中国对虾弧菌性红腿病的细胞病理研究

中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)弧菌性红腿病是近年来我国华东地区一些对虾养殖场新发生和流行的一种危害严重的病害.本文报道应用光学和电子显微镜研究病虾的腹肢、中肠、心脏、血细胞、鳃等组织细胞的病理改变,病原菌内外部微结构和SMZ处理后菌体微结构的变化.结果表明,病虾血淋巴涂片上能看到少量细菌,血细胞数明显减少,腹肢的真皮层沉积着放射状或树枝状的橘红色色素颗粒.在超薄切片中可见许多寄生弧菌集聚或散布于心肌细胞间质、中肠、腹肢及鳃丝等组织的细胞质中.从病虾血淋巴中被分离培养的细菌鉴定为鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum),人工感染试验进一步证实其为红腿病的病原体.该细菌系一种无芽孢的短弧菌,革兰氏染色阴性,菌体大小为(0.6～0.9)μm ×(1.5～2.5)μm,有一根单端生鞭毛.鞭毛具有鞘和轴结构,菌体内部具有原核细胞超微结构特性,经SMZ处理后,菌体膨胀,核区体积增大,致密染色质颗粒增多,透明斑变少,严重者细胞壁大部分或全部消失,细胞破裂甚至解体.而未经SMZ处理的菌体无此变化.健虾组织中,未见病理变化及细菌存在.这为该病的诊断和有效的防治研究提供了重要的科学依据.     

碳同位素质谱法探讨现代海洋有机沉积物来源

本文用NUCLIDE RMS 6-60质谱仪测定了长江口及邻近海区(北纬30°06′至31°15′,东经122°30′至124°30′)表层沉积物中有机碳稳定同位素组成(δ~(13)C为-23.6×10~(-3)—-21.3×10~(-3))、有机碳含量(0.4—0.1％),溶剂可提取有机物浓度及有机C/N比值。结果表明,从有机地球化学角度解释并证实了其他地学家在该区域的研完成果,即东海陆架泥质沉积物主要由陆源悬浮物和海洋浮游生物体混合组成,长江入海物质随着远离长江口而递减,大部分陆源悬浮物向东南运移,并沉积在东经123°以西的长江口区。     

155°E断面夏季温、盐度的基本特征

有关太平洋海洋环流,特别是对亚热带(又称副热带)、热带和赤道带环流的调查研究,近数十年来在国内、外海洋学界已蓬勃展开。其中,日本气象厅于1967年至今在137°E断面上每年进行1-2次定期海洋观测,并于1972-1979年、1987-1995年在155°E断面上每年夏季进行一次观测。根据上述经向断面观测资料,许多学者对137°E断面的海流结构,温、盐分布,水团及其变异,以及与ENSO现象的关系作了细致的分析研究(邹娥梅等,1993;顾玉荷,1996;Guan,1986;Masuzawa,1967);关于155°E断面的研究,则着重于太平洋赤道区域海流结构和它的变异及其与ENSO现象的关系等(顾玉荷,1990;Guan,1986)。本文拟根据155°E断面1972-1979年夏季(6-7月)日本气象厅的海洋水文气象观测资料(其中1974年无资料),分析研究该断面(北亚热带、热带和赤道带海域)的温、盐度分布特征和热、盐含量及其年际变异,并探讨其与ENSO现象之间的关系。 155°E断面北起30°N,南至11°S,自北向南横穿北亚热带、热带、赤道带和南半球热带。测站的密度以1975-1977年最密(设55个测站),1972年和1973年次之(分别设测站33个和40个),1978年和1979年测站稀疏,仅为15个和12个。采样深度间隔于30m以浅为10m,50-150m层间为25m,150-300m层间为50m,300-1000m层间为100m。图1为断面的位置和站位分布(5028站至5058站每相邻两站中间省略一站位)。 为了便于分析断面上各纬度带的水文特征及年际变异,将该断面自北向南划分为4个纬度带,即北亚热带(18°-30°N)、北半球热带(2°-18°N,以下简称北热带)、赤道带(2°N-2°S)和南半球热带(2°S以南,以下简称南热带)。其中北热带又划分为北赤道流区(8°-18°N)和北赤道逆流区(2°-8°N)。     

中国海洋渔业资源(四)

Ⅱ.3. 带鱼种群特征和种群数量变动规律 著者根据已经公开发表过的生态习性和形态特征等资料分析,认为带鱼种群有:1.南海种群;2.东海种群;3.黄渤海种群等3个种群。 Ⅱ.3.1.种群特征 A.越冬场的分布 秋末冬初,南海种群带鱼移动到水深60～150m一带的深水区,如粤西深水区(19°30′～21°00′N,111 °30′～113°00′E)     

Statistical analysis on ecological adaptation of pelagic Amphipoda in the East China Sea

This article studied the diversity of Amphipoda''s environmental adaptation using statistic methodology based on the seasonal investigation data obtained from the East China Sea waters (23°30''-33°N, 118°30''-128°E) from 1997 to 2000. Fifty-four Amphipoda species were identified:among which eight species could stand a temperature difference over 10℃ and eight species could tolerate the temperature gap ranged from 5 to 10℃; while only six species could stand the salinity fluctuation more than 5. Based on above facts as well as calculated optimal temperature and salinity we divided all Amphipoda species into four groups:(1) eurythermic and euryhalinous species including Lestrigonus schizogeneios, L. macrophthalmus, Tetrathyrus forcipatus, L. bengalensis and Hyperioides sibaginis; (2) temperate-warm species containing Hyperoche medusarum, Parathemisto gaudichaudi, Themisto japonica and Hyperia galba; (3) oceanic tropical species consisted of Oxycephalus clausi, Lycaea pulex, Eupronoe minuta, Simorhychotus antennarius, O. poreelus, Platyscelus ovoides and Rhabdosoma ahitei; (4) subtropical species involving one nearshore subtropical water species (Corophium uenoi) and 37 offshore subtropical ones. Compared with other zooplankton such as Euphausia and Chaetognatha, Amphipoda was characterized by low dominance but wide distribution in the East China Sea, and this could be ascribed to its high adaptation diversity.     

东北太平洋中国开辟区浮游植物的种类组成与分布

根据东北太平洋中国开辟区西部(151°W～155°W,8°N～11°30＇N)和东部(141°W～149°W,7°N～10°N)水域DY95-7航次(1997-07)和DY95-8航次(1998-07～-09)所采的36份网采样品,鉴定网采浮游植物180种,隶属于5个门类47属.其中主要的生态类群是大洋暖水类群(占总种数83.8%)和广布性类群(占14.5%).该区主要优势种是太阳漂流藻(Planktoniella sol)、密聚角毛藻(Chaetoceros coarctatus)、多瘤面角毛藻(C.bacteriastroides)、拟夜光梨甲藻(Pyrocystispseudonoctilluca)和三叉角藻(Cerattum trichoceros)等.硅藻类和甲藻类等的平均细胞密度(1 944～4 101个/m)和蓝藻类(主要是束毛藻Trichodesmium)的藻丝体密度(111～486条/m)都比较低.本文分别讨论了调查区浮游植物的平面分布和垂直分布趋势及其与温跃层和浮游动物的相互关系.     

AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF BENTHIC ORGANISMS IN THE NEARSHORE WATERS TO THE WEST OF TAIWAN STRAIT

In seven cruises on benthic organisms in the nearshore waters(>50 m) to the west of the Taiwan Strait(23°20''-25°54''N,117°11''-119°58''E) in 1961-1964,altogether 189 stations of quantitative grabbing and 33 stations of qualitative trawling were made.
Altogether 392 species of benthic organisms have been identified.The composition was dominated by nearshore shallow water species,with tropical and subtropical species absolutely dominant.The total average of biomass was 38.0 g/m² and average density,116.0 ind./m².The communities of benthic organisms in the area can be classified into five communities namely,(1) Amphiura sp.-Acaudina molpadioides Community;(2) Protankyra asymmetrica-Arnphioplus pracstans-Murex trapa Community;(3) Modiolus meicalfei-Phyllophorus liuwutiensis-Armandia letocirris-Nephtys sinensis Community;(4) Branchiostoma belcheri-Solenr oseomaculatus-Marphysa sinensis- Onuphis eremita Community;(5) Iconomtra japonica-Barbatia decussata Community.     

东海中南部鱼类群聚结构的空间特征

依据1997～2000年东海中南部(25°30'～29°00'N,120°30'～127°00'E)四个季节的底拖网调查资料,运用聚类分析和非度量多维标度(NMDS)的方法分析了东海中南部鱼类群聚结构的空间特征,结果显示,东海中南部鱼类群聚大致可分为近海群聚和外海群聚.在不同季节两个群聚的种类组成保持了相对的稳定,并且具有一定的持续性.近海群聚的特征种类为带鱼、发光鲷等.外海群聚的特征种类主要为黄鳍马面鲀、短尾大眼鲷、黄鲷等.鱼类群聚与环境因子水深有较好的相关关系.     

星康吉鳗精子的超微结构研究

为探讨星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)精子的超微结构和形态,应用扫描电镜和透射电镜对星康吉鳗精子结构进行观察。结果表明,精子由头部、中段和鞭毛3部分组成,有其独特的结构,总长度为35.75± 1.15µm。精子头部为新月形,主要由细胞核构成,细胞核内有核泡,无顶体结构。精子头部的质膜内包含单一的线粒体。精子头部长为3.33±0.16 um,头宽为1.12±0.13 um。在精子头部的凸面上,有4条从中段到头端的条纹。精子中段伸出一支根,支根位于精子的中段末端。精子中段长度为0.55±0.05 um,支根长度为1.38±0.08 um、直径为90.48±6.06 nm。精子尾部鞭毛细长,鞭毛横切面呈圆形,无侧鳍,鞭毛的轴丝结构为“9+0”型;一些鞭毛的末端呈现卷曲状,发育机制尚不明确。精子鞭毛长为31.16±1.51µm,鞭毛直径为0.17±0.01µm。通过比较分析发现精子的这些形态学特征不仅表现在星康吉鳗精子,还表现在鳗鲡目其他属的精子;表明是鳗鲡目精子的共同特征。本研究揭示了星康吉鳗精子的形态结构,为突破星康吉鳗人工繁殖技术提供了理论参考。     

Dissolved and labile particulate Zr,Hf, Nb,Ta, Mo and W in the western North Pacific Ocean

Dissolved and labile particulate Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Mo and W were determined at stations K1 (51°N, 165°E), K2 (47°N, 160°E), KNOT (44°N, 155°E) and 35N (35°N, 160°E) in the western North Pacific Ocean. A portion of seawater for dissolved species (D) was passed through a 0.2 μm Nuclepore filter and acidified to pH 2.2 with HCl and HF. A portion of seawater for acid-dissolvable species (AD) was acidified without filtration. Labile particulate (LP) species is defined as AD minus D, which represents a chemically labile fraction of particulate species. D-Zr, Hf and Ta increase with depth, Nb shows a slight depletion in surface water, whereas Mo and W have a conservative vertical profile. The concentration range of D-Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta and W is 31–275, 0.14–0.95, 4.0–7.2, 0.08–0.29 and 40–51 pmol kg⁻¹, respectively, whereas that of Mo is 97–105 nmol kg⁻¹. LP-species of Zr, Hf and Ta account for 10–14% of AD in average and increase up to 25% below 4000 m, whereas those for Mo and W are negligible. In contrast, LP-Nb shows maxima (up to 27%) in surface water. We also found that D-Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta and Mo/W mole ratios generally increase in the order continental crust < river water < coastal sea < open ocean.     

中国海海葵目(刺胞动物门:珊瑚虫纲)物种多样性与区系特点

基于对中国海域海葵目700余条采集记录的分类整理和分析,对中国海域的海葵物种多样性与区系特点进行了总结。迄今共记录并核实了81个海葵目物种,其中黄渤海有29种,东海有23种,南海有55种,物种多样性呈"南海最高、黄渤海次之、东海最低"的分布格局。中国海海葵目这一分布模式既与中国大多数海洋生物类群由北向南递增的物种多样性格局不同,也不同于其所隶属的珊瑚虫纲与刺胞动物门从赤道向两极明显减少的纬度梯度分布模式,亦与全球海葵目物种多样性由南北纬30o—40o向低纬度热带海域和高纬度逐步降低的分布格局不同。本文将我国海城分布的海葵进行了区系划分并分析了各海域海葵的区系特点,探讨了驱动海葵物种多样性分布的环境因素。     

青岛海洋趋磁球菌QH-3 的鞭毛特征

趋磁细菌(magnetotactic bacteria,MTB)是一类能够沿着磁力线运动的特殊细菌。MTB在胞内磁小体的导向下借助自身鞭毛进行趋磁趋氧运动,以到达适宜的生境。本研究在青岛潮间带沉积物中发现大量的趋磁球菌,通过光镜与透射电镜对其运动方式与显微结构进行观察。结果显示优势趋磁细菌为卵球形,大小为2.5μm×2.1μm,宽长比为0.85,将其命名为QH-3。QH-3为趋北型(North-seeking)MTB,运动速度88μm/s,细胞内两侧各有一条由棱柱形颗粒组成的磁小体链。QH-3在菌体同一侧有两个由直径62 nm±9 nm的鞘包裹7根鞭毛组成的鞭毛束。这种特殊的鞭毛结构与已报道的致病菌的不同,而与法国地中海趋磁球菌MO-1的相似。     

A PROBABLE AVENUE TO EFFECT OF POLAR ICE ON NORTH PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH

This paper is based on the data for the period from 1953 to 1977, which are the monthly averaged ice cover in the Arctic area within 160° E-110° W and north of 50?N, the areal index of the North Pacific subtropical high and the monthly averaged sea surface temperature of the North Pacific. A statistical analysis of the lag correlations between the polar ice from November to July and the sea surface temperature from January to July, and the sea surface temperature from January to July and the subtropical high lagging zero through eleven months is performed.The analysis shows that the lag correlation regions between the polar ice during spring and the sea surface temperature almost coincide with the regions of the California Current and the paitial north equatorial current, and the regions of the California Current and the partial north equatorial current coincide with the principal lag correlation regions between the sea surface temperature and the subtropical high. All the results suggest that the tra     

Characteristics of summer and winter circulations and their variability in the source area of the Tsushima Warm Current

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基于现场观测与MyOcean模式数据的印度洋东南部Aquarius反演海表盐度的评价与纠正

The in situ sea surface salinity(SSS) measurements from a scientific cruise to the western zone of the southeast Indian Ocean covering 30°–60°S, 80°–120°E are used to assess the SSS retrieved from Aquarius(Aquarius SSS).Wind speed and sea surface temperature(SST) affect the SSS estimates based on passive microwave radiation within the mid- to low-latitude southeast Indian Ocean. The relationships among the in situ, Aquarius SSS and wind-SST corrections are used to adjust the Aquarius SSS. The adjusted Aquarius SSS are compared with the SSS data from My Ocean model. Results show that:(1) Before adjustment: compared with My Ocean SSS, the Aquarius SSS in most of the sea areas is higher; but lower in the low-temperature sea areas located at the south of 55°S and west of 98°E. The Aquarius SSS is generally higher by 0.42 on average for the southeast Indian Ocean.(2) After adjustment: the adjustment greatly counteracts the impact of high wind speeds and improves the overall accuracy of the retrieved salinity(the mean absolute error of the Zonal mean is improved by 0.06, and the mean error is-0.05 compared with My Ocean SSS). Near the latitude 42°S, the adjusted SSS is well consistent with the My Ocean and the difference is approximately 0.004.     

北太平洋副热带西部模态水年代际变化特征及其机制分析

采用来自大洋环流模式ECCO2 (the estimating the circulation and climate of the ocean, phase II project)的再分析数据对1992—2019年北太平洋副热带西部模态水(subtropical mode water, STMW)的年代际变化特征及机制进行了分析。结果表明:STMW形成体积具有显著的年代际变化,于1992—1997年、2000—2005年和2011—2017年期间为正异常,而于1998—1999年和2006—2010年期间为负异常,由晚冬生成区混合层体积的年代际变化引起。STMW形成厚度和面积均呈现类似的年代际变化。合成分析表明, STMW形成体积正异常期间,黑潮延伸体上游南侧STMW生成区,海表涡动能相对负异常期间减小,同时预先层结相对负异常期间减弱,并伴随着海表高度异常。通过混合层收支分析发现,混合层形成体积年代际变化与海洋预先层结调控的混合层底卷吸作用变化同步且大小相当,而与海气形成率变化无关。增强(减弱)的海洋预先层结通过调控STMW形成区冬季混合层底卷吸过程,阻碍(促进)冬季混合层加深,最终使得STMW形成体积减少(增加)。进一步分析表明, STMW形成体积年代际变化受与太平洋年代际涛动相关的风应力旋度异常的远场调控。     

Crucial physical characteristics of sea ice in the Arctic section of 143°–180°W during August and early September 2008

Sea-ice physical characteristics were investigated in the Arctic section of 143°-180°W during August and early September 2008. Ship-based observations show that both the sea-ice thickness and concentration recorded during southward navigation from 30 August to 6 September were remarkably less than those recorded during northward navigation from 3 to 30 August, especially at low latitudes. Accordingly, the marginal ice zone moved from about 74.0°N to about 79.5°N from mid-August to early September. Melt-pond coverage increased with increasing latitude, peaking at 84.4°N, where about 27% of ice was covered by melt ponds. Above this latitude, melt-pond coverage decreased evidently as the ice at high latitudes experienced a relatively short melt season and commenced its growth stage by the end of August. Regional mean ice thickness increased from 0.8 (±0.5) m at 75.0°N to 1.5 (±0.4) m at 85.0°N along the northward navigation while it decreased rapidly to 0.6 (±0.3) m at 78.0°N along the southward navigation. Because of relatively low ice concentration and thin ice in the investigated Arctic sector, both the short-term ice stations and ice camp could only be set up over multiyear sea ice. Observations of ice properties based on ice cores collected at the short-term ice stations and the ice camp show that all investigated floes were essentially isothermal with high temperature and porosity, and low density and salinity. Most ices had salinity below 2 and mean density of 800-860 kg/m~3 . Significant ice loss in the investigated Arctic sector during the last 15 a can be identified by comparison with the previous observations.     

中国第四次北极科学考察期间北极点附近海冰和融池的航空遥感观测

An aerial photography has been used to provide validation data on sea ice near the North Pole where most polar orbiting satellites cannot cover. This kind of data can also be used as a supplement for missing data and for reducing the uncertainty of data interpolation. The aerial photos are analyzed near the North Pole collected during the Chinese national arctic research expedition in the summer of 2010(CHINARE2010). The result shows that the average fraction of open water increases from the ice camp at approximately 87°N to the North Pole, resulting in the decrease in the sea ice. The average sea ice concentration is only 62.0% for the two flights(16 and 19 August 2010). The average albedo(0.42) estimated from the area ratios among snow-covered ice,melt pond and water is slightly lower than the 0.49 of HOTRAX 2005. The data on 19 August 2010 shows that the albedo decreases from the ice camp at approximately 87°N to the North Pole, primarily due to the decrease in the fraction of snow-covered ice and the increase in fractions of melt-pond and open-water. The ice concentration from the aerial photos and AMSR-E(The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System) images at 87.0°–87.5°N exhibits similar spatial patterns, although the AMSR-E concentration is approximately 18.0%(on average) higher than aerial photos. This can be attributed to the 6.25 km resolution of AMSR-E, which cannot separate melt ponds/submerged ice from ice and cannot detect the small leads between floes. Thus, the aerial photos would play an important role in providing high-resolution independent estimates of the ice concentration and the fraction of melt pond cover to validate and/or supplement space-borne remote sensing products near the North Pole.     

西北太平洋海雾的统计分析

海雾主要影响能见度.商船、渔船和舰艇等碰到海雾,如不警惕,就有偏航、触礁,搁浅或相撞的危险.据统计,日本1948-1953年发生910次海损事故中,由于浓雾并伴随着暴风雨天气而引起的就占60%.近年来,虽然普遍采用雷达导航,但海雾仍是引起海损事故的主要原因之一.因此,海雾的研究受到沿海国家的普遍重视.     

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网高产渔区年间变化及其原因分析

金枪鱼类是中西太平洋海域重要的经济鱼种,其中鲣产量约占到总产量的50%。本研究利用1995-2010年16年的中西太平洋（20°S~20°N,120°E~155°W）鲣围网生产统计数据和Niño3.4海区（5°S~5°N,120°~170°W）海表温度异常数据,对这16年鲣产量最高的十大渔区（5°×5°）进行时空格局分析,讨论渔场分布差异及CPUE与ENSO指数的关系。结果表明:16年间十大作业渔区主要分布在5°S~5°N、130°~175°E区域,这十大渔区产量占总产量的比重达47.5%,其中5°S~0°、155°~160°E,0°~5°N、130°~135°E,0°~5°N、135°~140°E及5°S~0°、160°~165°E等4个渔区产量占高产渔区产量的比重均超过10%,是中西太平洋重要的鲣产区。高产渔区的分布受海表温度影响较大,在厄尔尼诺时期,高产渔区分布明显偏东,主要分布在155°~180°E海域;在拉尼娜时期,高产渔区分布明显偏西,主要分布在130°~160°E海域。