利用红外相机监测新疆天池博格达峰自然保护区鸟兽资源

红外相机技术目前已成为监测陆栖哺乳动物和地栖鸟类的常用技术手段。为监测新疆天池博格达峰自然保护区内鸟类和兽类资源,于2019年7月—2020年9月,在保护区内选取30个红外相机位点共布设58台红外相机,累积工作29730个工作日,共获得99850份图像及视频数据,采集独立有效照片5744张;共观测到野生陆生脊椎动物9目19科29种,其中兽类5目10科15种,鸟类4目9科14种。观测到的动物中有国家I级重点保护野生动物雪豹（Panthera uncia）,国家II级重点保护野生动物6种,分别为北山羊（Capra sibirica）、马鹿（Cervus canadensis）、猞猁（Lynx lynx）、赤狐（Vulpes vulpes）、黑鸢（Milvus migrans）以及暗腹雪鸡（Tetraogallus himalayensis）。森林生境中,兽类相对多度指数最高的是马鹿（RAI=60.569）,鸟类相对多度指数最高的是山斑鸠（Streptopelia orientalis,RAI=0.854）;高山草甸及裸岩生境中,兽类相对多度指数最高的是马鹿（RAI=18.693）,鸟类相对多度指数最高的是暗腹雪鸡（RAI=0.316）和黄嘴山鸦（Pyrrhocorax graculus,RAI=0.854）。物种累积曲线结果显示：兽类物种数在200 d之后几乎不再增长,而鸟类物种数在100 d之后增速放缓但一直持续增长,表明时长450 d的红外相机监测力度对保护区中的兽类而言较为充分,对鸟类而言还不够充分。研究结果可为新疆天池博格达峰自然保护区野生陆生脊椎动物多样性监测与评估提供数据参考,为该保护区的保护管理工作提供科学依据。     

Using maps of continuous variation in species compositional turnover to supplement uniform polygon species range maps

Species ranges are often represented using polygons, with the attendant issues that they show uniform ranges with abrupt boundaries and can overestimate species ranges. We demonstrate that such uniform species ranges can be supplemented by mapping the gradational variation in species turnover across a landscape. Directional variation in species turnover for 15 skink species (Reptilia: Scincidae) and topographic and climatic turnover in south-eastern Australia were measured using directional moving window analyses, rotated through 360°. The resultant species turnover maps were compared with published polygon range maps for two species within the group (Liopholis whitii and L. inornata). We also assessed how the relationships between species and environmental turnover varied in areas of low or high species turnover. Continuous transitions between distinct areas of low and high species turnover were mapped. Low turnover comprised only 19% of the L. whitii polygon species range within the study area extent. These low turnover areas were more densely populated by L. whitii (67% of observations), whereas areas of medium to high turnover contained substantially fewer observations (25%). Regions with the highest species turnover contained only 6% of observations. L. inornata observations were also clustered in low species turnover areas. Averaged climatic and elevation values were higher in low-turnover areas despite their close adjacency to high-turnover zones. The environmental turnover in low species turnover regions was also lower than in high-turnover areas. Correlations between environmental turnover and low species turnover areas were positive, whereas the opposite relationship applied in high species turnover areas. We identified both abrupt and gradual distributional breaks between separate reptile assemblages; an example of the latter is located in the Hunter Valley in the south-eastern coastal region. This break has been mapped using solid, uniform lines in species ranges and thus implicitly as an abrupt break. Environmental conditions may be more favourable to skinks in low-turnover areas. Since L. whitii and other skink species have very large populations in low-turnover areas, other squamate species may also be more likely to occur in these areas. This has potential implications for conservation prioritisation. The turnover maps used here can supplement the information provided about reptile distributions by the equivalent polygon ranges. This approach can be applied to point occurrence data for any taxonomic group or any similar georeferenced diversity data set.     

云南南滚河自然保护区大中型陆生哺乳动物初步调查

During surveys for wild felids in Nangunhe Nature Reserve, Yunnan province, China, we conducted a wider mammal survey of the core nature reserve area, using camera trapping techniques. Forty motion-triggered digital camera traps had been set in oldest forest tract of protected area to conduct a species inventory. The total camera trapping effort of 2460 camera trap nights yielded 232 digital photographs of mammals represented by 17 species in five orders. The species photographed include rare and elusive species and those that are of high conservation value, such as IUCN endangered species Asiatic elephant (Elephas maximus), and Phayre’s leaf monkey (Trachypit hecus phayrei). In addition, IUCN vulnerable species including Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), sambar (Rusa unicolor), northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonine), and marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata), and more common species were found. All mammals were also listed as key protected wild animals by the State Forestry Administration of China. Of particular importance were the carnivores, with 7 different species recorded. Ungulates and other taxa forming a prey base for these predators,such as rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac), sambar, wild boar (Sus scrofa), and Chinese serow (Capricornis milneedwardsii), were found to be the most frequently photographed and most widespread species. Opportunities for local people to develop standardized monitoring designs for targeted species were identified by these initial assessment results. Local nature reserve staff lacked technical ability to produce standardized survey designs, yet a by product of this type of non-standardized data collection can be very informative and produce inventory information that gives a species richness analysis, as well as initial estimates for occupancy and detection probability for abundant species to drive future standardized survey designs and efforts.     

Abundance and diversity of small mammals in response to various linear habitats in semi-arid agricultural landscapes

We investigated the influence of linear habitats, three types of hedgerows and two types of field margins, on the small mammal community within a semi-arid agricultural landscape in south-central British Columbia, Canada. We examined whether abundance, species richness, and species diversity of small mammals in tree fruit orchards differed from linear, edge habitats along orchard margins. Our five edges spanned grassy to wooded habitats. Linear habitats were intensively sampled for vascular plants in 2003 and small mammal communities from 2003 to 2007. Vegetation and total abundance of small mammal species among three types of hedgerows were similar and population changes followed those within nearby apple orchards. Species richness and diversity of small mammals, however, were significantly higher in hedgerows than orchards. Fewer mammals occupied hedgerows with high volumes of herb and shrub biomass, but richness and diversity of mammals did increase with shrub volume. All seven species of small mammals were represented in the hedgerow communities, including two species at risk: the Great Basin pocket mouse Perognathus parvus and the western harvest mouse (Reithrodontomys megalotis). Two types of field margins (orchard-sagebrush and orchard-old field) along fencerows provided habitat for P. parvus. Field margins managed for herbaceous plant species along fencerows and other such linear configurations provided habitat for R. megalotis. Linear non-crop habitats should maintain the overall small mammal community, as well as the two species at risk, within this semi-arid agricultural landscape.     

Biodiversity Assessment of Mammal and Bird Species from Camera Trap Data in Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve,Gansu Province,China

Camera traps serve as an important tool for monitoring species diversity. We used data from camera traps set for capturing snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in the Yanchiwan National Nature Reserve, Gansu Province, China, to assess species richness with respect to mammal and birds species. We also assessed survey efficiency for species detection, and conducted an initial analysis of species interactions. The survey effort of 10, 171 camera workdays yielded 2, 868 suitable animal image events involving 17 mammal and 20 bird species. Among these, the dhole (Cuon alpinus) is considered to be Endangered, the snow leopard and white-lipped deer (Cervus albirostris) Vulnerable, and the Pallas’s cat (Feli smanul), mountain weasel (Mustela altaica), Himalayan griffon (Gyps himalayensis) and cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) Near Threatened under the IUCN red list. Fourteen species were also listed as key protected wild animals according to China national standards. Both the rarefaction curves and richness estimators suggested our sampling for mammal and pheasant species is sufficient, while more survey efforts are still needed to detect other bird species. With a focus on the dominant species Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), occupancy models were used to estimate site use and detection probability for selected species, and to investigate predator-prey relationships between lynx on the one hand and woolly hare (Lepus oiostolus), pika (Ochotona spp.) and Tibetan partridge (Perdix hodgsoniae) on the other. We give recommendations on how to increase efficiency in camera-based species inventory and biodiversity monitoring.     

Are traditional and modern forestry institutions complementary or do they prescribe contradictory rights in Trans-Himalayan Nepal? A lesson to be learned for REDD+ implementation

Rights to forest products are difficult to decide in situations when traditional management institutions exist parallel to formal ones. Such situations raise the question of whether the institutions are complementary or prescribe contradictory rights and management principles. Based on a household survey and key informant interviews, the article focuses on how diverging management principles can be harmonized to satisfy national forestry goals in Nepal. Villages in the Trans-Himalayan district of Mustang used to manage forests according to their traditional institutions but after 1993 they were included in a new management regime called Conservation Area Management Committees (CAMCs). The findings revealed that the villagers appreciated development initiatives undertaken by the CAMCs but three disjunctions regarding forest management existed between the CAMCs and traditional institutions: there was a disjunction between the two sets of rules for forest resource utilization; there were role dilemmas of local residents who were entrusted with CAMC implementation; and there were spatial disjunctions when formal administrative forest borders did not coincide with customary ones. The simultaneous existence of two institutions thus blurred the rights to forest resources. The author concludes that knowledge of the disjunction between parallel institutions is vital for accommodating new management schemes such as REDD+.     

Expansive fire in Mojave Desert shrubland reduces abundance and species diversity of small mammals

Changes in plant community structure and composition of the Mojave Desert in response to greater fire intensity and extent are likely to have strong bottom-up effects on the biological community. The objective of this study was to determine how expansive fire in Mojave Desert impacts small mammal communities across seasons. We sampled small mammals in paired burned (4–5 years post-fire) and unburned areas of Beaver Dam Wash in southwestern Utah. Fire reduced total abundance of small mammals, and species richness and species diversity of the small mammal community. Merriam’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) responded positively to fire (15% greater in burned areas). Long-tailed pocket mouse (Chaetodipus formosus) and canyon mouse (Peromyscus crinitus) were 91% and 98% less abundant in burned versus unburned areas. The positive response of Merriam’s kangaroo rat to fire is most likely correlated with their preference for open foraging microhabitat while other species captured prefer greater and more diverse cover. Because the small mammal community has been dramatically affected by fire, it is likely that top-down control of vegetation structure will be dominated by Merriam’s kangaroo rat in burned areas, which may promote more open habitat by limiting the growth of annual and perennial grasses.     

Assessing mammal responses to perturbations in temperate aridlands of Argentina

Loss of species richness and reduced abundance have been the main responses to perturbations of small- and medium-sized mammals in arid and semi-arid areas. Nonetheless, some mammal species whose habitat requirements are met in disturbed patches may benefit from structural changes in the environment brought about by perturbations.In desert areas of Argentina different mammal responses are attributable to both a lower complexity of disturbed patches and a decrease in sheltered places. Therefore, species associated with high plant cover either decrease in number or become locally extinct at sites affected by fire or grazing, whereas species using open areas are favored by these events.The negative effects historically assigned to different disturbances may be mitigated by adopting a hierarchical approach that considers patch diversity in different successional stages as well as the multiple opportunities of patch occupation by mammal species.     

土库曼斯坦物种多样性及其与中国新疆的比较

土库曼斯坦与中国新疆在地理地形、景观带以及气候特征等诸多方面具有相似之处,这些因素共同决定了二者在物种多样性方面的相似性与可比性,加之人类活动影响加剧,两地物种多样性均遭受着严重的威胁。在对土库曼斯坦和中国新疆现有物种多样性数据进行总结的基础上,分析了二者的物种多样性现状、珍稀动植物特征以及濒危种和入侵种相关研究进展,对比了二者在物种多样性年际尺度上的异同,总结了土库曼斯坦与中国新疆物种多样性保护现状与相关政策,以期为深入开展两地生物多样性合作与交流提供支持。     

Small mammals from the Koren Arctic Expedition to the Kolyma River, northeast Siberia 1914-1918

A small mammal collection from the Kolyma region in northeastern Siberia collected by the Norwegian trapper and naturalist Johan Koren between 1915 and 1917 comprises 152 specimens of 17 species. The collection was brought to Norway with Roald Amundsen's "Maud" expedition through the Northeast Passage and has been held by the Zoological Museum, University of Oslo.
When comparing the collection with the current distribution of small mammals in the region, it is not possible to detect changes in the small mammal fauna. As several species which are common today are missing in the collection, the collection apparently does not give a complete account of the small mammal fauna in the Kolyma region from 1915 to 1917. This discrepancy can largely be explained by the fact that Koren caught small mammals only in parts of the Kolyma region and not in those areas where the missing species are found in abundance.     

贵州陆生贝类物种多样性及地理分布

基于已有的贵州陆生贝类标本数据,结合2019年7月至2020年12月对贵阳、荔波和习水等地的调查结果,整理得出贵州陆生贝类2亚纲4目20科76属316种及亚种（含13个未定种）。从种类组成看,贵州陆生贝类以环口螺科（Cyclophoridae）种类最丰富,有16属71种;巴蜗牛科（Bradybaenidae）次之,有15属61种;树螺科（Helicinidae）和槲果螺科（Cochlicopidae）均为1属1种;优势种为洞穴恰里螺（Kaliella cavicola）、同型巴蜗牛（Bradybaena similaris）、弯倍唇螺（Diplommatina herziana）、缝合倍唇螺（Diplommatina consularis）、矮小双边凹螺（Chamalycaeus nanus）和假穴环肋螺（Plectotropis pseudopatula）。从分布上看,贵州陆生贝类以黔中中亚热带湿润溶丘山原区种类最为丰富,有17科54属170种;黔南中亚热带湿润山原斜坡中低山区和黔西南亚热带半湿润丘原中山区次之,分别有18科56属152种、17科57属150种;黔东温热湿润中低山丘陵区最少,仅有10科18属27种。贵州省不同区域物种相似性分析表明,黔南中亚热带湿润山原斜坡中低山区、黔北中亚热带湿润山原斜坡中低山区、黔西南亚热带半湿润丘原中山区陆生贝类物种组成比较相似,黔东温热湿润中低山丘陵区与其他区域种类组成相差较远。     

一二年生植物在坝上沙质退耕地上的引种筛选

一二年生植物引种成功的种源区域范围及科属范围都较多年生植物广，而对土壤基质、水分、人为活动等具体生境差异反应明显。最佳的引种植物有临夏燕麦、丹麦４４４燕麦、黑圆箭舌豌豆、３３３Ａ箭舌豌豆及Ｐｈａｌａｒｉｓ属的几个种等。     

哈萨克斯坦生物多样性及其与中国新疆的比较

哈萨克斯坦是全球生物多样性最丰富的国家之一,同时也是生物多样性遭受威胁最严重的国家之一。新疆特殊的地理地形、景观带和气候条件也决定了其拥有多种类型的生态系统。通过对哈萨克斯坦和新疆生物多样性的概况、特点、面临的威胁,及其目前开展的生物多样性保护工作的一些情况的概述,对二者进行了对比分析。     

The validity and precision of spotlighting for surveying desert mammal communities

We investigated the validity of spotlighting techniques for surveying and monitoring desert mammal populations by determining the effect of repeating spotlight transects on the relative precision of density estimates. Precision was modelled by calculating cumulative mean density and associated coefficient of variation. The effect of moonlight at the time of surveying was also investigated. The results show that spotlighting is a valid technique for monitoring some species, however the number of transects required to obtain pre-defined adequate levels of precision is species-dependent. Reasons for these findings are discussed and recommendations for future spotlight surveys for monitoring desert mammal populations are given.     

南极菲尔德斯半岛海鸟与种群分布

2000/2001-2002/2003南极夏季期间,对中国南极长城站所在地乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛及邻近区海鸟群落组成与种群分布特征进行了观测研究。本文报道了对该地区三次考察期间记录的海鸟共11科25种。其中,有繁殖活动的海鸟12种,优势种有白眉企鹅(Pygoscelispapua)和黄蹼洋海燕(Oceanitesoceanicus),常见种有纹颊企鹅(Pygoscelisantarctica)、巨鹱(Macronectesgiganteus)、花斑鹱(Daptioncapenis)、南极燕鸥(Sternavittata)和灰贼鸥(Catharactaantarctica)等。     

Desertification and animal biodiversity in the desert grasslands of North America

Studies of breeding birds and small mammals were conducted at a series of sites that form a gradient of severity of desertification. Desert grassland sites represented the least changed landscape units and mesquite coppice dunes represented the most severe degradation, an irreversibly degraded landscape unit. The hypothesis that desertification reduces species diversity was not supported by the data. Species richness and diversities (Shannon-Weaver H′) of breeding birds were higher in the desertified areas than in the grassland with one exception. Data from a site dominated by the exotic African grass,Eragrostis lehmanniana, in south-eastern Arizona showed that breeding bird diversity was lower at that site than at a site in the same region that was dominated by native grasses. Species richness, diversity (H′), and abundance of small mammals were also higher in desertified areas than in desert grassland. Most grassland species of birds and mammals persist in the desertified habitats and species that are characteristic of shrublands colonize desertified desert grasslands. This accounts for the increases in species richness. However some species such as the banner-tailed kangaroo rat,Dipodomys spectabilis, are eliminated when grassland degrades to mesquite coppice dune or eroded creosotebush communities. These data suggest that other measures of faunal biodiversity such askeystone speciesmay be better measures of the impact of desertification on animal biodiversity.     

Identifying minimal sets of survey techniques for multi-species monitoring across landscapes: an approach utilising species distribution models

Monitoring for species occupancy is often carried out at local scales, reflecting specific targets, available logistics, and funding. Problematically, conservation planning and management operate at broader scales and use information inventories with good scale coverage. Translating information between local and landscape scales is commonly treated in an ad hoc manner, but conservation decision-making can benefit from quantifying spatial-knowledge relationships. Fauna occupancy monitoring, in particular, suffers from this issue of scale, as there are many different survey methods employed for different purposes. Rather than ignoring how informative these methods are when predicting regional distributions, we describe a statistical approach that identifies survey combinations that provide the greatest additive value in mammal detection across different scales. We identified minimal sets of survey methods for 53 terrestrial mammal species across a large area in Australia (New South Wales (NSW), 800,000 km²) and for each of the 18 bioregions it encompasses. Utility of survey methods varied considerably at a landscape scale. Unplanned opportunistic sightings were the single largest source of species information (35%). The utility of other survey methods varied spatially; some were retained in minimal sets for many bioregions, while others were spatially restricted or unimportant. Predator scats, Elliot and pitfall trapping, spotlighting, and diurnal herpetofauna surveys were the most frequently included survey methods at a landscape scale. Use of our approach can guide identification of efficient combinations of survey methods, maximising detection and returns for monitoring. Findings and methodologies are easily transferable and are globally applicable across any taxa. They provide guidelines for managing scarce resources for regional ?monitoring programs, and improving regional strategic ?conservation planning.     

甘肃敦煌西湖荒漠湿地植物群落物种多样性特征研究

 基于375个样方和150条样线的调查,对甘肃敦煌西湖荒漠-湿地生态系统植物群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明:①区内共记录植物26种,分属16科24属,芦苇（Phragmites australis）、多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）和胡杨（Populus euphratica）为绝对优势种,苏枸杞（Lycium ruthenicum）、疏叶骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsifolia）和胀果甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata）为主要伴生种,其平均重要值依次为0.4728、0.4563、0.4342、0.2908、0.2594和0.2455。植物群落分多枝柽柳群落、胡杨群落、胀果甘草群落、疏叶骆驼刺群落、多枝柽柳沙包群落、苏枸杞群落、芦苇沼泽群落和芦苇群落8个类型。②植物群落物种多样性指数偏低（0.784～1.379）,多枝柽柳群落、胡杨群落和芦苇群落物种多样性指数最大（1.379、1.266和1.194）,群落之间差异显著（P＜0.05）;疏叶骆驼刺群落和苏枸杞群落次之（1.154、1.077）,胀果甘草群落、芦苇沼泽和多枝柽柳沙包群落最低（0.919、0.881、0.784）,各群落之间不存在显著差异。③灌（乔）木层是敦煌西湖植被主要层次,灌（乔）木层物种多样性指数（0.549～1.077）大于草本层（0.052～1.038）。④物种多样性指标H′、D、J和Ma随海拔梯度增加基本均显下降趋势,而指数C变化趋势则相反,表现为上升,均匀度指数变化幅度不显著。⑤物种多样性指标H′、D、J和Ma随经纬度升高变化趋势基本一致,均表现为先下降,后上升,再下降,而优势度指数C变化趋势则相反。     

浑善达克沙地苔藓物种多样性

调查了浑善达克沙地10类植被地面生苔藓植物物种多样性及分布。结果表明：（1）该区共发现苔藓植物23科54属115种,其中苔类6科7属9种,藓类17科47属106种（包括变种）;具有4种生长型,其中茎叶体苔类4种,叶状体苔类5种,顶蒴藓类63种,侧蒴藓类43种;优势科有丛藓科（Pottiaceae）、真藓科（Bryaceae）、柳叶藓科（Amblystegiaceae）、青藓科（Brachytheciaceae）等;优势属有真藓属（Bryum）、青藓属（Brachythecium）、细湿藓属（Campylium）等;该区苔藓植物可分为10个区系地理成分,以北温带成分为主;白桦（Betula platyphylla）林、湿地、沙地云杉（Picea mongolica）林、爬地柏（Sabina vulgaris）灌丛等生境下苔藓植物多,且随着水分增加物种数量和生长型类型增加,优势种个体亦增大;（2）Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与Patrick丰富度指数变化趋势基本一致,而Simpson优势度指数变化相反,土壤水分和空气湿度是苔藓植物物种多样性和丰富度的主要影响因子;（3）除了沙地云杉林与臭柏灌丛和白桦林外,物种相似系数总体较低。     

哈尔滨阿勒锦岛国家湿地公园野生种子植物多样性

在哈尔滨市阿勒锦岛国家湿地公园,采用样线和样方调查法,对野生种子植物进行了野外调查,研究该湿地公园野生种子植物的多样性和区系特征.在该湿地公园共记录野生种子植物58科170属272种(包括2亚种和2变种),都为被子植物.其中,物种数较多的科有禾本科(Gramineae)(48种)、菊科(Compositae)(37种)...