同一致和均衡发展是绿色发展的本质特征和内在要求;② 中国绿色发展指数呈逐年上升趋势,但增长速度较低,绿色发展虽然取得了显著成效,但问题与压力依然严峻。绿色增长和绿色福利指数均呈现增长趋势,年均增长率分别为5.77%、11.74%,绿色财富指数整体相对较低且增长缓慢,一定程度上反映了绿色财富指数增长的艰巨性和长期性;③ 绿色发展及其构成指数的区域差异呈逐渐缩小趋势,但差异程度依然较大,总体呈东部地区>东北地区>西部地区>中部地区的特征,绿色财富与绿色发展及其他构成指数空间分布错位,高高、低低空间集聚特征明显;④ 城镇化水平、产业结构、人口密度、科技创新、市场化、国际贸易是影响中国绿色发展的主要因素。研究从塑造生态文化理念、发展生态高效产业、提升资源环境承载能力和优化空间治理体系等方面提出对策建议,对中国生态文明建设和绿色发展推进具有一定的借鉴参考价值。     

The potential of a “green” economy in the socioeconomic development of Irkutsk Oblast

We examine the institutional fundamentals of the goals of sustainable development of a territory from the perspective of the development vector of a “green” economy that is responsible for the main directions of transformation of the economic complex of countries and regions. The possible main development directions of the socioeconomic structure of a typical Siberian region (Irkutsk oblast) are generalized, based on the principles of the modern view of the practical implementation of basic branches (sectors) of a “green” economy. Account is taken of the factor of the resource-oriented development model of the oblast for the foreseeable future by analyzing the main conceptual-strategic and planning documents defining the socioeconomic status of the territory into 2030. The main directions of modernization of the Irkutsk oblast’s economic complex are suggested having regard to the principles of a “green” economy in order to ensure favorable conditions for future generations, including ecological conditions. A priority is given to an increase in the proportion of the branches (kinds of economic activity) in the gross regional product as well as in other socioeconomic indicators, which have the least negative influence on the environment. We formulated the development directions of one of the kinds of activity of current relevance to the oblast, namely waste management in the form of an environment protection infrastructure, and three structurally-hierarchically arranged main development and functioning levels of the modern environment protection infrastructure are suggested on the principles of a “green” economy (regional, subregional, and local) within the framework of the updated Strategy of Development of the Oblast’s Productive Forces.     

新疆人口分布与经济发展不一致性时空演变分析

利用人口分布与经济发展的不一致性指数和空间自相关模型,从时空角度出发,对1993,2003,2014年新疆人口分布与经济发展的不一致性现象的空间分布及地域关联性进行分析。结果表明:1 1993—2014年新疆人口分布与经济发展呈现严重的不平衡,二者之间存在错位现象,人口集聚高于经济集聚成为主要特征。人口的空间分布与区域经济之间关系有所协调,但仍具有不均衡性。2新疆人口经济不一致性地域分异明显,各类型区在空间分布上存在集聚性。3新疆人口分布与经济发展的不一致性存在正的、显著的空间自相关性,且这种相关性有增强的趋势。局部空间自相关分析下,全疆人口分布与经济发展的不一致性从东到西形成了"低-低""不显著""高-高"平行分布的集聚格局,且"低-低"与"高-高"的分布格局具有背向性,新疆人口经济不一致性的现状正在逐步改善。