The higher grade metamorphic zonation of the Sambagawa metamorphic belt in central Shikoku, Japan

The higher grade metamorphic zonation of the Sambagawa (= Sanbagawa) belt is established for the first time for the whole area of central Shikoku. As discontinuous reactions to define the isograd are absent, the metamorphic grade is primarily determined by the Mg-Fe partitioning between garnet and chlorite along representative traverses. However, for regional mapping, mineralogical features of the pelitic schists, such as using mineral assemblages of more than divariant equilibrium, the modal garnet to chlorite ratio, and the optical properties of chlorite, are employed as auxiliary criteria.
The presence of the highest grade mineral zone in the middle of the structural level is confirmed, but its spatial distribution is far more complex than hitherto accepted. Thermal axes are now confirmed at three different structural levels. A model is presented in which the stacking of thrust sheets of different grade took place while metamorphic reactions were in progress. Thermal readjustment brought a continuous metamorphic temperature gradient across and within the thrust sheets. Tectonic blocks of metagabbro and ultramafic rock were emplaced synchronously with thinning and subsequently also re-equilibrated. Local anomalies of metamorphic grade, represented by mixing of schists of different metamorphic grade, exist, but they are due to a later stage event.     

The origin of strain patterns resulting from contemporaneous deformation and metamorphism in the Sambagawa metamorphic belt

Abstract The magnitudes of plastic strains of 104 metacherts were determined from the deformed shape of initially spherical radiolarians in the Sambagawa high- P type metamorphic belt of Western Shikoku, Japan. The strain magnitude increases with increasing metamorphic temperature from several per cent to 250%. The a₂/a₃ ratio of strain ellipsoids in the higher metamorphic grades decreases with increasing metamorphic grade while the a₁/a₂ ratio increases rapidly. The long axis of the strain ellipsoid for every grade is nearly parallel to the length of the metamorphic belt, suggesting that the flow direction of the synmetamorphic deformation was uniform along the belt. A map of strain zones within the Sambagawa high- P type metamorphic belt reveals that the metamorphic belt underwent a progressive bulk inhomogeneous shear deformation and that the high-grade zones represent a deep-seated boundary shear zone on the accretionary wedge between a subducting oceanic plate and the immobile rigid continental plate.     

Prograde pressure–temperature paths in the pelitic schists of the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, SW Japan

Prograde P–T paths recorded by the chemistry of minerals of subduction‐related metamorphic rocks allow inference of tectonic processes at convergent margins. This paper elucidates the changing P–T conditions during garnet growth in pelitic schists of the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, which is a subduction related metamorphic belt in the south‐western part of Japan. Three types of chemical zoning patterns were observed in garnet: Ca‐rich normal zoning, Ca‐poor normal zoning and intrasectoral zoning. Petrological studies indicate that normally‐zoned garnet grains grew keeping surface chemical equilibrium with the matrix, in the stable mineral assemblage of garnet + muscovite + chlorite + plagioclase + paragonite + epidote + quartz ± biotite. Pressure and temperature histories were inversely calculated from the normally‐zoned garnet in this assemblage, applying the differential thermodynamic method (Gibbs' method) with the latest available thermodynamic data set for minerals. The deduced P–T paths indicate slight increase of temperature with increasing pressure throughout garnet growth, having an average dP/dT of 0.4–0.5 GPa/100 °C. Garnet started growing at around 470 °C and 0.6 GPa to achieve the thermal and baric peak condition near the rim (520 °C, 0.9 GPa). The high‐temperature condition at relatively low pressure (for subduction related metamorphism) suggests that heating occurred before or simultaneously with subduction.     

雪峰古陆的加里东期推覆构造

本文对雪峰古陆下古生界缺失带是否存在，加里东期构造变形有特征，深部地球物理资料以及早古生代岩相带变窄作了研究，确定了该区确实存在加里东期推覆构造，并对其基本特征进行了研究。     

The transition from brittle to ductile deformation in the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, Japan

The dominant deformation mechanism during the Sambagawa metamorphism changes from brittle to ductile with increasing metamorphic temperature. The magnitude of plastic strains inferred from the shapes of deformed radiolaria in metachert increases sharply across the boundary between the epidote-pumpellyite-actinolite zone and the epidote-actinolite zone. The synmetamorphic crack density of metachert is an indicator of the contemporaneous brittle strain of rocks, and it decreases sharply as the grade reaches the epidote-actinolite zone. Hence, the ratio of the ductile strain to the brittle strain of metachert decreases rapidly across the transition to the epidote-actinolite zone of the Sambagawa metamorphic belt.
The sharp change of the ductile strain magnitude also takes place at the epidote-actinolite grade in the Shimanto metamorphic belt of Japan, an example of the intermediate pressure facies series of metamorphism. It is concluded that the transition from brittle to ductile deformation takes place at about 300-400°C. and is independent of pressure of metamorphism.     

Evidence for multiple burial–partial exhumation cycles from the Onodani eclogites in the Sambagawa metamorphic belt,central Shikoku,Japan

Eclogites from the Onodani area in the Sambagawa metamorphic belt of central Shikoku occur as layers or lenticular bodies within basic schists. These eclogites experienced three different metamorphic episodes during multiple burial and exhumation cycles. The early prograde stage of the first metamorphic event is recorded by relict eclogite facies inclusions within garnet cores (X_Sps 0.80–0.24, X_Alm 0–0.47). These inclusions consist of relatively almandine‐rich garnet (X_Sps 0.13–0.24, X_Alm 0.36–0.45), aegirine‐augite/omphacite (X_Jd 0.08–0.28), epidote, amphiboles (e.g. actinolite, winchite, barroisite and taramite), albite, phengite, chlorite, calcite, titanite, hematite and quartz. The garnet cores also contain polyphase inclusions consisting of almandine‐rich garnet, omphacite (X_Jd 0.27–0.28), amphiboles (e.g. actinolite, winchite, barroisite, taramite and katophorite) and phengite. The peak P–T conditions of the first eclogite facies metamorphism are estimated to be 530–590 °C and 19–21 kbar succeeded by retrogression into greenschist facies. The second prograde metamorphism began at greenschist facies conditions. The peak metamorphic conditions are defined by schistosity‐forming omphacites (X_Jd ≤ 49) and garnet rims containing inclusions of barroisitic amphibole, phengite, rutile and quartz. The estimated peak metamorphic conditions are 630–680 °C and 20–22 kbar followed by a clockwise retrograde P–T path with nearly isothermal decompression to 8–12 kbar. In veins cross‐cutting the eclogite schistosity, resorbed barroisite/Mg‐katophorite occurs as inclusions in glaucophane which is zoned to barroisite, suggesting a prograde metamorphism of the third metamorphic event. The peak P–T conditions of this metamorphic event are estimated to be 540–600 °C and 6.5–8 kbar. These metamorphic conditions are correlated with those of the surrounding non‐eclogitic Sambagawa schists. The Onodani eclogites were formed by subduction of an oceanic plate, and metamorphism occurred beneath an accretionary prism. These high‐P/T type metamorphic events took place in a very short time span between 100 and 90 Ma. Plate reconstructions indicate highly oblique subduction of the Izanagi plate beneath the Eurasian continent at a high spreading rate. This probably resulted in multiple burial and exhumation movements of eclogite bodies, causing plural metamorphic events. The eclogite body was juxtaposed with non‐eclogitic Sambagawa schists at glaucophane stability field conditions. The amalgamated metamorphic sequence including the Onodani eclogites were exhumed to shallow crustal/surface levels in early Eocene times (c. 50 Ma).     

新集矿区推覆构造对开采地质条件的影响

通过对采、探资料的对比研究，指出了推覆构造在一定程度上影响着煤系断层的展布，砂岩的岩石质量指标与该砂岩距推覆构造底界面的距离呈对数关系。推覆构造不同单元的水文地质条件相差很大，煤层顶板易冒落块体与推覆构造有一定关系，推覆构造对地表沉降具有一定的减缓作用。     

Calculated stabilities of sodic phases in the Sambagawa metapelites and their implications

Pressure (P)–temperature (T) pseudosection analyses were carried out on metapelites from Sambagawa belt by using Perple_X 07 so as to determine mineral equilibria and the stability of sodic phases, in the model system MnO–Na₂O–K₂O–CaO–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–(CO₂) under high‐pressure (HP) conditions (0.5–2.5 GPa/400–600 °C). A pressure–X_NA [=Na/(Na+Al–2K–1.5Ca)] pseudosection at 500 °C is also calculated to examine the effect of Na/Al value of the bulk‐rock composition on the stabilities of sodic minerals. The bulk‐rock compositions of Sambagawa metapelite are variable in X_NA values. The calculation results of stable assemblages in metapelites under the blueschist and eclogite facies conditions indicate that: (i) paragonite and glaucophane are stable throughout the wide X_NA range of bulk‐rock compositions of host rocks; (ii) stable P–T conditions of sodic pyroxene enlarge with increasing X_NA value; and (iii) the stability field of paragonite enlarges with the presence of CO₂ in the metamorphic fluid. The suggested wide stability of paragonite in metapelites and the relationships between the stability of sodic pyroxene and the bulk‐rock compositions explain the reasons why (i) the occurrence of omphacite in metapelites from several subduction‐related terranes is rare; and (ii) paragonite commonly occurs as inclusions in garnet of metapelites from the Besshi region of the Sambagawa belt. Paragonite is an important sodic phase of HP metapelites, and a combination of paragonite and quartz with high residual pressure included in garnet may be a useful indicator to verify the evidence for the eclogite facies metamorphism recorded in metapelites.     

伏牛山推覆构造特征及其动力学控制

伏牛山推覆构造是秦岭造山中一条重要的构造带,特征明显,分带性清楚,锋带为前冲型或褶皱型,西段由褶皱紧密的陶湾群黑云母大理岩构成,东段为栾川群和部分三叠系,由北向南推覆在宽坪群和上白垩统之上。     

Microboudin structures of piemontite along the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, Japan: implications for lateral variation of differential stress during regional metamorphism

Evidence is presented of a lateral variation in differential stress during metamorphism along a regional metamorphic belt on the basis of the proportion of microboudinaged piemontite grains (p) in a quartz matrix in metacherts. It is proposed that p is a practical indicator of relative differential stress. Analysis of 123 metacherts from the 800 km long Sambagawa metamorphic belt, Japan, reveals that p‐values range from < 0.01 to 0.7 in this region. Most samples from Wakayama in the mid‐belt area have p‐values of 0.4–0.6, whereas those from western Shikoku have p‐values of < 0.1. This difference cannot be explained by variations in metamorphic temperature, and is instead attributed to a regional, lateral variation in differential stress during metamorphism.     

福建三明吉口矿区推覆构造特征与控煤作用

根据矿区勘查和推覆构造研究资料,论述三明吉口矿区煤矿推覆构造特征与控煤作用,认为区内煤系地层为受推覆构造影响的“外来岩系”。以卷入地层及相关的岩体时代分析,认为区内拆离构造和推覆构造分别形成于印支期与燕山早期。     

“松子山构造区”滑覆构造特征浅析

本文通过介绍＂松子山构造区＂的构造特征,总结出滑覆构造是其主要表现形式,研究了构造形态。     

开滦唐山矿逆冲推覆构造及其控煤作用

中生代形成的逆冲推覆构造对煤层影响很大。以位于唐山块陷之上开平煤田西北侧的开滦唐山矿区域背景分析为基础,从研究构造规律出发,通过几何学、运动学和动力学分析,主要探讨了以F_III逆断层为主体的逆冲推覆构造特征。结果显示,唐山矿推覆构造的走向与煤田内褶皱轴大致平行,沿地层走向呈NE向;其以前展式扩展方式自NW向SE方向逆冲;燕山运动早-中期,库拉-太平洋板块与欧亚板块的相互强烈挤压作用是该推覆构造的主要动力来源。另外,受褶皱和断层等构造控制,特别是受推覆构造的控制,唐山矿煤层厚度变化显著,局部出现煤仓。     

Regional variation in exhumation and strain rate of the high-pressure Sambagawa metamorphic rocks in central Shikoku, south-west Japan

Regional variation in the P–T path of the Sambagawa metamorphic rocks, central Shikoku, Japan has been inferred from compositional zoning of metamorphic amphibole. Rocks constituting the northern part (Saruta River area) exhibit a hairpin type P–T path, where winchite/actinolite grew at the prograde stage, the peak metamorphism was recorded by the growth of barroisite to hornblende and sodic amphibole to winchite/actinolite grew at the retrograde stage. In the southern part (Asemi River area), rocks exhibit a clockwise type P–T path, where barroisite to hornblende core is rimmed by winchite to actinolite. The difference in P–T path could suggest a faster exhumation rate (i.e. more rapid decompression) in the southern than in the northern part. On the other hand, physical conditions of deformation during the exhumation stage have been independently inferred from microstructures in deformed quartz. Recrystallized quartz grains in rocks from the low‐grade (chlorite and garnet) zones are much more stretched in the southern part (aspect ratio ≥ 4.0) than in the northern part (aspect ratio< 4.0), indicating a higher strain rate in the former than in the latter. These facts may indicate that the exhumation and strain rates are correlated (i.e. the exhumation rate increases with increasing the strain rate). The difference in the exhumation rate inferred from amphibole zoning between the northern and southern parts could be explained by an extensional model involving normal faulting, where the lower plate can be exhumed faster than the upper plate due to the displacement along the fault. Furthermore, the model may explain the positive correlation between the exhumation and strain rates, because the lower plate tended to support more stress than the upper plate.     

西昆仑塔木一带山前推覆构造样式浅析

通过大量野外地质调查以及构造剖面测制工作,根据构造样式和变形特征,将西昆仑塔木一带山前推覆构造带,由南西往北东划分为5个带,变形程度依次降低。通过对卡克巴西阿格孜构造窗的调查,显示本区域至少存在2期推覆构造活动:第一期发生在晚古生代末期,具后展式特征;第二期发生于晚新生代开始,显示出前展式特征。     

内蒙古中部大青山地区推覆构造系统及与断层相关的褶皱

对内蒙古大青山地区西部推覆构造及与断层相关的褶皱的研究表明，大青山构造系统自南向北分为根部逆冲推覆岩席带、中部斜歪倒转褶皱一逆冲断层带和前缘断层相关褶皱带，变形强度由根带向前缘带逐渐减弱，前缘带发育典型的断层转折褶皱和断层传播褶皱。推覆构造运动方向由SSE向NNW推覆，主要形成于中侏罗世末期，推覆距离达10～20km，其形成可能与鄂霍次克洋在燕山期的闭合有关。     

雪峰山陆内造山带变形特征及挤压推覆-伸展滑脱构造的物理模拟

本文分析了雪峰山陆内造山带的变形特征,认为雪峰山造山带是在克拉通边缘裂陷槽基础上发育起来的,历经了加里东陆缘褶皱始造山、印支一早燕山陆内褶断主造山、晚燕山一早喜马拉雅陆内盆后(重)造山等过程而最后定型的.中生代以来,岩石圈向西北的俯冲,地壳层次向西挤压产生基底滑脱、推覆增厚,进而在松弛伸展过程出现山链两侧双极性的重力滑脱.在分析变形特征的基础上,对本区的挤压推覆-伸展滑脱构造进行了物理模拟实验,实验表明,来自于SE方向的挤压作用是产生大规模的推覆-滑脱构造的动力来源.在后期的应力松弛阶段,产生伸展滑脱构造.     

Jadeite–garnet glaucophane schists in the Bizan area,Sambagawa metamorphic belt,eastern Shikoku,Japan: significance and extent of eclogite facies metamorphism

Eclogite facies metamorphic rocks have been discovered from the Bizan area of eastern Shikoku, Sambagawa metamorphic belt. The eclogitic jadeite–garnet glaucophane schists occur as lenticular or sheet‐like bodies in the pelitic schist matrix, with the peak mineral assemblage of garnet + glaucophane + jadeite + phengite + quartz. The jadeitic clinopyroxene (X_Jd 0.46–0.75) is found exclusively as inclusions in porphyroblastic garnet. The eclogite metamorphism is characterized by prograde development from epidote–blueschist to eclogite facies. Metamorphic P–T conditions estimated using pseudosection modelling are 580–600 °C and 18–20 kbar for eclogite facies. Compared with common mafic eclogites, the jadeite–garnet glaucophane schists have low CaO (4.4–4.5 wt%) and MgO (2.1–2.3 wt%) bulk‐rock compositions. The P–T– pseudosections show that low X_Ca bulk‐rock compositions favour the appearance of jadeite instead of omphacite under eclogite facies conditions. This is a unique example of low X_Ca bulk‐rock composition triggered to form jadeite at eclogite facies conditions. Two significant types of eclogitic metamorphism have been distinguished in the Sambagawa metamorphic belt, that is, a low‐T type and subsequent high‐T type eclogitic metamorphic events. The jadeite–garnet glaucophane schists experienced low‐T type eclogite facies metamorphism, and the P–T path is similar to lawsonite‐bearing eclogites recently reported from the Kotsu area in eastern Shikoku. During subduction of the oceanic plate (Izanagi plate), the hangingwall cooled gradually, and the geothermal gradient along the subduction zone progressively decreased and formed low‐T type eclogitic metamorphic rocks. A subsequent warm subduction event associated with an approaching spreading ridge caused the high‐T type eclogitic metamorphism within a single subduction zone.     

闽北仁寿地区逆冲推覆构造

逆冲推覆构造发育于闽北变质岩中，由一系列规模不等向南东倾的叠瓦状逆冲推覆断层及其上盘的推覆岩席组成，由南燕向北西方推覆，往逆冲方面可分为上，下2个逆冲推覆构造系，是前展式逆冲推覆构造，作用时期发生于印支期－燕山期。     

福建省推覆构造研究及其意义

本文主要是根据“闽西南地区推覆构造与隐伏煤田预测研究”的主要成果来写的。在概述两次研究课题取得主要成果的同时，对福建省重大基础地质有关的问题提出了新的认识。文中重点是总结了福建省推覆构造发育的特征，将推覆构造划分为两大类（逆冲推覆构造，拆离构造）和五种类型（中深层次逆冲推覆构造、浅层次逆冲推覆构造、褶皱逆冲推覆构造和拆离（滑脱）构造、褶皱拆离构造），对各类型的主要特征、分布规律、组合特征和推覆构造的发生和发展进行系统的总结，明确指出了燕山早期中深层次边冲推覆构造是福建省规模最大、对今后寻找隐伏矿产关系最密切和最重要的推覆构造，对研究我省的推覆构造具有重要意义。并结合福建省的实际，从基础地质和找矿两方面进行论述。