原子钟时域频率稳定度分析中等效自由度的计算与分析

该文基于标准化自协方差函数的组合算法计算了阿仑方差、哈达玛方差的重叠和非重叠形式以及改进阿仑方差、时间方差的等效自由度,并用经验公式计算了总方法估计的等效自由度,在此基础上对各种方差估计不同噪声情况下的等效自由度进行了比较分析,得出如下结论,总方法估计的等效自由度大于相应非总方法估计的等效自由度,重叠和非重叠阿仑方差估计的等效自由度大于相应哈达玛方差估计的等效自由度;对非重叠估计而言,噪声的频率越低,其等效自由度越大;而相应的重叠估计和总方法估计与之相反,噪声的频率越高,其等效自由度越大,这也说明重叠估计和相应的总方法估计对高频噪声等效自由度的提高优于低频噪声.     

一种基于全天相机云图的云量测量指标

全天相机云图是监测云量的重要手段,提出了一种新的云量测量量化指标——云分布密度(Cloud Distribution Density of ASI Images,ASICDD),并基于该指标建立全天相机云图自动分类系统.首先对云图进行去噪,利用最大类间方差法(Otsu)分割云区域;然后对去除背景的云区域图像使用云分布密...     

射电干扰中基于测距的定位算法研究

当前射电望远镜台址射频干扰越来越多,需尽量找到射频干扰源并予以消减。无线定位技术是查找干扰源、获取射频发射源准确位置的重要技术手段。基于测距的无线定位算法因其定位精度高、稳定性强而备受关注。对几种基于测距的无线定位算法进行研究,分析对比这几种测距定位算法的特点。通过对比,基于到达时间差(Time Difference of Arrival, TDOA)定位算法的计算复杂度低,定位精度高;基于接收信号强度(Received Signal Strength Indication, RSSI)定位算法简单易于实现。在此基础上提出了一种基于到达时间差定位算法和基于接收信号强度定位算法数据融合的测距无线定位算法,该算法在通过基于到达时间差定位算法获得多个初始位置估计值的基础上,引入以信号接收强度作为初始位置估计值的权值的数据融合方式,通过线性加权归一化处理获得一个定位精度较高的位置估计值。因信号接收强度易于获得,该数据融合算法在基于到达时间差定位算法基础上增加的计算量较小,仿真结果表明,该算法比单一的基于到达时间差定位算法降低了约20%的定位误差,有效提高了定位精度,便于快速发现射频干扰源。     

低纬子午环高度角控制系统的改造

本文针对低纬子午环(LLMC)高度角控制系统的问题提出了一种解决的方案.同时介绍了该系统的硬件结构及其相关控制程序.     

北斗亚欧全视时间比对试验

基于卫星导航双频时间传递型接收机的伪码观测量,利用国际全球卫星导航系统服务组织(International Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Service, IGS)提供的高精度卫星轨道和钟差产品,实现了北斗全视法时间比对.以IGS提供的时间尺度为两个待比对站的公共参考时间,首先使用双频组合法消除电离层对伪距观测的影响,然后将对流层和地球自转效应带来的时延利用理论模型在伪码观测量中进行扣除,分别获得两个比对站时间与公共参考时间之差后,将2者再做差,便得到了北斗全视时间比对结果.以中国科学院国家授时中心(NTSC)、德国物理技术研究院(PTB)和西班牙海军天文台(ROA)所保持的国家标准时间作为比对对象,开展了长基线北斗全视时间比对试验,获得北斗全视时间传递结果,最后利用阿伦方差和时间方差两项关键性能指标以及卫星双向时间比对对其进行性能评估.结果表明:北斗全视时间比对的天稳为10-14量级,可以满足国际时间比对需求.     

一些M型巨星的红外观测研究

本文给出一批M型巨星JHK测光结果,在此基础上讨论了M巨星在(J—H)～(H—K)双色图上的分布特点及其有效温度及总辐射能的近似求法,并依据IRAS资料讨论了它们在中远红外双色图上的分布特征。     

频率稳定度实时评估系统的设计与实现

为了实时计算原子钟的频率稳定度,设计了一种频率稳定度实时评估系统.利用现有理论基础(稳定度测量原理及其算法等)以及软件技术开发了一种实时计算并以图形显示原子钟稳定度的测量分析软件.该软件使用VC++的多媒体定时器实现数据的实时不间断采集及计算,同时采用双缓存绘图技术显示计算结果.测试结果表明该软件工作稳定,计算结果可靠、可信.     

生长曲线方法

一.引言生长曲线的概念起始于罗素(H.N.Russell)及其同事校准夫琅和费线的罗兰得(Rowland)强度的经典工作,他们的主要目的是要把夫琅和费线的强度转化为产生这些谱线的原子底数目.这一概念通过明乃特(M.Minnaert)及其同事的努力发展成目前的形式.从此这一方法就成为天体物理研究工作中所采用的最有效方法之一.     

小质量密近双星Case A演化和几乎相接双星的形成

计算了总质量为3.9M,具有不同初始质比和两子星间距的一组模型在总质量、总角动量守恒假设下的Case A演化,以探求Case A演化与几乎相接双星(NCS)可能的联系.结果表明确实存在经过Case A质量交流演化为NCS系统的途径。并且这样形成的NCS系统其随后的演化有两种前景:一种随即演化为相接系统;另一种则经由慢速质量交流成为较稳定的半接或不接系统.但能够演化为NCS状态的初始模型范围极为狭窄,本文大致确定了它们的初始质比、子星间距等参量范围. 结合模型计算结果,对已知29个NCS系统作了统计研究,结果表明NCS系统与相接双星在演化上有很密切的联系.     

电离层TEC预报的直接法和间接法及其比较

提出用时间序列分析理论中的ARIMA(p,d,q)模型对电离层进行预报的直接法及间接法.直接法也就是对每个网格点上的电子总含量所形成的时间序列进行直接预报.间接法为:首先对电离层电子总含量用球谐函数拟合得到拟合系数的时间序列;再用时间序列分析理论中的ARIMA(p,d,q)模型对拟合系数进行预报;然后计算出对应时刻所需点的电子总含量.利用2004年1月1日至2005年1月31 International GPS Service(IGS)所给出的电离层资料对提出的两种方法进行检验和比较,结果表明,在12天以内,上述两种方法的预报结果基本一致,长于12天的预报时,间接法的精度高于直接法.在20天时间内,预报值与已知值之差小于3个TECU的电离层点数占总点数的百分比基本上都在80%左右;随着时间的推移,这个比值的下降对直接法并不明显,而对间接法则有所下降.显然,直接法适用于区域性的电子总含量的预报;而间接法适用于全球性的电子总含量的预报.     

Identification of Gleissberg Cycles and a Rising Trend in a 315-Year-Long Series of Sunspot Numbers

We show in this short note that the method of singular spectrum analysis (SSA) is able to clearly extract a strong, clean, and clear component from the longest available sunspot (International Sunspot Number, ISN) time series (1700?–?2015) that cannot be an artifact of the method and that can be safely identified as the Gleissberg cycle. This is not a small component, as it accounts for 13% of the total variance of the total original signal. Almost three and a half clear Gleissberg cycles are identified in the sunspot number series. Four extended solar minima (XSM) are determined by SSA, the latest around 2000 (Cycle 23/24 minimum). Several authors have argued in favor of a double-peaked structure for the Gleissberg cycle, with one peak between 55 and 59 years and another between 88 and 97 years. We find no evidence of the former: solar activity contains an important component that has undergone clear oscillations of \(\approx90\) years over the past three centuries, with some small but systematic longer-term evolution of “instantaneous” period and amplitude. Half of the variance of solar activity on these time scales can be satisfactorily reproduced as the sum of a monotonous multi-secular increase, a \(\approx90\)-year Gleissberg cycle, and a double-peaked (\(\approx10.0\) and 11.0 years) Schwabe cycle (the sum amounts to 46% of the total variance of the signal). The Gleissberg-cycle component definitely needs to be addressed when attempting to build dynamo models of solar activity. The first SSA component offers evidence of an increasing long-term trend in sunspot numbers, which is compatible with the existence of the modern grand maximum.     

The proton temperature and the total hourly variance of the magnetic field components in different solar wind speed regions

A comparison has been made between the predictions of the theory for radial variations of both Alfvénic fluctuations and solar wind proton temperatures proposed by Tu (1987, 1988) and the statistical results of hourly averaged plasma and magnetic field data observed by Helios 1 and 2 from launch through 1980 for different solar wind speed regimes. The comparison shows that for speed ranges between 500–800 km s^-1, the radial variation of the proton temperature between 0.3 and 1 AU can be explained by heating from the cascade energy determined by the radial variation of the total variance of magnetic field vector. The explanation of the radial variations of both temperature and the total variance of magnetic fields for speed ranges less than 400 km s ^-1 is less clear.This project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China for Tu's part of the work.     

A method to analyze imaging radio data on solar flares

Microwave imaging data are widely used in analysis of solar flares. To identify essential features and study their behavior, one has to deal with large data sets of hundreds of frames. This allows a single image, a variance map, to represent the overall dynamics of the event. A method is presented that allows investigation of the detected positions of sources in both Stokes I and V using the analysis of variance maps, combined difference images, and total flux time profiles.     

Uncertainties in Solar Synoptic Magnetic Flux Maps

Magnetic flux synoptic charts are critical for a reliable modeling of the corona and heliosphere. Until now, however, these charts were provided without uncertainty estimates. The uncertainties are due to instrumental noise in the measurements and to the spatial variance of the magnetic flux distribution that contributes to each bin in the synoptic chart. We describe here a simple method to compute synoptic magnetic flux maps and their corresponding magnetic flux spatial variance charts that can be used to estimate the uncertainty in the results of coronal models. We have tested this approach by computing a potential-field source-surface model of the coronal field for a Monte Carlo simulation of Carrington synoptic magnetic flux maps generated from the variance map. We show that these uncertainties affect both the locations of source-surface neutral lines and the distributions of coronal holes in the models.     

Stellar Active Region Evolution – I. Estimated Lifetimes of Chromospheric Active Regions and Active Region Complexes

The lifetimes of chromospheric active regions and active region complexes ('active longitudes') for 35 lower-Main-Sequence stars observed at Mount Wilson Observatory are estimated from the relative distribution of pooled variance at different time scales. The time scale of active region evolution (i.e., the lifetime of large active regions) is approximately 50 days, while the lifetime of active region complexes is on the order of 1 year. These estimates can be used to clarify the contribution of active regions to variance in short-term (i.e., <1 yr) time series data. Previously unpublished mean rotation periods are documented for several stars.     

On the accuracy of frequency determination by an autoregressive spectral estimator

The accuracy of frequency determination by a least squares technique for an autoregressive spectral estimator is studied and compared with the Fourier method. Using numerical tests the probability distribution function of the peak location is calculated. The autoregressive filter order is optimized in the sense of minimum variance of the peak location. Simple sinusoidal signals with additive Gaussian noise are considered and the effect of other components is only indicated. Generally, a filter order between 1/3 and 1/2 of the total data number and a not very dense data sampling, gives the most stable spectrum. The results are numerical.     

Atmospheric and Oceanic Excitations to LOD Change on Quasi-biennial Tune Scales

We use wavelet transform to study the time series of the Earth's rotation rate (length-of-day, LOD), the axial components of atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) and oceanic angular momentum (OAM) in the period 1962-2005, and discuss the quasi-biennial oscillations (QBO) of LOD change. The results show that the QBO of LOD change varies remarkably in amplitude and phase. It was weak before 1978, then became much stronger and reached maximum values during the strong El Nino events in around 1983 and 1997. Results from analyzing the axial AAM indicate that the QBO signals in axial AAM are extremely consistent with the QBOs of LOD change. During 1963-2003, the QBO variance in the axial AAM can explain about 99.0% of that of the LOD, in other words, all QBO signals of LOD change are almost excited by the axial AAM, while the weak QBO signals of the axial OAM are quite different from those of the LOD and the axial AAM in both time-dependent characteristics and magnitudes. The combined effects of the axial AAM and OAM can explain about 99.1% of the variance of QBO in LOD change during this period.     

The effects of sunspots on solar irradiance

Sunspots have an obvious direct effect upon the visible radiant energy falling upon the Earth. We show how to estimate this effect and compare it quantitatively with recent observations of the solar total irradiance (Willson et al., 1981). The sunspots explain about half of the total observed variance of one-day averages. Since the sunspot effect on irradiance produces an asymmetry of the solar radiation, rather than (necessarily) a variation of the total luminosity, we have also estimated the sunspot population on the invisible hemisphere. This extrapolation allows us to estimate the true luminosity deficit produced by sunspots, in a manner that tends toward the correct long-term average value. We find no evidence for instantaneous global re-emission to compensate for the sunspot flux deficit.     

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Observational Data Weighting Method of Combined Orbit Determination of Near-earth Satellites of Bi-satellite Positioning System and its Applications

In the light of the problem of amalgamation and processing of multisource observational data in the combined orbit determination of near-earth satellites of the bi-satellite positioning system, the optimal weighting method of the improved variance component estimation of the two-step systematic error correction of homogeneous observational data is proposed. Analyses show that the multi-source amalgamation measurement model of the heterogeneous observational data essentially is a multi-structure, multi-parameter non-linear regression model, and the optimal weighting method of the combination of model structure characteristic analysis and variance component estimation of the heterogeneous observational data is established. The realization algorithms of the optimal weighting and the combined orbit determination parameter estimation of the two sorts of observational data are designed, and the simulation experiments of the combined orbit determination are carried out by taking the distances among the two satellites and the backup satellite and the homogeneous observational data and the distance between the two satellites and the heterogeneous observational data of satellite sensor angle measurements as the examples. The results of theoretical analysis and simulation calculation show that for the combined orbit determination of homogeneous observational data, the accuracy of orbit determination obtained by adopting the variance component estimation method of the two-step systematic error correction can be more superior than that obtained by means of the traditional empirical weighting method. For the combined orbit determination of heterogeneous observational data, through the introduction of the weighting factor by which the model structure is characterized the accuracies of the combined orbit determination of the near-earth satellite and geostationary satellite are both improved to a certain extent in comparison with the mean weighting mode.