超固结非饱和土本构关系的三维化方法

本构模型的三维化对反映材料在三维应力状态下的力学特性具有重要意义。在π平面上,广义Mises三维化方法不能反映应力洛德角对材料变形和强度的影响,g(θ)等方法不能合理地反映应力水平对变形和强度的影响。变换应力三维化方法考虑了应力洛德角影响,数学表达简洁,不增加模型参数,便于计算应用。将作者等人所提的超固结非饱和土本构模型与基于SMP（spatially mobilized plane）的变换应力方法结合,实现了超固结非饱和土的三维化,达到了从剪切屈服到剪切破坏的连续过渡。该模型能够描述不同应力洛德角下超固结非饱和土的硬化、软化、剪胀特性,并与试验数据进行了对比     

超固结非饱和土的试验研究

Farulla等[1]通过固结仪对不同轴应力下的超固结非饱和土进行了湿化变形研究,试验结果表明超固结非饱和土的湿化变形随轴应力的不同而不同,其规律与Alonso等[2]的假设并不完全相符。为了进一步验证这个试验现象,利用双压力室非饱和土三轴仪,在同一个前期固结压力下对不同程度的超固结非饱和土进行了湿化试验,研究其湿化变形特性;对某一吸力下的超固结非饱和土进行三轴排水剪切试验,研究其体变和强度特性。试验结果证明了Farulla等试验的正确性,最后用文中所提的模型进行了预测,其结果与试验现象一致     

考虑基质吸力变化时非饱和土的一维本构模型

当地下水位上升或地面遇水浸润时,土的饱和度将因毛细作用而变化,以此使土体产生变形。其中由于含水量增加而使土的重度增大,从而引起压缩变形;同时含水量的增加而使基质吸力下降,从而引起土的回弹变形,因此最终变形取决于上述两种变形趋势的综合效应。根据广义Hook定律、Fredlund的双应力状态变量及Brooks和Corey关于基质吸力与饱和度之间的经验关系,建立了K0状态下非饱和土的一维本构模型。将这一模型与分层总和法相结合,可以计算基质吸力变化时土的竖向变形。通过研究发现,非饱和土的地面变形不仅取决于土的性质与土层的厚度,而且依赖于土中吸力变化前后的分布及应力状态等因素。所建议的一维本构模型可以用于非饱和土地基上基础的沉降估算。     

考虑温度影响的重塑非饱和膨胀土非线性本构模型

以非饱和土的非线性模型为基础,通过对土性参数的修正和考虑温度本身引起的土的变形,建立了考虑温度效应的重塑非饱和膨胀土的本构模型。该模型包括土骨架的本构关系和水量变化的本构关系两个方面,涉及18个参数,都可用非饱和土三轴试验确定。共做了13个重塑非饱和膨胀土温控三轴试验,分析了温度对土的强度和变形的影响,研究了模型参数的变化规律。     

温度对非饱和土抗剪强度影响的试验研究

在室内试验的基础上,对不同含水量和干密度的粘性土试样进行了不同环境温度下的直剪试验,获得了南京地区非饱和下蜀土重塑土抗剪强度与温度的关系.试验结果表明:温度对粘性土的抗剪强度有比较复杂的影响.当含水量大于约18%时,土的抗剪强度随着温度的升高而降低,表现出强度的热软化现象;而当含水量等于或低于18%时,土的抗剪强度在干密度等于1.67g·cm-3时,几乎不受温度影响,而当干密度小于1.67 g·cm-3时,土的抗剪强度随着温度的升高而增加,呈现出强度的热同结现象.与此同时,还对土的热固结和热软化现象的机理进行了分析.     

非饱和土本构模型在预测地表沉降中的应用

地下水位降低将导致非饱和土体中净平均应力和基质吸力发生变化,从而引起土体体积变化。利用GDS非饱和土三轴仪,研究了重塑非饱和黏土在干燥过程中试样含水率变化和总体积变化。针对某一典型基坑,运用大型有限元软件ABAQUS模拟了井点降水而形成的二维饱和-非饱和稳态渗流。饱和土区域和非饱和土区域沉降变形有着本质的区别,基于试验和数值模拟结果,根据Fredlund非饱和土弹性体变本构模型和饱和土有效应力原理,分别估算了饱和土区和非饱和土区沉降变形量。结果表明,在总沉降量中非饱和土区的沉降量是不可忽略的。随着降水深度的增大,非饱和土区域沉降量在总沉降量中所占比例将逐渐增大。     

考虑渐近状态特性的超固结土本构模型

基于超固结土的UH模型,结合渐近状态概念,将适用于饱和砂土的渐近状态本构模型推广为考虑渐近状态特性的超固结土本构模型,用于描述土的超固结性和渐近状态特性。通过采用变换应力方法实现了模型的三维化。新提出的本构模型简单、参数较少,与剑桥模型相比,仅增加了一个材料参数,即伏斯列夫面斜率。该模型能够合理反映超固结土的硬化、软化、临界状态、剪缩、剪胀、应力路径依赖性、渐近状态等特性。     

非饱和土的本构模型研究

引用平均土骨架应力的概念,研究推导出非饱和土的刚度参数随吸力变化而变化的关系式,进而推导得到用平均土骨架应力表述的非饱和土LC屈服面函数以及硬化规律。从土力学原理推导,得到土样由于在净应力和吸力作用下产生体积变形引起土样饱和度变化的关系式。由平均土骨架应力推广,得到三轴应力状态的椭圆屈服函数,这一非饱和土本构模型的优点在于考虑了应力作用后土样饱和度的变化,通过对已有试验数据的初步验证,表明提出的非饱和土本构模型的合理性和适用性。     

一个统一描述饱和-非饱和土温度效应的热-弹塑性本构模型

地热资源开发与利用及核废料地质处理等诸多岩土工程问题,都需要考虑温度对饱和土和非饱和土应力、应变特性的影响。为了综合反映温度和吸力对土的先期固结压力的影响,提出了不同温度下土的先期固结压力的表达式。将此表达式与黏土–砂土统一状态参数模型屈服面相结合,考虑了温度和吸力对正常固结线及临界状态线的影响,提出了一个统一描述饱和–非饱和土温度效应的热–弹塑性本构模型。该模型分为饱和段(吸力小于某一温度下的进气值或排气值)与非饱和段(吸力大于某一温度下的进气值或排气值)。模型预测与试验数据的对比表明,该模型能够较好地定量描述不同温度下饱和土和非饱和土的应力、应变特性。     

非饱和土剑桥模型的基本框架

分析了用有效应力原理和用两个应力变量建立非饱和土力学理论的区别与联系，借助于有效应力原理将饱和土的剑桥模型推广到非饱和土，并与现有的几种塑性模型作了对比分析。     

Modelling chemo‐hydro‐mechanical behaviour of unsaturated clays: a feasibility study

Effective capabilities of combined chemo‐elasto‐plastic and unsaturated soil models to simulate chemo‐hydro‐mechanical (CHM) behaviour of clays are examined in numerical simulations through selected boundary value problems. The objective is to investigate the feasibility of approaching such complex material behaviour numerically by combining two existing models. The chemo‐mechanical effects are described using the concept of chemical softening consisting of reduction of the pre‐consolidation pressure proposed originally by Hueckel (Can. Geotech. J. 1992; 29 :1071–1086; Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 1997; 21 :43–72). An additional chemical softening mechanism is considered, consisting in a decrease of cohesion with an increase in contaminant concentration. The influence of partial saturation on the constitutive behaviour is modelled following Barcelona basic model (BBM) formulation (Géotech. 1990; 40 (3):405–430; Can. Geotech. J. 1992; 29 :1013–1032). The equilibrium equations combined with the CHM constitutive relations, and the governing equations for flow of fluids and contaminant transport, are solved numerically using finite element. The emphasis is laid on understanding the role that the individual chemical effects such as chemo‐elastic swelling, or chemo‐plastic consolidation, or finally, chemical loss of cohesion have in the overall response of the soil mass. The numerical problems analysed concern the chemical effects in response to wetting of a clay specimen with an organic liquid in rigid wall consolidometer, during biaxial loading up to failure, and in response to fresh water influx during tunnel excavation in swelling clay. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

循环荷载下非饱和结构性黏土的弹塑性双面模型

非饱和黏土的结构性能够显著影响其力学特性。基于非饱和土经典模型BBM（Barcelona basic model）和一种可描述循环塑性的硬化法则,引入体积破损率的作为标准土体结构破损的参数,建立了一个描述常吸力下非饱和结构性黏土静态及动态力学特性的弹塑性双面模型。模型在应力空间中包含与重塑非饱和土屈服面几何相似的结构性边界面和加载面,采用径向映射法则和可移动的记忆中心原理,通过结构性边界面和加载面在应力空间中的演化来反映循环加载过程中非饱和结构性黏土的循环塑性特征和结构损伤过程。通过与相关非饱和黏土控制吸力试验数据的比较,表明该模型能够较好地反映静态加载下非饱和结构性黏土的力学特性,而模型预测的循环荷载下的应力?应变特征也具有一定的合理性。     

考虑温度和密度影响的非饱和黄土土-水特征曲线研究

取扰动黄土进行试验研究,测试得到了不同密度和温度黄土土样的土-水特征曲线。试验资料揭示出：密度变化引起基质吸力的变化非常显著。相对而言,温度变化引起基质吸力的变化不显著。对于一定含水率的土样,温度变化引起的吸力变化值在高含水率时较小,可以忽略不计,而在低含水率时较大;温差越大,吸力变化越大。进一步基于试验资料的分析,得到了考虑密度和温度影响的土-水特征曲线的表达式,并通过计算和测试结果的对比分析,验证了表达式的合理性。     

温度影响下的非饱和黄土水分迁移问题探讨

对非饱和黄土土样的实验结果揭示出,对于初始含水量均布的土样,在两端施加温差后,冷端的含水量增大,热端含水量减小。在温度差作用下,温度差越大,土体密度越小,水分迁移特征越明显,土样两端含水量差越大。当初始含水量较大和较小时,温度差引起的含水量差均较小;当初始含水量适中时,温度差引起的含水量差值较大。基于实验结果,考虑含水量和密度的影响,得到温度梯度引起含水量梯度的表述关系式,计算和实测结果验证了该表述式的可靠性。据此得到了考虑温度影响的非饱和黄土水势的表述式,该式考虑了土体密度、温度梯度、含水量和含水量梯度对水势的综合影响,对实验土样的计算结果反映了水分的稳态分布。     

考虑基质吸力的非饱和土邓肯-张统计损伤修正模型

为反映非饱和地基土变形全过程,以某基础工程非饱和土为研究对象,开展固结排水三轴压缩试验。研究发现,非饱和土的偏应力-应变曲线形态近似双曲线,基质吸力对土体力学行为影响十分明显,基质吸力越大,土体偏应力越高。根据非饱和土变形特性及工程特点,选取邓肯-张双曲线模型作为基础模型,引入统计损伤理论,假设非饱和土微元强度服从Weibull概率密度分布,建立邓肯-张统计损伤模型。通过搭建初始切线模量与基质吸力的联系,建立一种新的考虑基质吸力的非饱和土邓肯-张统计损伤模型。给出参数解析方法,得到Weibull分布参数经验表达式,从而修正模型。分析不同基质吸力条件下非饱和土损伤累积规律,采用所建模型和传统邓肯-张模型对比验证非饱和土偏应力-应变试验曲线,证明所建模型的可行性和合理性。研究成果为非饱和土的力学特性研究及辨识模拟提供一定参考。     

Temperature effects on the hydraulic behaviour of an unsaturated clay

The influence of temperature on the hydraulic properties of unsaturated clays is of major concern in the design of engineered barriers in underground repositories for high-level radioactive waste disposal. This paper presents an experimental study centred on the investigation of the influence of temperature on soil hydraulic properties related to water retention and permeability. Laboratory tests were conducted on artificially prepared unsaturated fabrics obtained from a natural kaolinitic-illitic clay. Special attention is given to the testing procedures involving controlled suction and temperature oedometer cells and the application of the vapour equilibrium technique at high temperatures. Retention curves at different temperatures show that total suction tends to reduce with increasing temperatures at constant water content. Temperature influence on water permeability is more relevant at low matric suctions corresponding to bulk water preponderance (inter-aggregate zone). Below a degree of saturation of 75% no clear effect is detected. Experimental data show that temperature dependence on permeability at constant degree of saturation and constant void ratio is smaller than what could be expected from the thermal change in water viscosity. This behaviour suggests that phenomena such as porosity redistribution and thermo-chemical interactions, which alter clay fabric and pore fluid, can be relevant.     

Work input for unsaturated soils considering interfacial effects

In this research, the interfacial energy is taken into account in the deformation work for unsaturated soils. Based on porous media theory, the thermodynamic balance equations for each phase and the interface are used to derive the work input for unsaturated soils. The work input equation serves as the basis and starting point for the choice of stress state variables, based on which the conjugate stresses and strain increments are derived. The influences of the interfaces on the effective stress and the constitutive law for the liquid phase are then discussed based on the work input equation. The effective stress can be expressed as Bishop's type, and the effective stress parameter is shown to be a function of both the degree of saturation and the interfacial area. The constitutive law for the liquid phase under dynamic condition is also presented. The relationship among interfacial area, saturation, and capillary pressure is proposed to calculate the value of the effective stress. Experimental data obtained from literature are used to validate the proposed model equations. Results show that our findings are in accordance with the existing research. Unlike the phenomenal study, our research has a rigorous theoretical basis, which lays a foundation for further research of unsaturated soils considering the interfacial effects.